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Örnek S, Ozekinci S, Ipin T, Kocaturk E. TOX, TWIST1, STAT4, and SATB1 protein expressions in early-stage mycosis fungoides. J Cutan Pathol 2024; 51:232-238. [PMID: 37932931 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of early mycosis fungoides (eMF) is challenging and often delayed as many of its clinical and histopathologic features may mimic various benign inflammatory dermatoses (BIDs). The products of the thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box (TOX), twist family BHLH transcription factor 1 (TWIST1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4), and special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1 (SATB1) genes function as transcription factors and are involved in the pathogenesis of MF. OBJECTIVES We aim to determine the diagnostic value of TOX, TWIST1, STAT4, and SATB1 protein expressions in eMF. METHODS This non-randomized, controlled, prospective analytic study was conducted by performing immunohistochemistry staining with TOX, TWIST1, STAT4, and SATB1 polyclonal antibodies in lesional skin biopsies of eMF and BID patients. Nuclear staining of lymphocytes was compared between eMF and BIDs, and the capacity of these antibodies to predict eMF was determined. RESULTS Immunostainings with anti-TWIST1 showed an increase in protein expression (p = 0.003) and showed a decrease with anti-SATB1 antibodies in eMF compared to BIDs (p = 0.005) while anti-TOX and anti-STAT4 antibodies did not exhibit significant differences (p = 0.384; p = 0.150). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that immunohistochemical evaluations of TWIST1 and SATB1 protein expressions can differentiate eMF (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.728, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.605-0.851, p = 0.002; AUC: 0.686, 95% CI: 0.565-0.807, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS TWIST1 and SATB1 are potential diagnostic markers for the histologic diagnosis of eMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Örnek
- Department of Dermatology, Health Sciences University Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selver Ozekinci
- Department of Pathology, Dicle University Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Tugba Ipin
- Department of Pathology, Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emek Kocaturk
- Department of Dermatology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Mazzetto R, Miceli P, Tartaglia J, Ciolfi C, Sernicola A, Alaibac M. Role of IL-4 and IL-13 in Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:245. [PMID: 38398754 PMCID: PMC10889933 DOI: 10.3390/life14020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The interleukins IL-4 and IL-13 are increasingly recognized contributors to the pathogenesis of cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs), and their role in disease-associated pruritus is accepted. The prevailing Th2 profile in advanced CTCL underscores the significance of understanding IL-4/IL-13 expression dynamics from the early stages of disease, as a shift from Th1 to Th2 may explain CTCL progression. Targeted agents blocking key cytokines of type 2 immunity are established therapeutics in atopic disorders and have a promising therapeutic potential in CTCL, given their involvement in cutaneous symptoms and their contribution to the pathogenesis of disease. IL-4, IL-13, and IL-31 are implicated in pruritus, offering therapeutic targets with dupilumab, tralokinumab, lebrikizumab, and nemolizumab. This review analyzes current knowledge on the IL-4/IL-13 axis in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome, the most common types of CTCL, examining existing literature on the pathogenetic implications with a focus on investigational treatments. Clinical trials and case reports are required to shed light on novel uses of medications in various diseases, and ongoing research into the role of IL-4/IL-13 axis blockers in CTCL therapy might not only improve the management of disease-related pruritus but also provide in-depth insights on the pathophysiologic mechanisms of CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alvise Sernicola
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy; (R.M.); (P.M.); (J.T.); (C.C.); (M.A.)
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3
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Hodak E, Geskin L, Guenova E, Ortiz-Romero PL, Willemze R, Zheng J, Cowan R, Foss F, Mangas C, Querfeld C. Real-Life Barriers to Diagnosis of Early Mycosis Fungoides: An International Expert Panel Discussion. Am J Clin Dermatol 2023; 24:5-14. [PMID: 36399227 PMCID: PMC9673193 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-022-00732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a rare, primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that is challenging to diagnose due to its heterogeneous clinical presentation and complex histology. The subtlety of the initial clinical appearance of MF can result in diagnostic delays and hesitancy to refer suspected cases to specialist clinics. An unmet need remains for greater awareness and education. Therefore, an international expert panel of dermatologists, oncologists, hematologists, and dermatopathologists convened to discuss and identify barriers to early and accurate MF diagnosis that could guide clinicians toward making a correct diagnosis. Confirmation of MF requires accurate assessment of symptoms and clinical signs, and subsequent correlation with dermatopathological findings. This review summarizes the expert panel's guidance, based on the literature and real-life experience, for dermatologists to help include MF in their list of differential diagnoses, along with simple clinical and histopathologic checklists that may help clinicians to suspect and identify potential MF lesions and reduce diagnostic delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmilia Hodak
- Division of Dermatology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Tel Aviv University, 39 Jabotinsky Street, Petah Tiqva, 49100, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Larisa Geskin
- Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pablo L Ortiz-Romero
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Institute i+12, CIBERONC, Medical School, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rein Willemze
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Zheng
- Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard Cowan
- Christie Hospital, The Christie School of Oncology, Manchester, UK
| | - Francine Foss
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cristina Mangas
- Dermatology Department and Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Querfeld
- Division of Dermatology and Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
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4
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Karagianni F, Piperi C, Casar B, de la Fuente-Vivas D, García-Gómez R, Lampadaki K, Pappa V, Papadavid E. Combination of Resminostat with Ruxolitinib Exerts Antitumor Effects in the Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Model for Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041070. [PMID: 35205818 PMCID: PMC8870185 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The combination of Resminostat (HDACi) and Ruxolitinib (JAKi) exerted cytotoxic effects and inhibited proliferation of CTCL cell lines (MyLa, SeAx) in vitro. The aim of the present study was to validate their antitumor effects in vivo using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, which allows quick and efficient monitoring of tumor growth, migration, invasion, and metastatic potential. The drug combination exhibited a significant inhibition of primary tumor size, and inhibited intravasation and extravasation of tumor cells to the liver and lung. It also exerted an inhibitory effect in the migration and invasion of tumor cells and significantly reduced key signaling pathway activation. Our data demonstrate that the CAM assay could be employed as a preclinical in vivo model in CTCL for pharmacological testing, and that the combination of Resminostat and Ruxolitinib exerts significant antitumor effects in CTCL progression that need to be further evaluated in a clinical setting. Abstract The combination of Resminostat (HDACi) and Ruxolitinib (JAKi) exerted cytotoxic effects and inhibited proliferation of CTCL cell lines (MyLa, SeAx) in previously published work. A xenograft tumor formation was produced by implanting the MyLa or SeAx cells on top of the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). The CAM assay protocol was developed to monitor the metastatic properties of CTCL cells and the effects of Resminostat and/or Ruxolitinib in vivo. In the spontaneous CAM assays, Resminostat and Ruxolitinib treatment inhibited the cell proliferation (p < 0.001) of MyLa and SeAx, and induced cell apoptosis (p < 0.005, p < 0.001, respectively). Although monotherapies reduced the size of primary tumors in the metastasis CAM assay, the drug combination exhibited a significant inhibition of primary tumor size (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the combined treatment inhibited the intravasation of MyLa (p < 0.005) and SeAx cells (p < 0.0001) in the organs, as well as their extravasation to the liver (p < 0.0001) and lung (p < 0.0001). The drug combination also exerted a stronger inhibitory effect in migration (p < 0.0001) rather in invasion (p < 0.005) of both MyLa and SeAx cells. It further reduced p-p38, p-ERK, p-AKT, and p-STAT in MyLa cells, while it decreased p-ERK and p-STAT in SeAx cells in CAM tumors. Our data demonstrated that the CAM assay could be employed as a preclinical in vivo model in CTCL for pharmacological testing. In agreement with previous in vitro data, the combination of Resminostat and Ruxolitinib was shown to exert antitumor effects in CTCL in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Karagianni
