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Zaver SA, Sarkar MK, Egolf S, Zou J, Tiwaa A, Capell BC, Gudjonsson JE, Simpson CL. Targeting SERCA2 in organotypic epidermis reveals MEK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for Darier disease. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170739. [PMID: 37561594 PMCID: PMC10561730 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the ATP2A2 gene encoding sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) was linked to Darier disease more than 2 decades ago; however, there remain no targeted therapies for this disorder causing recurrent skin blistering and infections. Since Atp2a2-knockout mice do not phenocopy its pathology, we established a human tissue model of Darier disease to elucidate its pathogenesis and identify potential therapies. Leveraging CRISPR/Cas9, we generated human keratinocytes lacking SERCA2, which replicated features of Darier disease, including weakened intercellular adhesion and defective differentiation in organotypic epidermis. To identify pathogenic drivers downstream of SERCA2 depletion, we performed RNA sequencing and proteomics analysis. SERCA2-deficient keratinocytes lacked desmosomal and cytoskeletal proteins required for epidermal integrity and exhibited excess MAPK signaling, which modulates keratinocyte adhesion and differentiation. Immunostaining patient biopsies substantiated these findings, with lesions showing keratin deficiency, cadherin mislocalization, and ERK hyperphosphorylation. Dampening ERK activity with MEK inhibitors rescued adhesive protein expression and restored keratinocyte sheet integrity despite SERCA2 depletion or chemical inhibition. In sum, coupling multiomic analysis with human organotypic epidermis as a preclinical model, we found that SERCA2 haploinsufficiency disrupts critical adhesive components in keratinocytes via ERK signaling and identified MEK inhibition as a treatment strategy for Darier disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam A. Zaver
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mrinal K. Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shaun Egolf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Zou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Afua Tiwaa
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Brian C. Capell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Cory L. Simpson
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, and
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Hartmann V, Hariton WV, Rahimi S, Hammers CM, Ludwig RJ, Müller EJ, Hundt JE. The human skin organ culture model as an optimal complementary tool for murine pemphigus models. Lab Anim 2023; 57:381-395. [PMID: 36647613 DOI: 10.1177/00236772221145647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe autoimmune bullous disease of the skin and/or mucous membranes caused by autoantibodies that mainly target the adhesion proteins desmoglein (Dsg) 3 and/or Dsg1. Clinically, pemphigus is characterized by flaccid blistering, leading to severe water and electrolyte loss. Before the introduction of corticosteroid treatment, the disease turned out to be fatal in many cases. Despite recent therapeutic improvements, treatment of pemphigus patients is centred on prolonged systemic immunosuppression and remains challenging. Current drug development for pemphigus has a strong focus on disease-causing B cells and autoantibodies and, more recently, also on modulating autoantibody-induced tissue pathology and keratinocyte signalling. This drug development requires reliable pre-clinical model systems replicating the pathogenesis of the human disease. Among those are neonatal and adult mouse models based on the transfer of Dsg3, Dsg1/3 or Dsg1-specific autoantibodies. To reduce the number of animal experiments, we recently established a standardized human skin organ culture (HSOC) model for pemphigus. This model reproduces the clinical phenotype of autoantibody-induced tissue pathology in pemphigus vulgaris. For induction of blistering, a recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) targeting both Dsg1 and 3 is injected into pieces of human skin (obtained from plastic surgeries). Further characterization of the HSOC model demonstrated that key morphologic, molecular and immunologic features of pemphigus are being replicated. Thus, the pemphigus HSOC model is an excellent alternative to pemphigus animal model systems that are based on the transfer of (auto)antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hartmann
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - William Vj Hariton
- Department for BioMedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Siavash Rahimi
- Department for BioMedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany
- Centre for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Eliane J Müller
- Department for BioMedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer E Hundt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany
- Centre for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Germany
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Zaver SA, Sarkar MK, Egolf S, Zou J, Tiwaa A, Capell BC, Gudjonsson JE, Simpson CL. Targeting SERCA2 in organotypic epidermis reveals MEK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for Darier disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.07.531620. [PMID: 36945477 PMCID: PMC10028894 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.07.531620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of the ATP2A2 gene encoding sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) was linked to Darier disease more than two decades ago; however, there remain no targeted therapies for this disorder causing recurrent skin blistering and infections. Since Atp2a2 knockout mice do not phenocopy its pathology, we established a human tissue model of Darier disease to elucidate its pathogenesis and identify potential therapies. Leveraging CRISPR/Cas9, we generated human keratinocytes lacking SERCA2, which replicated features of Darier disease, including weakened intercellular adhesion and defective differentiation in organotypic epidermis. To identify pathogenic drivers downstream of SERCA2 depletion, we performed RNA sequencing and proteomic analysis. SERCA2-deficient keratinocytes lacked desmosomal and cytoskeletal proteins required for epidermal integrity and exhibited excess MAP kinase signaling, which modulates keratinocyte adhesion and differentiation. Immunostaining patient biopsies substantiated these findings with lesions showing keratin deficiency, cadherin mis-localization, and ERK hyper-phosphorylation. Dampening ERK activity with MEK inhibitors rescued adhesive protein expression and restored keratinocyte sheet integrity despite SERCA2 depletion or chemical inhibition. In sum, coupling multi-omic analysis with human organotypic epidermis as a pre-clinical model, we found that SERCA2 haploinsufficiency disrupts critical adhesive components in keratinocytes via ERK signaling and identified MEK inhibition as a treatment strategy for Darier disease.
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Apremilast prevents blistering in human epidermis and stabilizes keratinocyte adhesion in pemphigus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:116. [PMID: 36624106 PMCID: PMC9829900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris is a life-threatening blistering skin disease caused by autoantibodies destabilizing desmosomal adhesion. Current therapies focus on suppression of autoantibody formation and thus treatments directly stabilizing keratinocyte adhesion would fulfill an unmet medical need. We here demonstrate that apremilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor used in psoriasis, prevents skin blistering in pemphigus vulgaris. Apremilast abrogates pemphigus autoantibody-induced loss of keratinocyte cohesion in ex-vivo human epidermis, cultured keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo in mice. In parallel, apremilast inhibits keratin retraction as well as desmosome splitting, induces phosphorylation of plakoglobin at serine 665 and desmoplakin assembly into desmosomal plaques. We established a plakoglobin phospho-deficient mouse model that reveals fragile epidermis with altered organization of keratin filaments and desmosomal cadherins. In keratinocytes derived from these mice, intercellular adhesion is impaired and not rescued by apremilast. These data identify an unreported mechanism of desmosome regulation and propose that apremilast stabilizes keratinocyte adhesion and is protective in pemphigus.
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Schmitt T, Hudemann C, Moztarzadeh S, Hertl M, Tikkanen R, Waschke J. Dsg3 epitope-specific signalling in pemphigus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163066. [PMID: 37143675 PMCID: PMC10151755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pemphigus is an autoantibody driven disease that impairs the barrier function of the skin and mucosa by disrupting desmosomes and thereby impeding cellular cohesion. It is known that the different clinical phenotypes of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) are dependent on the autoantibody profile and target antigens that, amongst others, are primarily desmoglein (Dsg)1 and/or Dsg3 for PV and Dsg1 for PF. However, it was reported that autoantibodiesagainst different epitopes of Dsg1 and Dsg3 can be pathogenic or not. The underlying mechanisms are very complex and involve both direct inhibition of Dsg interactions and downstream signalling. The aim of this study was to find out whether there is target-epitope-specific Dsg3 signalling by comparing the effects of the two pathogenic murine IgGs, 2G4 and AK23. Methods Dispase-based dissociation assay, Western Blot analysis, Stimulated emission depletion microscopy, Fura-based Ca2+ flux measurements, Rho/Rac G-Protein-linked immunosorbent assay, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The IgGs are directed against the EC5 