- National Center of Rare Diseases-Cutaneous Lymphoma—Member of EuroBloodNet, Second Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece; (F.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Berta Casar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (D.d.l.F.-V.); (R.G.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Dalia de la Fuente-Vivas
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (D.d.l.F.-V.); (R.G.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Gómez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain; (D.d.l.F.-V.); (R.G.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kyriaki Lampadaki
- National Center of Rare Diseases-Cutaneous Lymphoma—Member of EuroBloodNet, Second Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece; (F.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine—Propaedeutic and Research Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School of Athens, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evangelia Papadavid
- National Center of Rare Diseases-Cutaneous Lymphoma—Member of EuroBloodNet, Second Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece; (F.K.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (E.P.)
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Herrera A, Cheng A, Mimitou EP, Seffens A, George D, Bar-Natan M, Heguy A, Ruggles KV, Scher JU, Hymes K, Latkowski JA, Ødum N, Kadin ME, Ouyang Z, Geskin LJ, Smibert P, Buus TB, Koralov SB. Multimodal single-cell analysis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma reveals distinct subclonal tissue-dependent signatures. Blood 2021; 138:1456-1464. [PMID: 34232982 PMCID: PMC8532199 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a heterogeneous group of mature T-cell neoplasms characterized by the accumulation of clonal malignant CD4+ T cells in the skin. The most common variant of CTCL, mycosis fungoides (MF ), is confined to the skin in early stages but can be accompanied by extracutaneous dissemination of malignant T cells to the blood and lymph nodes in advanced stages of disease. Sézary syndrome (SS), a leukemic form of disease, is characterized by significant blood involvement. Little is known about the transcriptional and genomic relationship between skin- and blood-residing malignant T cells in CTCL. To identify and interrogate malignant clones in matched skin and blood from patients with leukemic MF and SS, we combine T-cell receptor clonotyping with quantification of gene expression and cell surface markers at the single cell level. Our data reveal clonal evolution at a transcriptional and genetic level within the malignant populations of individual patients. We highlight highly consistent transcriptional signatures delineating skin- and blood-derived malignant T cells. Analysis of these 2 populations suggests that environmental cues, along with genetic aberrations, contribute to transcriptional profiles of malignant T cells. Our findings indicate that the skin microenvironment in CTCL promotes a transcriptional response supporting rapid malignant expansion, as opposed to the quiescent state observed in the blood, potentially influencing efficacy of therapies. These results provide insight into tissue-specific characteristics of cancerous cells and underscore the need to address the patients' individual malignant profiles at the time of therapy to eliminate all subclones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Herrera
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Anthony Cheng
- Department of Genetic and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Eleni P Mimitou
- Technology Innovation Laboratory, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Angelina Seffens
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Dean George
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University and Roger Williams Medical Center, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Michal Bar-Natan
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Genome Technology Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Jose U Scher
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Jo-Ann Latkowski
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marshall E Kadin
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University and Roger Williams Medical Center, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Zhengqing Ouyang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Larisa J Geskin
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Peter Smibert
- Technology Innovation Laboratory, New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Terkild B Buus
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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6
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Xiao MZX, Hennessey D, Iyer A, O'Keefe S, Zhang F, Sivanand A, Gniadecki R. Transcriptomic Changes During Stage Progression of Mycosis Fungoides. Br J Dermatol 2021; 186:520-531. [PMID: 34528236 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common cutaneous T cell lymphoma, which in the early patch/plaque stages runs an indolent course. However, ~25% of MF patients develop skin tumors, a hallmark of progression to the advanced stage and is associated with high mortality. The mechanisms involved in stage progression are poorly elucidated. METHODS We performed whole-transcriptome and whole-exome sequencing of malignant MF cells from skin biopsies obtained by laser-capture microdissection. We compared three types of MF lesions: early-stage plaques (ESP, n=12) as well as plaques and tumors from patients in late-stage disease (late-stage plaques [LSP], n=10, and tumors [TMR], n=15). Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG analysis were used to determine pathway changes specific for different lesions which were linked to the recurrent somatic mutations overrepresented in MF tumors. RESULTS The key upregulated pathways during stage progression were those related to cell proliferation and survival (MEK/ERK, Akt-mTOR), Th2/Th9 signaling (IL4, STAT3, STAT5, STAT6), meiomitosis (CT45A1, CT45A3, STAG3, GTSF1, REC8) and DNA repair (PARP1, MYCN, OGG1). Principal coordinate clustering of the transcriptome revealed extensive gene expression differences between early (ESP) and advanced-stage lesions (LSP and TMR). LSP and TMR showed remarkable similarities at the level of the transcriptome, which we interpreted as evidence of cell percolation between lesions via hematogenous self-seeding. CONCLUSION Stage progression in MF is associated with Th2/Th9 polarization of malignant cells, activation of proliferation, survival, as well as increased genomic instability. Global transcriptomic changes in multiple lesions may be caused by hematogenous cell percolation between discrete skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z X Xiao
- Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - D Hennessey
- Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A Iyer
- Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - S O'Keefe
- Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - F Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Sivanand
- Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R Gniadecki
- Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Lin M, Kowolik CM, Xie J, Yadav S, Overman LE, Horne DA. Potent Anticancer Effects of Epidithiodiketopiperazine NT1721 in Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133367. [PMID: 34282785 PMCID: PMC8268131 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a group of blood cancers that cannot be cured with current chemotherapeutical or biological drugs. Patients with advanced disease are severely immunocompromised due to the unchecked expansion of malignant T cells and have low survival rates of less than four years. Hence, new treatment options for CTCLs are urgently needed. In this study the anti-CTCL activity of a new compound, NT1721, was determined in vitro and in two CTCL mouse models. We found that NT1721 increased apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the malignant T cells and reduced tumor growth better than two drugs that are currently clinically used for CTCL treatment (i.e., gemcitabine, romidepsin). These results suggest that NT1721 may represent a potent new agent for the treatment of advanced CTCL. Abstract Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of debilitating, incurable malignancies. Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) are the most common subtypes, accounting for ~65% of CTCL cases. Patients with advanced disease have a poor prognosis and low median survival rates of four years. CTCLs develop from malignant skin-homing CD4+ T cells that spread to lymph nodes, blood, bone marrow and viscera in advanced stages. Current treatments options for refractory or advanced CTCL, including chemotherapeutic and biological approaches, rarely lead to durable responses. The exact molecular mechanisms of CTCL pathology remain unclear despite numerous genomic and gene expression profile studies. However, apoptosis resistance is thought to play a major role in the accumulation of malignant T cells. Here we show that NT1721, a synthetic epidithiodiketopiperazine based on a natural product, reduced cell viability at nanomolar concentrations in CTCL cell lines, while largely sparing normal CD4+ cells. Treatment of CTCL cells with NT1721 reduced proliferation and potently induced apoptosis. NT1721 mediated the downregulation of GLI1 transcription factor, which was associated with decreased STAT3 activation and the reduced expression of downstream antiapoptotic proteins (BCL2 and BCL-xL). Importantly, NT1721, which is orally available, reduced tumor growth in two CTCL mouse models significantly better than two clinically used drugs (romidepsin, gemcitabine). Moreover, a combination of NT1721 with gemcitabine reduced the tumor growth significantly better than the single drugs. Taken together, these results suggest that NT1721 may be a promising new agent for the treatment of CTCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (M.L.); (J.X.); (S.Y.)
| | - Claudia M. Kowolik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (M.L.); (J.X.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.K.); (D.A.H.)
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (M.L.); (J.X.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sushma Yadav
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (M.L.); (J.X.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA;
| | - David A. Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (M.L.); (J.X.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.K.); (D.A.H.)
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8
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Motamedi M, Xiao MZX, Iyer A, Gniadecki R. Patterns of Gene Expression in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Systematic Review of Transcriptomic Studies in Mycosis Fungoides. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061409. [PMID: 34204115 PMCID: PMC8229125 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most prevalent type of skin lymphoma. In its early stages, it has a favorable prognosis. However, in its late stages, it is associated with an increased risk of mortality. This systematic review aimed to identify the transcriptomic changes involved in MF pathogenesis and progression. A literature search was conducted using the database PubMed, followed by the extraction of 2245 genes which were further filtered to 150 recurrent genes that appeared in two or more publications. Categorization of these genes identified activated pathways involved in pathways such as cell cycle and proliferation, chromosomal instability, and DNA repair. We identified 15 genes implicated in MF progression, which were involved in cell proliferation, immune checkpoints, resistance to apoptosis, and immune response. In highlighting the discrepancies in the way MF transcriptomic data is obtained, further research can focus on not only unifying their approach but also focus on the 150 pertinent genes identified in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Motamedi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.M.); (M.Z.X.X.); (A.I.)
| | - Maggie Z. X. Xiao
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.M.); (M.Z.X.X.); (A.I.)
| | - Aishwarya Iyer
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.M.); (M.Z.X.X.); (A.I.)
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.M.); (M.Z.X.X.); (A.I.)
- 8-112 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(780)-407-1555
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9
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Karagianni F, Piperi C, Mpakou V, Spathis A, Foukas PG, Dalamaga M, Pappa V, Papadavid E. Ruxolitinib with resminostat exert synergistic antitumor effects in Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248298. [PMID: 33705488 PMCID: PMC7951910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of JAK/STAT and HDAC inhibitors exerted beneficial effects in haematological malignancies, presenting promising therapeutic CTCL targets. We aim to investigate the efficacy of JAK1/2i ruxolitinib in combination with HDACi resminostat in CTCL in vitro. MATERIAL & METHODS Non-toxic concentrations of ruxolitinib and/or resminostat were administered to MyLa (MF) and SeAx (SS) cells for 24h. Cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and apoptosis were estimated through MTT, BrdU/7AAD and Annexin V/PI assay. Multi-pathway analysis was performed to investigate the effect of JAK1/2i and/or HDACi on JAK/STAT, Akt/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways. RESULTS Both drugs and their combination were cytotoxic in MyLa (p<0.05) and in SeAx cell line (p<0.001), inhibited proliferation of MyLa (p<0.001) and SeAx (p<0.001) at 24h, compared to untreated cells. Moreover, combined drug treatment induced apoptosis after 24h (p<0.001) in MyLa, and SeAx (p<0.001). The combination of drugs had a strong synergistic effect with a CI<1. Importantly, the drugs' combination inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3 (p<0.001), Akt (p<0.05), ERK1/2 (p<0.001) and JNK (p<0.001) in MyLa, while it reduced activation of Akt (p<0.05) and JNK (p<0.001) in SeAx. CONCLUSION The JAKi/HDACi combination exhibited substantial anti-tumor effects in CTCL cell lines, and may represent a promising novel therapeutic modality for CTCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Karagianni
- 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, NKUA, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Vassiliki Mpakou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, Attikon University General Hospital, NKUA, Athens, Greece
| | - Aris Spathis
- Second Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Periklis G. Foukas
- Second Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, NKUA, Athens, Greece
- Department of Biological Chemistry, NKUA, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, Attikon University General Hospital, NKUA, Athens, Greece
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10
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Multi-species transcriptome meta-analysis of the response to retinoic acid in vertebrates and comparative analysis of the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on gene expression in LMH cells. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:146. [PMID: 33653267 PMCID: PMC7923837 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinol (RO) and its active metabolite retinoic acid (RA) are major regulators of gene expression in vertebrates and influence various processes like organ development, cell differentiation, and immune response. To characterize a general transcriptomic response to RA-exposure in vertebrates, independent of species- and tissue-specific effects, four publicly available RNA-Seq datasets from Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, and Xenopus laevis were analyzed. To increase species and cell-type diversity we generated RNA-seq data with chicken hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cells. Additionally, we compared the response of LMH cells to RA and RO at different time points. Results By conducting a transcriptome meta-analysis, we identified three retinoic acid response core clusters (RARCCs) consisting of 27 interacting proteins, seven of which have not been associated with retinoids yet. Comparison of the transcriptional response of LMH cells to RO and RA exposure at different time points led to the identification of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are only differentially expressed (DE) during the early response. Conclusions We propose that these RARCCs stand on top of a common regulatory RA hierarchy among vertebrates. Based on the protein sets included in these clusters we were able to identify an RA-response cluster, a control center type cluster, and a cluster that directs cell proliferation. Concerning the comparison of the cellular response to RA and RO we conclude that ncRNAs play an underestimated role in retinoid-mediated gene regulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07451-2.