and EC1 domain of Dsg3, respectively. The data show that 2G4 was less effective in causing loss of cell adhesion, compared to AK23. STED imaging revealed that both autoantibodies had similar effects on keratin retraction and reduction of desmosome number whereas only AK23 induced Dsg3 depletion. Moreover, both antibodies induced phosphorylation of p38MAPK and Akt whereas Src was phosphorylated upon treatment with AK23 only. Interestingly, Src and Akt activation were p38MAPK-dependent. All pathogenic effects were rescued by p38MAPK inhibition and AK23-mediated effects were also ameliorated by Src inhibition. Discussion The results give first insights into pemphigus autoantibody-induced Dsg3 epitope-specific signalling which is involved in pathogenic events such as Dsg3 depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt
- Instiute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian -Universität (LMU) Munich, München, Germany
| | - Christoph Hudemann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sina Moztarzadeh
- Instiute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian -Universität (LMU) Munich, München, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Instiute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian -Universität (LMU) Munich, München, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jens Waschke,
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Tang X, Wang L. Freehand scanning photoacoustic microscopy with simultaneous localization and mapping. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 28:100411. [PMID: 36254241 PMCID: PMC9568868 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy offers high-resolution, label-free hemodynamic and functional imaging to many biomedical applications. However, long-standing technical barriers, such as limited field of view, bulky scanning probes, and slow imaging speed, have limited the application of optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. Here, we present freehand scanning photoacoustic microscopy (FS-PAM) that can flexibly image various anatomical sites. We develop a compact handheld photoacoustic probe to acquire 3D images with high speed, and great flexibility. The high scanning speed not only enables video camera mode imaging but also allows for the first implementation of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in photoacoustic microscopy. We demonstrate fast in vivo imaging of some mouse organs, and human oral mucosa. The high imaging speed greatly reduces motion artifacts and distortions from tissue moving, breathing, and unintended handshaking. We demonstrate small-lesion localization in a large region of the brain. FS-PAM offers a flexible high-speed imaging tool with an extendable field of view, enabling more biomedical imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xu Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Shenzhen, Guang Dong 518057, China
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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Zhai H, Jin X, Minnick G, Rosenbohm J, Hafiz MAH, Yang R, Meng F. Spatially Guided Construction of Multilayered Epidermal Models Recapturing Structural Hierarchy and Cell-Cell Junctions. SMALL SCIENCE 2022; 2:2200051. [PMID: 36590765 PMCID: PMC9799093 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A current challenge in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of skin equivalents is to recreate the distinct basal and suprabasal layers and to promote their direct interactions. Such a structural arrangement is essential to establish 3D stratified epidermis disease models, such as for the autoimmune skin disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), which targets the cell-cell junctions at the interface of the basal and suprabasal layers. Inspired by epithelial regeneration in wound healing, we develop a method that combines 3D bioprinting and spatially guided self-reorganization of keratinocytes to recapture the fine structural hierarchy that lies in the deep layers of the epidermis. Here, keratinocyte-laden fibrin hydrogels are bioprinted to create geographical cues, guiding dynamic self-reorganization of cells through collective migration, keratinocyte differentiation and vertical expansion. This process results in a region of self-organized multilayers (SOMs) that contain the basal to suprabasal transition, marked by the expressed levels of different types of keratins that indicate differentiation. Finally, we demonstrate the reconstructed skin tissue as an in vitro platform to study the pathogenic effects of PV and observe a significant difference in cell-cell junction dissociation from PV antibodies in different epidermis layers, indicating their applications in the preclinical test of possible therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhai
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Grayson Minnick
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jordan Rosenbohm