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Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) comprise a heterogeneous group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas involving primarily the skin and mycosis fungoides is its most frequent entity. Whereas most patients show an indolent course in early disease (clinical stages IA to IIA), some patients progress to advanced disease (stage IIB or higher), and the 5-year survival rate is unfavorable: only 47% (stage IIB) to 18% (stage IVB). Except for allogeneic stem cell transplantation, there is currently no cure for CTCL and thus treatment approaches are palliative, focusing on patients’ health-related quality of life. Our aims were to review the current understanding of the pathogenesis of CTCL, such as the shift in overall immune skewing with progressive disease and the challenges of making a timely diagnosis in early-stage disease because of the lack of reliable positive markers for routine diagnostics, and to discuss established and potential treatment modalities such as immunotherapy and novel targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Brunner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Constanze Jonak
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Robert Knobler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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12
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Peterson E, Weed J, Lo Sicco K, Latkowski JA. Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma: A Difficult Diagnosis Demystified. Dermatol Clin 2020; 37:455-469. [PMID: 31466586 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) represents a heterogeneous group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas in which monoclonal T lymphocytes infiltrate the skin. The mechanism of CTCL development is not fully understood, but likely involves dysregulation of various genes and signaling pathways. A variety of treatment modalities are available, and although they can induce remission in most patients, the disease may recur after treatment cessation. Owing to relatively low incidence and significant chronicity of disease, and the high morbidity of some therapeutic regimens, further clinical trials are warranted to better define the ideal treatment option for each subtype of CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Peterson
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, 240 East 38th Street, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jason Weed
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, 240 East 38th Street, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Kristen Lo Sicco
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, 240 East 38th Street, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jo-Ann Latkowski
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, 240 East 38th Street, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10016, USA; New York Harbor VA Healthcare System, Dermatology Residency Training Program.
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13
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Molecular profiling of TOX-deficient neoplastic cells in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 312:513-525. [PMID: 31676945 PMCID: PMC7354281 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-02000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a rare but potentially devastating primary cutaneous lymphoma. CTCL is characterized by localization of neoplastic T lymphocytes to the skin, with mycosis fungoides (MF) and its leukemic form, Sézary syndrome (SS) being the most common variants. Thymocyte selection-associated high-mobility group box (TOX) gene has been found to be highly expressed in MF and SS. It is reported that higher expression levels of TOX in patients will increase risks of disease progression and poor prognosis. However, the molecular events leading to these abnormalities have not been well understood. To better understand the molecular mechanism underlying TOX-mediated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CTCL, and to identify DEGs pathways triggered after knockdown of TOX gene in the CTCL cell line Hut78, we employed two shRNA-mediated lentiviruses to knock down TOX gene in the skin lymphoma cell line HuT78. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis was applied to analyze DEGs, DEGs GO and their corresponding pathways. Knockdown of TOX can induce upregulation of 547 genes and downregulation of 649 genes, respectively. HOXC9 was the most significant downregulated gene. Most DEGs are enriched in malignancies and relate to the Wnt and mTOR signaling pathways, and therefore they can regulate cellular processes and induce different biological regulation. Transcriptome analysis of DEGs after knockdown of TOX in our study provides insights into the mechanism of TOX in CTCL and suggests candidate targets for therapy of CTCL.
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14
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Andrews JM, Schmidt JA, Carson KR, Musiek AC, Mehta-Shah N, Payton JE. Novel cell adhesion/migration pathways are predictive markers of HDAC inhibitor resistance in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:170-183. [PMID: 31358475 PMCID: PMC6711861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment for Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma (CTCL) is generally not curative. Therefore, selecting therapy that is effective and tolerable is critical to clinical decision-making. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), epigenetic modifier drugs, are commonly used but effective in only ~30% of patients. There are no predictive markers of HDACi response and the CTCL histone acetylation landscape remains unmapped. We sought to identify pre-treatment molecular markers of resistance in CTCL that progressed on HDACi therapy. Methods Purified T cells from 39 pre/post-treatment peripheral blood samples and skin biopsies from 20 patients were subjected to RNA-seq and ChIP-seq for histone acetylation marks (H3K14/9 ac, H3K27ac). We correlated significant differences in histone acetylation with gene expression in HDACi-resistant/sensitive CTCL. We extended these findings in additional CTCL patient cohorts (RNA-seq, microarray) and using ELISA in matched CTCL patient plasma. Findings Resistant CTCL exhibited high levels of histone acetylation, which correlated with increased expression of 338 genes (FDR < 0·05), including some novel to CTCL: BIRC5 (anti-apoptotic); RRM2 (cell cycle); TXNDC5, GSTM1 (redox); and CXCR4, LAIR2 (cell adhesion/migration). Several of these, including LAIR2, were elevated pre-treatment in HDACi-resistant CTCL. In CTCL patient plasma (n = 6), LAIR2 protein was also elevated (p < 0·01) compared to controls. Interpretation This study is the first to connect genome-wide differences in chromatin acetylation and gene expression to HDACi-resistance in primary CTCL. Our results identify novel markers with high pre-treatment expression, such as LAIR2, as potential prognostic and/or predictors of HDACi-resistance in CTCL. Funding NIH:CA156690, CA188286; NCATS: WU-ICTS UL1 TR000448; Siteman Cancer Center: CA091842.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer A Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth R Carson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amy C Musiek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Neha Mehta-Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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15
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Combined inhibition of Bcl-2 and NFκB synergistically induces cell death in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2019; 134:445-455. [PMID: 31167801 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) are limited and curative treatment regimens are not available. Thus, new targeted and well-tolerated therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. In this respect, we have recently shown that dimethyl fumerate (DMF) inhibits NF-κB acting as a survival factor in CTCL. Similarly, inhibition of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) has been shown to induce cell death in CTCL especially when combined with histone deacetylase inhibitors. Therefore, we hypothesized that inhibition of Bcl-2 should potentiate NF-κB inhibition in a novel combination treatment of CTCL. We show that, in vitro, the Bcl-2 inhibitors ABT-199 and ABT-263 induced specific cell death in primary CD4+ cells from CTCL patients as well as in the CTCL cell line SeAx, but not in T cells of healthy donors nor in the CTCL cell line HH, which lacks Bcl-2. Combined treatment with ABT-199 and DMF caused synergistic cell death specifically in CTCL cells engaging 2 independent signaling pathways. To verify these findings in vivo, we performed combined ABT-199 and DMF treatment in a xenograft mouse model for CTCL. The combined treatment effectively reduced tumor growth and increased overall survival via synergistic induction of CTCL cell death and suppression of tumor cell proliferation. Essentially, the combination treatment was superior to ABT-199 monotherapy with respect to both efficacy and tolerability. To sum up, our data provide proof of principle for the therapeutic potential of combining Bcl-2 and NF-κB inhibitors in treating CTCL. Next, this potential should be explored further in a clinical study.