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | | | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Fanben Meng
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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Kugelmann D, Anders M, Sigmund AM, Egu DT, Eichkorn RA, Yazdi AS, Sárdy M, Hertl M, Didona D, Hashimoto T, Waschke J. Role of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the Regulation of Keratinocyte Adhesion in Pemphigus Vulgaris. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884248. [PMID: 35844545 PMCID: PMC9279611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe autoimmune blistering disease Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is mainly caused by autoantibodies (IgG) against desmoglein (Dsg) 3 and Dsg1. The mechanisms leading to the development of blisters are not fully understood, but intracellular signaling seems to play an important role. Sheddases ADAM10 and ADAM17 are involved in the turnover of the desmosomal cadherin Dsg2 and ADAM10 has been shown to contribute to acantholysis in a murine pemphigus model. In the present study, we further examined the role of ADAM10 and ADAM17 both in keratinocyte adhesion and in the pathogenesis of PV. First, we found that inhibition of ADAM10 enhanced adhesion of primary human keratinocytes but not of immortalized keratinocytes. In dissociation assays, inhibition of ADAM10 shifted keratinocyte adhesion towards a hyperadhesive state. However, ADAM inhibition did neither modulate protein levels of Dsg1 and Dsg3 nor activation of EGFR at Y1068 and Y845. In primary human keratinocytes, inhibition of ADAM10, but not ADAM17, reduced loss of cell adhesion and fragmentation of Dsg1 and Dsg3 immunostaining in response to a PV1-IgG from a mucocutaneous PV patient. Similarly, inhibition of ADAM10 in dissociation assay decreased fragmentation of primary keratinocytes induced by a monoclonal antibody against Dsg3 and by PV-IgG from two other patients both suffering from mucosal PV. However, such protective effect was not observed in both cultured cells and ex vivo disease models, when another mucocutaneous PV4-IgG containing more Dsg1 autoantibodies was used. Taken together, ADAM10 modulates both hyperadhesion and PV-IgG-induced loss of cell adhesion dependent on the autoantibody profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kugelmann
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maresa Anders
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna M. Sigmund
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Desalegn T. Egu
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramona A. Eichkorn
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Eberhard Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amir S. Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Eberhard Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dario Didona
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jens Waschke,
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Lotti R, Atene CG, Zanfi ED, Bertesi M, Zanocco-Marani T. In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Models for the Study of Pemphigus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137044. [PMID: 35806044 PMCID: PMC9266423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a life-threatening autoimmune disease. Several phenotypic variants are part of this family of bullous disorders. The disease is mainly mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies, but is also directed against two desmosomal adhesion proteins, desmoglein 1 (DSG1) and 3 (DSG3), which are expressed in the skin and mucosae. By binding to their antigens, autoantibodies induce the separation of keratinocytes, in a process known as acantholysis. The two main Pemphigus variants are Pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus. Several models of Pemphigus have been described: in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, passive or active mouse models. Although no model is ideal, different models display specific characteristics that are useful for testing different hypotheses regarding the initiation of Pemphigus, or to evaluate the efficacy of experimental therapies. Different disease models also allow us to evaluate the pathogenicity of specific Pemphigus autoantibodies, or to investigate the role of previously not described autoantigens. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of Pemphigus disease models, with the main focus being on active models and their potential to reproduce different disease subgroups, based on the involvement of different autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Lotti
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudio Giacinto Atene
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Emma Dorotea Zanfi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (E.D.Z.); (M.B.); (T.Z.-M.)
| | - Matteo Bertesi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (E.D.Z.); (M.B.); (T.Z.-M.)
| | - Tommaso Zanocco-Marani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (E.D.Z.); (M.B.); (T.Z.-M.)
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Schmitt T, Pircher J, Steinert L, Meier K, Ghoreschi K, Vielmuth F, Kugelmann D, Waschke J. Dsg1 and Dsg3 Composition of Desmosomes Across Human Epidermis and Alterations in Pemphigus Vulgaris Patient Skin. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884241. [PMID: 35711465 PMCID: PMC9196036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are important epidermal adhesion units and signalling hubs, which play an important role in pemphigus pathogenesis. Different expression patterns of the pemphigus autoantigens desmoglein (Dsg)1 and Dsg3 across different epidermal layers have been demonstrated. However, little is known about changes in desmosome composition in different epidermal layers or in patient skin. The aim of this study was thus to characterize desmosome composition in healthy and pemphigus skin using super-resolution microscopy. An increasing Dsg1/Dsg3 ratio from lower basal (BL) to uppermost granular layer (GL) was observed. Within BL desmosomes, Dsg1 and Dsg3 were more homogeneously distributed whereas superficial desmosomes mostly comprised one of the two molecules or domains containing either one but not both. Extradesmosomal, desmoplakin (Dp)-independent, co-localization of Dsg3 with plakoglobin (Pg) was found mostly in BL and extradesmosomal Dsg1 co-localization with Pg in all layers. In contrast, in the spinous layer (SL) most Dsg1 and Dsg3 staining was confined to desmosomes, as revealed by the co-localization with Dp. In pemphigus patient skin, Dsg1 and Dsg3 immunostaining was altered especially along blister edges. The number of desmosomes in patient skin was reduced significantly in basal and spinous layer keratinocytes with only few split desmosomes found. In addition, Dsg1-Pg co-localization at the apical BL and Dsg3-Pg co-localization in SL were significantly reduced in patients, suggesting that that extradesmosomal Dsg molecules were affected. These results support the hypothesis that pemphigus is a desmosome assembly disease and may help to explain histopathologic differences between pemphigus phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Instiute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München (LMU) Munich, München, Germany
| | - Julia Pircher
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Instiute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München (LMU) Munich, München, Germany
| | - Letyfee Steinert
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Instiute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München (LMU) Munich, München, Germany
| | - Katharina Meier
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berli, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berli, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Instiute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München (LMU) Munich, München, Germany
| | - Daniela Kugelmann
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Instiute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München (LMU) Munich, München, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Instiute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München (LMU) Munich, München, Germany
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Brescacin A, Baig Z, Bhinder J, Lin S, Brar L, Cirillo N. What protein kinases are crucial for acantholysis and blister formation in pemphigus vulgaris? A systematic review. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2825-2837. [PMID: 35616233 PMCID: PMC9540544 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal autoimmune blistering disease characterized by cell-cell detachment (or acantholysis) and blister formation. While the signaling mechanisms that associate with skin/mucosal blistering are being elucidated, specific treatment strategies targeting PV-specific pathomechanisms, particularly kinase signaling, have yet to be established. Hence, the aim of this review was to systematically evaluate molecules in the class of kinases that are essential for acantholysis and blister formation and are therefore candidates for targeted therapy. English articles from PubMed and Scopus databases were searched, and included in vitro, in vivo, and human studies that investigated the role of kinases in PV. We selected studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias in duplicates and the results were reported according to the methodology outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). The risk of bias assessment was performed on in vivo studies utilizing SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Thirty-five studies were included that satisfied the pathogenicity criterion of kinases in PV, the vast majority being experimental models that used PV sera (n = 13) and PV-IgG (n = 22). Inhibition of kinase activity (p38MAPK, PKC, TK, c-Src, EGFR, ERK, mTOR, BTK, and CDK2) was achieved mostly by pharmacological means. Overall, we found substantial evidence that kinase inhibition reduced PV-associated phosphorylation events and keratinocyte disassociation, prevented acantholysis, and blocked blister formation. However, the scarce adherence to standardized reporting systems and the experimental protocols/models used did limit the internal and external validity of these studies. In summary, this systematic review highlighted the pathogenic intracellular events mediated by kinases in PV acantholysis and presented kinase signaling as a promising avenue for translational research. In particular, the molecules identified and discussed in this study represent potential candidates for the development of mechanism-based interventions in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Brescacin
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zunaira Baig
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaspreet Bhinder
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sen Lin
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lovejot Brar
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Egu DT, Schmitt T, Waschke J. Mechanisms Causing Acantholysis in Pemphigus-Lessons from Human Skin. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884067. [PMID: 35720332 PMCID: PMC9205406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune bullous skin disease caused primarily by autoantibodies (PV-IgG) against the desmosomal adhesion proteins desmoglein (Dsg)1 and Dsg3. PV patient lesions are characterized by flaccid blisters and ultrastructurally by defined hallmarks including a reduction in desmosome number and size, formation of split desmosomes, as well as uncoupling of keratin filaments from desmosomes. The pathophysiology underlying the disease is known to involve several intracellular signaling pathways downstream of PV-IgG binding. Here, we summarize our studies in which we used transmission electron microscopy to characterize the roles of signaling pathways in the pathogenic effects of PV-IgG on desmosome ultrastructure in a human ex vivo skin model. Blister scores revealed inhibition of p38MAPK, ERK and PLC/Ca2+ to be protective in human epidermis. In contrast, inhibition of Src and PKC, which were shown to be protective in cell cultures and murine models, was not effective for human skin explants. The ultrastructural analysis revealed that for preventing skin blistering at least desmosome number (as modulated by ERK) or keratin filament insertion (as modulated by PLC/Ca2+) need to be ameliorated. Other pathways such as p38MAPK regulate desmosome number, size, and keratin insertion indicating that they control desmosome assembly and disassembly on different levels. Taken together, studies in human skin delineate target mechanisms for the treatment of pemphigus patients. In addition, ultrastructural analysis supports defining the specific role of a given signaling molecule in desmosome turnover at ultrastructural level.