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16
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Dysregulation of the TOX-RUNX3 pathway in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3104-3113. [PMID: 31139323 PMCID: PMC6517103 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have examined gene expression changes in Sézary syndrome (SS), but disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown, and diagnosis and treatment are difficult. TOX is a transcription factor involved in CD4+ T-cell development with downstream effects on RUNX3, a known tumor suppressor gene. We sought to identify genes involved in SS disease pathogenesis with the potential to enable diagnosis and treatment. We utilized previously reported transcriptome sequencing data to construct a list of candidate genes, which was narrowed using pathway analysis. qRT-PCR confirmed TOX upregulation (>7 fold increase) in SS (n = 5), as well as two established markers, PLS3 and KIRD3DL2. We also evaluated expression of members of the TOX-RUNX3 pathway and confirmed downregulation of RUNX3 (0.59 fold decrease) and upregulation of GATA3 (2 fold increase). Moreover, TOX and RUNX3 expression were significantly inversely proportional. Using siRNA to suppress TOX, we demonstrated that TOX knockdown rescues RUNX3 expression and reduces cell viability. We evaluated TOX protein expression in paraffin-embedded skin biopsies with immunohistochemistry, showing nuclear staining of CTCL infiltrates, suggesting it is a candidate diagnostic biomarker. Further studies validating our findings and evaluating the TOX-RUNX3 pathway and the role of TOX as a disease marker and therapeutic target are warranted.
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17
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Seto AG, Beatty X, Lynch JM, Hermreck M, Tetzlaff M, Duvic M, Jackson AL. Cobomarsen, an oligonucleotide inhibitor of miR-155, co-ordinately regulates multiple survival pathways to reduce cellular proliferation and survival in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2018; 183:428-444. [PMID: 30125933 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
miR-155, a microRNA associated with poor prognosis in lymphoma and leukaemia, has been implicated in the progression of mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). In this study, we developed and tested cobomarsen (MRG-106), a locked nucleic acid-modified oligonucleotide inhibitor of miR-155. In MF and human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1+) CTCL cell lines in vitro, inhibition of miR-155 with cobomarsen de-repressed direct miR-155 targets, decreased expression of multiple gene pathways associated with cell survival, reduced survival signalling, decreased cell proliferation and activated apoptosis. We identified a set of genes that are significantly regulated by cobomarsen, including direct and downstream targets of miR-155. Using clinical biopsies from MF patients, we demonstrated that expression of these pharmacodynamic biomarkers is dysregulated in MF and associated with miR-155 expression level and MF lesion severity. Further, we demonstrated that miR-155 simultaneously regulates multiple parallel survival pathways (including JAK/STAT, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT) previously associated with the pathogenesis of MF, and that these survival pathways are inhibited by cobomarsen in vitro. A first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial of cobomarsen in patients with CTCL is currently underway, in which the panel of proposed biomarkers will be leveraged to assess pharmacodynamic response to cobomarsen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuan Beatty
- miRagen Therapeutics, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Tetzlaff
- Section of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Translational and Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Madeleine Duvic
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Dulmage B, Geskin L, Guitart J, Akilov OE. The biomarker landscape in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:668-676. [PMID: 27897325 PMCID: PMC5489366 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The practice of pre-emptive individualized medicine is predicated on the discovery, development and application of biomarkers in specific clinical settings. Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome are the two most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, yet diagnosis, prognosis and disease monitoring remain a challenge. In this review, we discuss the current state of biomarker discovery in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, highlighting the most promising molecules in different compartments. Further, we emphasize the need for continued multicentre efforts to validate available and new biomarkers and to develop prospective combinatorial panels of already discovered molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Dulmage
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Larisa Geskin
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joan Guitart
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Oleg E Akilov
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Qu K, Zaba LC, Satpathy AT, Giresi PG, Li R, Jin Y, Armstrong R, Jin C, Schmitt N, Rahbar Z, Ueno H, Greenleaf WJ, Kim YH, Chang HY. Chromatin Accessibility Landscape of Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma and Dynamic Response to HDAC Inhibitors. Cancer Cell 2017; 32. [PMID: 28625481 PMCID: PMC5559384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here, we define the landscape and dynamics of active regulatory DNA in cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) by ATAC-seq. Analysis of 111 human CTCL and control samples revealed extensive chromatin signatures that distinguished leukemic, host, and normal CD4+ T cells. We identify three dominant patterns of transcription factor (TF) activation that drive leukemia regulomes, as well as TF deactivations that alter host T cells in CTCL patients. Clinical response to histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) is strongly associated with a concurrent gain in chromatin accessibility. HDACi causes distinct chromatin responses in leukemic and host CD4+ T cells, reprogramming host T cells toward normalcy. These results provide a foundational framework to study personal regulomes in human cancer and epigenetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR 2155c, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5168, USA
| | - Lisa C Zaba
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR 2155c, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5168, USA; Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR 2155c, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5168, USA; Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Rui Li
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR 2155c, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5168, USA
| | - Yonghao Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Randall Armstrong
- Stanford Blood and Marrow Transplantation Cellular Therapy Facility, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chen Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | | | - Ziba Rahbar
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR 2155c, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5168, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Youn H Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR 2155c, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5168, USA; Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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21
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Litvinov IV, Tetzlaff MT, Thibault P, Gangar P, Moreau L, Watters AK, Netchiporouk E, Pehr K, Prieto VG, Rahme E, Provost N, Gilbert M, Sasseville D, Duvic M. Gene expression analysis in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (CTCL) highlights disease heterogeneity and potential diagnostic and prognostic indicators. Oncoimmunology 2017. [PMID: 28638728 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1306618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (CTCL) are rare, but potentially devastating malignancies, whose pathogenesis remains poorly elucidated. Unfortunately, currently it is not possible to predict based on the available criteria in which patients the cancer will progress and which patients will experience an indolent disease course. Furthermore, at early stages this malignancy often masquerades as psoriasis, chronic eczema or other benign inflammatory dermatoses. As a result, it takes on average 6 y to diagnose this lymphoma since its initial presentation. In this study, we performed transcription expression profiling using TruSeq targeted RNA gene expression on 181 fresh and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) skin samples from CTCL patients and patients affected by benign inflammatory dermatoses that often mimic CTCL clinically and on histology (e.g., psoriasis, chronic eczema, etc.) We also analyzed multiple longitudinal biopsies that were obtained from the same patients over time. Our results underscore significant molecular heterogeneity with respect to gene expression between different patients and even within the same patients over time. Our study also confirmed TOX, FYB, LEF1, CCR4, ITK, EED, POU2AF, IL26, STAT5, BLK, GTSF1 and PSORS1C2 genes as being differentially expressed between CTCL and benign skin biopsies. In addition, we found that differential expression for a subset of these markers (e.g., TOX, FYB, GTSF1 and CCR4) may be useful in prognosticating this disease. This research, combined with other molecular analyses, prepares the foundation for the development of personalized molecular approach toward diagnosis and management of CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael T Tetzlaff
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Pamela Gangar
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda Moreau
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew K Watters
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elena Netchiporouk
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Pehr
- Division of Dermatology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elham Rahme
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Provost
- Division of Dermatology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Division of Dermatology, Université Laval, Québec QC, Canada
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Madeleine Duvic
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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22
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Malignant inflammation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-a hostile takeover. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:269-282. [PMID: 27717961 PMCID: PMC5368200 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are characterized by the presence of chronically inflamed skin lesions containing malignant T cells. Early disease presents as limited skin patches or plaques and exhibits an indolent behavior. For many patients, the disease never progresses beyond this stage, but in approximately one third of patients, the disease becomes progressive, and the skin lesions start to expand and evolve. Eventually, overt tumors develop and the malignant T cells may disseminate to the blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and visceral organs, often with a fatal outcome. The transition from early indolent to progressive and advanced disease is accompanied by a significant shift in the nature of the tumor-associated inflammation. This shift does not appear to be an epiphenomenon but rather a critical step in disease progression. Emerging evidence supports that the malignant T cells take control of the inflammatory environment, suppressing cellular immunity and anti-tumor responses while promoting a chronic inflammatory milieu that fuels their own expansion. Here, we review the inflammatory changes associated with disease progression in CTCL and point to their wider relevance in other cancer contexts. We further define the term "malignant inflammation" as a pro-tumorigenic inflammatory environment orchestrated by the tumor cells and discuss some of the mechanisms driving the development of malignant inflammation in CTCL.
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23
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Sibbesen NA, Kopp KL, Litvinov IV, Jønson L, Willerslev-Olsen A, Fredholm S, Petersen DL, Nastasi C, Krejsgaard T, Lindahl LM, Gniadecki R, Mongan NP, Sasseville D, Wasik MA, Iversen L, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Woetmann A, Odum N. Jak3, STAT3, and STAT5 inhibit expression of miR-22, a novel tumor suppressor microRNA, in cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20555-69. [PMID: 26244872 PMCID: PMC4653025 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Janus kinase-3 (Jak3) and its key down-stream effectors, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 (STAT3) and STAT5, is a key feature of malignant transformation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). However, it remains only partially understood how Jak3/STAT activation promotes lymphomagenesis. Recently, non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this malignancy. Here, we show that (i) malignant T cells display a decreased expression of a tumor suppressor miRNA, miR-22, when compared to non-malignant T cells, (ii) STAT5 binds the promoter of the miR-22 host gene, and (iii) inhibition of Jak3, STAT3, and STAT5 triggers increased expression of pri-miR-22 and miR-22. Curcumin, a nutrient with anti-Jak3 activity and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) also trigger increased expression of pri-miR-22 and miR-22. Transfection of malignant T cells with recombinant miR-22 inhibits the expression of validated miR-22 targets including NCoA1, a transcriptional co-activator in others cancers, as well as HDAC6, MAX, MYCBP, PTEN, and CDK2, which have all been implicated in CTCL pathogenesis. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that de-regulated Jak3/STAT3/STAT5 signalling in CTCL cells represses the expression of the gene encoding miR-22, a novel tumor suppressor miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Sibbesen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina L Kopp
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lars Jønson
- Departmen of Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Fredholm
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David L Petersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Nastasi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise M Lindahl