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13
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Ellebrecht CT, Maseda D, Payne AS. Pemphigus and Pemphigoid: From Disease Mechanisms to Druggable Pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:907-914. [PMID: 34756581 PMCID: PMC8860856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus and pemphigoid are paradigms for understanding the mechanisms of antibody-mediated autoimmune disease in humans. In pemphigus, IgG4-predominant autoantibodies cause intraepidermal blistering by direct interference with desmoglein interactions and subsequent disruption of desmosomes and signaling pathways. In pemphigoid, IgG1, IgG4, and IgE autoantibodies against basement membrane zone antigens directly interfere with hemidesmosomal adhesion, activating complement and Fc receptor‒mediated effector pathways. Unraveling disease mechanisms in pemphigus and pemphigoid has identified numerous opportunities for clinical trials, which hold promise to identify safer and more effective therapies for these potentially life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian Maseda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aimee S. Payne
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Yeruva S, Waschke J. Structure and regulation of desmosomes in intercalated discs: Lessons from epithelia. J Anat 2022; 242:81-90. [PMID: 35128661 PMCID: PMC9773171 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For electromechanical coupling of cardiomyocytes, intercalated discs (ICDs) are pivotal as highly specialized intercellular contact areas. ICD consists of adhesive contacts, such as desmosomes and adherens junctions (AJs) that are partially intermingled and thereby form an area composita to provide mechanical strength, as well as gap junctions (GJ) and sodium channels for excitation propagation. In contrast, in epithelia, mixed junctions with features of desmosomes and AJs are regarded as transitory primarily during the formation of desmosomes. The anatomy of desmosomes is defined by a typical ultrastructure with dense intracellular plaques anchoring the cadherin-type adhesion molecules to the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. Desmosomal diseases characterized by impaired adhesive and signalling functions of desmosomal contacts lead to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy when affecting cardiomyocytes and cause pemphigus when manifesting in keratinocytes or present as cardiocutaneous syndromes when both cell types are targeted by the disease, which underscores the high biomedical relevance of these cell contacts. Therefore, comparative analyses regarding the structure and regulation of desmosomal contacts in cardiomyocytes and epithelial cells are helpful to better understand disease pathogenesis. In this brief review, we describe the structural properties of ICD compared to epithelial desmosomes and suggest that mechanisms regulating adhesion may at least in part be comparable. Also, we discuss whether phenomena such as hyperadhesion or the bidirectional regulation of desmosomes to serve as signalling hubs in epithelial cells may also be relevant for ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Yeruva
- Ludwig‐Maximilian‐Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I – Vegetative AnatomieMunichGermany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Ludwig‐Maximilian‐Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I – Vegetative AnatomieMunichGermany
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15
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Egu DT, Schmitt T, Sigmund AM, Waschke J. Electron microscopy reveals that phospholipase C and Ca2+ signaling regulate keratin filament uncoupling from desmosomes in Pemphigus. Ann Anat 2022; 241:151904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Schmitt T, Waschke J. Autoantibody-Specific Signalling in Pemphigus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:701809. [PMID: 34434944 PMCID: PMC8381052 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.701809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe autoimmune disease impairing barrier functions of epidermis and mucosa. Autoantibodies primarily target the desmosomal adhesion molecules desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg 3 and induce loss of desmosomal adhesion. Strikingly, autoantibody profiles in pemphigus correlate with clinical phenotypes. Mucosal-dominant pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is characterised by autoantibodies (PV-IgG) against Dsg3 whereas epidermal blistering in PV and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is associated with autoantibodies against Dsg1. Therapy in pemphigus is evolving towards specific suppression of autoantibody formation and autoantibody depletion. Nevertheless, during the acute phase and relapses of the disease additional treatment options to stabilise desmosomes and thereby rescue keratinocyte adhesion would be beneficial. Therefore, the mechanisms by which autoantibodies interfere with adhesion of desmosomes need to be characterised in detail. Besides direct inhibition of Dsg adhesion, autoantibodies engage signalling pathways interfering with different steps of desmosome turn-over. With this respect, recent data indicate that autoantibodies induce separate signalling responses in keratinocytes via specific signalling complexes organised by Dsg1 and Dsg3 which transfer the signal of autoantibody binding into the cell. This hypothesis may also explain the different clinical pemphigus phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