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Departmen of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lars Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M Bonefeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Odum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Norozi F, Ahmadzadeh A, Shahjahani M, Shahrabi S, Saki N. Twist as a new prognostic marker in hematological malignancies. Clin Transl Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Fujii K, Karpova MB, Asagoe K, Georgiev O, Dummer R, Urosevic-Maiwald M. Versican upregulation in Sézary cells alters growth, motility and resistance to chemotherapy. Leukemia 2015; 29:2024-32. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Litvinov IV, Netchiporouk E, Cordeiro B, Doré MA, Moreau L, Pehr K, Gilbert M, Zhou Y, Sasseville D, Kupper TS. The Use of Transcriptional Profiling to Improve Personalized Diagnosis and Management of Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma (CTCL). Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2820-9. [PMID: 25779945 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although many patients with mycosis fungoides presenting with stage I disease enjoy an indolent disease course and normal life expectancy, about 15% to 20% of them progress to higher stages and most ultimately succumb to their disease. Currently, it is not possible to predict which patients will progress and which patients will have a stable disease. Previously, we conducted microarray analyses with RT-PCR validation of gene expression in biopsy specimens from 60 patients with stage I-IV cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), identified three distinct clusters based upon transcription profile, and correlated our molecular findings with 6 years of clinical follow-up. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We test by RT-PCR within our prediction model the expression of about 240 genes that were previously reported to play an important role in CTCL carcinogenesis. We further extend the clinical follow-up of our patients to 11 years. We compare the expression of selected genes between mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome and benign inflammatory dermatoses that often mimic this cancer. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that 52 of the about 240 genes can be classified into cluster 1-3 expression patterns and such expression is consistent with their suggested biologic roles. Moreover, we determined that 17 genes (CCL18, CCL26, FYB, T3JAM, MMP12, LEF1, LCK, ITK, GNLY, IL2RA, IL26, IL22, CCR4, GTSF1, SYCP1, STAT5A, and TOX) are able to both identify patients who are at risk of progression and also distinguish mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome from benign mimickers. CONCLUSIONS This study, combined with other gene expression analyses, prepares the foundation for the development of personalized molecular approach toward diagnosis and treatment of CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena Netchiporouk
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brendan Cordeiro
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Linda Moreau
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kevin Pehr
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Division of Dermatology, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Division of Dermatology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Youwen Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Chang TP, Poltoratsky V, Vancurova I. Bortezomib inhibits expression of TGF-β1, IL-10, and CXCR4, resulting in decreased survival and migration of cutaneous T cell lymphoma cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2942-53. [PMID: 25681335 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of the immunosuppressive cytokines, TGF-β1 and IL-10, is a hallmark of the advanced stages of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), where it has been associated with suppressed immunity, increased susceptibility to infections, and diminished antitumor responses. Yet, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of TGF-β1 and IL-10 in CTCL, and about their function in regulating the CTCL cell responses. In this article, we show that TGF-β1 and IL-10 expression in CTCL cells is regulated by NF-κB and suppressed by bortezomib (BZ), which has shown promising results in the treatment of CTCL. However, although the TGF-β1 expression is IκBα dependent and is regulated by the canonical pathway, the IL-10 expression is IκBα independent, and its inhibition by BZ is associated with increased promoter recruitment of p52 that characterizes the noncanonical pathway. TGF-β1 suppression decreases CTCL cell viability and increases apoptosis, and adding exogenous TGF-β1 increases viability of BZ-treated CTCL cells, indicating TGF-β1 prosurvival function in CTCL cells. In addition, TGF-β1 suppression increases expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-17 in CTCL cells, suggesting that TGF-β1 also regulates the IL-8 and IL-17 expression. Importantly, our results demonstrate that BZ inhibits expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in CTCL cells, resulting in their decreased migration, and that the CTCL cell migration is mediated by TGF-β1. These findings provide the first insights into the BZ-regulated TGF-β1 and IL-10 expression in CTCL cells, and indicate that TGF-β1 has a key role in regulating CTCL survival, inflammatory gene expression, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Pei Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439; and
| | - Vladimir Poltoratsky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439
| | - Ivana Vancurova
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439; and
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Interleukin-13 is overexpressed in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells and regulates their proliferation. Blood 2015; 125:2798-805. [PMID: 25628470 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-590398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) primarily affect skin and are characterized by proliferation of mature CD4(+) T-helper cells. The pattern of cytokine production in the skin and blood is considered to be of major importance for the pathogenesis of CTCLs. Abnormal cytokine expression in CTCLs may be responsible for enhanced proliferation of the malignant cells and/or depression of the antitumor immune response. Here we show that interleukin-13 (IL-13) and its receptors IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2 are highly expressed in the clinically involved skin of CTCL patients. We also show that malignant lymphoma cells, identified by the coexpression of CD4 and TOX (thymus high-mobility group box), in the skin and blood of CTCL patients produce IL-13 and express both receptors. IL-13 induces CTCL cell growth in vitro and signaling through the IL-13Rα1. Furthermore, antibody-mediated neutralization of IL-13 or soluble IL-13Rα2 molecules can lead to inhibition of tumor-cell proliferation, implicating IL-13 as an autocrine factor in CTCL. Importantly, we established that IL-13 synergizes with IL-4 in inhibiting CTCL cell growth and that blocking the IL-4/IL-13 signaling pathway completely reverses tumor-cell proliferation. We conclude that IL-13 and its signaling mediators are novel markers of CTCL malignancy and potential therapeutic targets for intervention.
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BIN1 tumor suppressor regulates Fas/Fas ligand–mediated apoptosis through c-FLIP in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2015; 29:1402-13. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
TOX is a nuclear factor essential for the development of CD4(+) T cells in the thymus. It is normally expressed in low amounts in mature CD4(+) T cells of the skin and the peripheral blood. We have recently discovered that the transcript levels of TOX were significantly increased in mycosis fungoides, the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), as compared to normal skin or benign inflammatory dermatoses. However, its involvement in advanced CTCL and its biological effects on CTCL pathogenesis have not been explored. In this study, we demonstrate that TOX expression is also enhanced significantly in primary CD4(+)CD7(-) cells from patients with Sézary syndrome, a leukemic variant of CTCL, and that high TOX transcript levels correlate with increased disease-specific mortality. Stable knockdown of TOX in CTCL cells promoted apoptosis and reduced cell cycle progression, leading to less cell viability and colony-forming ability in vitro and to reduced tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, TOX knockdown significantly increased 2 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, CDKN1B and CDKN1C. Lastly, blocking CDKN1B and CDKN1C reversed growth inhibition of TOX knockdown. Collectively, these findings provide strong evidence that aberrant TOX activation is a critical oncogenic event for CTCL.
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32
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Litvinov IV, Netchiporouk E, Cordeiro B, Zargham H, Pehr K, Gilbert M, Zhou Y, Moreau L, Woetmann A, Ødum N, Kupper TS, Sasseville D. Ectopic expression of embryonic stem cell and other developmental genes in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e970025. [PMID: 25941598 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.970025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a potentially devastating malignancy. The pathogenesis of this cancer remains poorly elucidated. Previous studies focused on analysis of expression and function of known oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. However, emerging reports highlight that it is also important to analyze the expression of genes that are ectopically expressed in CTCL (e.g., embryonic stem cell genes (ESC), cancer testis (CT) genes, etc.). Currently, it is not known whether ESC genes are expressed in CTCL. In the current work, we analyze by RT-PCR the expression of 26 ESC genes, many of which are known to regulate pluripotency and promote cancer stem cell-like phenotype, in a historic cohort of 60 patients from Boston and in a panel of 11 patient-derived CTCL cell lines and compare such expression to benign inflammatory dermatoses that often clinically mimic CTCL. Our findings document that many critical ESC genes including NANOG, SOX2, OCT4 (POU5F1) and their upstream and downstream signaling members are expressed in CTCL. Similarly, polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) genes (i.e., EZH2, EED, and SUZ12) are also expressed in CTCL lesional skin. Furthermore, select ESC genes (OCT4, EED, TCF3, THAP11, CHD7, TIP60, TRIM28) are preferentially expressed in CTCL samples when compared to benign skin biopsies. Our work suggests that ESC genes are ectopically expressed together with CT genes, thymocyte development genes and B cell-specific genes and may be working in concert to promote tumorigenesis. Specifically, while ESC genes may be promoting cancer stem cell-like phenotype, CT genes may be contributing to aneuploidy and genomic instability by producing aberrant chromosomal translocations. Further analysis of ESC expression and function in this cancer will greatly enhance our fundamental understanding of CTCL and will help us identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Key Words
- ALCL, Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
- BLK, B-lymphoid kinase
- C-ALCL, Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
- CSC, Cancer Stem Cell
- CTCL, Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
- DMC1, Disrupted Meiotic cDNA 1
- ESC, Embryonic Stem Cell
- EVA1, Epithelial C-like antigen 1
- MF, Mycosis Fungoides
- PBMC, Peripheral Blood Mononucleated Cells
- PLS3, Plastin-3
- PRC1, Polycomb Repressive Complex 1
- PRC2, Polycomb Repressive Complex 2
- SS, Sézary Syndrome
- SYCP1, Synaptonemal Complex Protein 1
- TOX, Thymocyte selection–associated high mobility group box
- ZFX, Zinc finger protein X-linked
- cancer testis genes
- cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL)
- embryonic stem cell genes
- mycosis fungoides (MF)
- polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)
- sézary syndrome (SS)
- thymocyte development genes
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Elena Netchiporouk
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Brendan Cordeiro
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Hanieh Zargham
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Kevin Pehr
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Division of Dermatology; Université Laval ; Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Youwen Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science; University of British Columbia ; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Linda Moreau
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen ; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen ; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology; Harvard Skin Disease Research Center; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard University ; Boston, MA USA
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
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Andersson E, Eldfors S, Edgren H, Ellonen P, Väkevä L, Ranki A, Mustjoki S. Novel TBL1XR1, EPHA7 and SLFN12 mutations in a Sezary syndrome patient discovered by whole exome sequencing. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:366-8. [PMID: 24689486 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sezary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive leukaemic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Recurrent chromosomal aberrations have been found in SS, but the whole genetic mutation spectrum is unknown. To better understand the molecular pathogenesis of SS, we performed exome sequencing, copy number variation (CNV) and gene expression analysis of primary SS cells. In our index patient with typical SS, we found novel somatic missense mutations in TBL1XR1, EPHA7 and SLFN12 genes in addition to larger chromosomal changes. The mutations are located in biologically relevant genes affecting apoptosis and T-cell maturation. They may play a role in the pathobiology of the disease, but no recurrent mutations were discovered in nine additional patients with SS studied. Thus, screening of larger patient cohorts is needed to confirm their prevalence and biological significance in SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Andersson
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
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Schowalter MK, Dulmage BO, Ho J, Vu JR, Falo LD, Geskin LJ. Comparative proteomic analysis reveals unique tumor protein composition among the melanoma subtypes pure desmoplastic and superficial spreading. Melanoma Res 2014; 24:397-400. [PMID: 24743055 PMCID: PMC8609475 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. death rate for melanoma has not decreased, despite the use of depth at biopsy and sentinel lymph node status to determine the risk of metastasis. Additional prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets are required, and identification of candidate proteins was the goal of this study. We utilized comparative mass spectrometry to compare five samples of each of two forms of melanoma, pure desmoplastic, which by depth at diagnosis has a favorable prognosis, and superficial spreading. Ontological analysis was applied to identify proteins and networks that were increased in one of the two subtypes. Analysis revealed a protein signature increase in pure desmoplastic melanoma associated with cell-to-cell binding and a signature increase in superficial spreading melanoma responsible for the cellular stress response including a constellation of heat shock proteins. The two subtypes of melanoma compared in this study have two unique protein compositions that correlate with their phenotypes. Further validation studies are warranted to evaluate the utility of identified proteins as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Schowalter
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Scarisbrick J, Kim Y, Whittaker S, Wood G, Vermeer M, Prince H, Quaglino P. Prognostic factors, prognostic indices and staging in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: where are we now? Br J Dermatol 2014; 170:1226-36. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.J. Scarisbrick
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Birmingham; Birmingham U.K
| | - Y.H. Kim
- Stanford Cancer Centre & School of Medicine; Stanford CA U.S.A
| | - S.J. Whittaker
- Department of Dermatology; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust; London U.K
| | - G.S. Wood
- Department of Dermatology; University of Wisconsin and Middleton VA Medical Center; Madison WI U.S.A
| | - M.H. Vermeer
- Department of Dermatology; Leiden University Medical Centre; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - H.M. Prince
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - P. Quaglino
- Department of Medical Sciences; Dermatologic Clinic; University of Torino; Turin Italy
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36
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Merindol N, Riquet A, Szablewski V, Eliaou JF, Puisieux A, Bonnefoy N. The emerging role of Twist proteins in hematopoietic cells and hematological malignancies. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e206. [PMID: 24769647 PMCID: PMC4003416 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Twist1 and Twist2 (Twist1–2) are two transcription factors, members of the basic helix-loop-helix family, that have been well established as master transcriptional regulators of embryogenesis and developmental programs of mesenchymal cell lineages. Their role in oncogenesis in epithelium-derived cancer and in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition has also been thoroughly characterized. Recently, emerging evidence also suggests a key role for Twist1–2 in the function and development of hematopoietic cells, as well as in survival and development of numerous hematological malignancies. In this review, we summarize the latest data that depict the role of Twist1–2 in monocytes, T cells and B lymphocyte activation, and in associated hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Merindol
- Université de Lyon and INSERM U1111, Lyon, France
| | - A Riquet
- Université de Lyon and INSERM U1111, Lyon, France
| | - V Szablewski
- 1] IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France [2] Département de Biopathologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier et Faculté de Médecine, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - J-F Eliaou
- 1] IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France [2] Département d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier et Faculté de Médecine, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - A Puisieux
- Centre de Receherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1052, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - N Bonnefoy
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
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