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17
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Heydari P, Kharaziha M, Varshosaz J, Javanmard SH. Current knowledge of immunomodulation strategies for chronic skin wound repair. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:265-288. [PMID: 34318595 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In orchestrating the wound healing process, the immune system plays a critical role. Hence, controlling the immune system to repair skin defects is an attractive approach. The highly complex immune system includes the coordinated actions of several immune cells, which can produce various inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines and affect the healing of skin wounds. This process can be optimized using biomaterials, bioactive molecules, and cell delivery. The present review discusses various immunomodulation strategies for supporting the healing of chronic wounds. In this regard, following the evolution of the immune system and its role in the wound healing mechanism, the interaction between the extracellular mechanism and immune cells for acceleration wound healing will be firstly investigated. Consequently, the immune-based chronic wounds will be briefly examined and the mechanism of progression, and conventional methods of their treatment are evaluated. In the following, various biomaterials-based immunomodulation strategies are introduced to stimulate and control the immune system to treat and regenerate skin defects. Other effective methods of controlling the immune system in wound healing which is the release of bioactive agents (such as antiinflammatory, antigens, and immunomodulators) and stem cell therapy at the site of injury are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Heydari
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahshid Kharaziha
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jaleh Varshosaz
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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18
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Schmitt T, Egu DT, Walter E, Sigmund AM, Eichkorn R, Yazdi A, Schmidt E, Sárdy M, Eming R, Goebeler M, Waschke J. Ca 2+ signalling is critical for autoantibody-induced blistering of human epidermis in pemphigus. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:595-604. [PMID: 33792909 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigus is a severe bullous autoimmune skin disease. Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is characterized by antidesmoglein (Dsg) 1 IgG causing epidermal blistering; mucosal pemphigus vulgaris (mPV) by anti-Dsg3 IgG inducing erosions in the mucosa; and mucocutaneous pemphigus vulgaris (PV) by affecting both, with autoantibodies targeting Dsg1 and Dsg3. OBJECTIVES To characterize the Ca2+ flux pathway and delineate its importance in pemphigus pathogenesis and clinical phenotypes caused by different antibody profiles. METHODS Immunoprecipitation, Ca2+ flux analysis, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, dissociation assays and a human skin ex vivo model were used. RESULTS PV IgG and PF IgG, but neither Dsg3-specific monoclonal antibody (AK23) nor mPV IgG, caused Ca2+ influx in primary human keratinocytes. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase α interacts with Dsg1 but not with Dsg3. Its downstream target - phospholipase-C-γ1 (PLC) - was activated by PV IgG and PF IgG but not AK23 or mPV IgG. PLC releases inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) causing IP3 receptor (IP3R) activation and Ca2+ flux from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol, which stimulates Ca2+ release-activated channels (CRAC)-mediated Ca2+ influx. Inhibitors against PLC, IP3R and CRAC effectively blocked PV IgG and PF IgG-induced Ca2+ influx; ameliorated alterations of Dsg1 and Dsg3 localization, and reorganization of keratin and actin filaments; and inhibited loss of cell adhesion in vitro. Finally, inhibiting PLC or IP3R was protective against PV IgG-induced blister formation and redistribution of Dsg1 and Dsg3 in human skin ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS Ca2+ -mediated signalling is important for epidermal blistering and dependent on the autoantibody profile, which indicates different roles for signalling complexes organized by Dsg1 and Dsg3. Interfering with PLC and Ca2+ signalling may be a promising approach to treat epidermal manifestations of pemphigus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schmitt
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Pettenkoferstraße 11, München, D-80336, Germany
| | - D T Egu
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Pettenkoferstraße 11, München, D-80336, Germany
| | - E Walter
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Pettenkoferstraße 11, München, D-80336, Germany
| | - A M Sigmund
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Pettenkoferstraße 11, München, D-80336, Germany
| | - R Eichkorn
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Eberhard Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Eberhard Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - E Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
| | - M Sárdy
- Clinic for Dermatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - R Eming
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - J Waschke
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Pettenkoferstraße 11, München, D-80336, Germany
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19
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Huang Y, Jedličková H, Cai Y, Rehman A, Gammon L, Ahmad US, Uttagomol J, Parkinson EK, Fortune F, Wan H. Oxidative Stress-Mediated YAP Dysregulation Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Pemphigus Vulgaris. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649502. [PMID: 33968042 PMCID: PMC8098436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) is a life-threatening autoimmune disease manifested with blisters in the skin and mucosa and caused by autoantibodies against adhesion protein desmoglein-3 (Dsg3) expressed in epithelial membrane linings of these tissues. Despite many studies, the pathogenesis of PV remains incompletely understood. Recently we have shown Dsg3 plays a role in regulating the yes-associated protein (YAP), a co-transcription factor and mechanical sensor, and constraining reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study investigated the effect of PV sera as well as the anti-Dsg3 antibody AK23 on these molecules. We detected elevated YAP steady-state protein levels in PV cells surrounding blisters and perilesional regions and in keratinocytes treated with PV sera and AK23 with concomitant transient ROS overproduction. Cells treated with hydrogen peroxide also exhibited augmented nuclear YAP accompanied by reduction of Dsg3 and α-catenin, a negative regulator of YAP. As expected, transfection of α-catenin-GFP plasmid rendered YAP export from the nucleus evoked by hydrogen peroxide. In addition, suppression of total YAP was observed in hydrogen peroxide treated cells exposed to antioxidants with enhanced cell-cell adhesion being confirmed by decreased fragmentation in the dispase assay compared to hydrogen peroxide treatment alone. On the other hand, the expression of exogenous YAP disrupted intercellular junction assembly. In contrast, YAP depletion resulted in an inverse effect with augmented expression of junction assembly proteins, including Dsg3 and α-catenin capable of abolishing the effect of AK23 on Dsg3 expression. Finally, inhibition of other kinase pathways, including p38MAPK, also demonstrated suppression of YAP induced by hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, antioxidant treatment of keratinocytes suppressed PV sera-induced total YAP accumulation. In conclusion, this study suggests that oxidative stress coupled with YAP dysregulation attributes to PV blistering, implying antioxidants may be beneficial in the treatment of PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Huang
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hana Jedličková
- Department of Dermatology, St. Anna University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Yang Cai
- CB Joint MHNCRL, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ambreen Rehman
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Gammon
- Phenotypic Screening Facility, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Usama Sharif Ahmad
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jutamas Uttagomol
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farida Fortune
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Wan
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Bieber K, Kridin K, Emtenani S, Boch K, Schmidt E, Ludwig RJ. Milestones in Personalized Medicine in Pemphigus and Pemphigoid. Front Immunol 2021; 11:591971. [PMID: 33505392 PMCID: PMC7829330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus and pemphigoid diseases are autoimmune bullous diseases characterized and caused by autoantibodies targeting adhesion molecules in the skin and/or mucous membranes. Personalized medicine is a new medical model that separates patients into different groups and aims to tailor medical decisions, practices, and interventions based on the individual patient`s predicted response or risk factors. An important milestone in personalized medicine in pemphigus and pemphigoid was achieved by verifying the autoimmune pathogenesis underlying these diseases, as well as by identifying and cloning several pemphigus/pemphigoid autoantigens. The latter has become the basis of the current, molecular-based diagnosis that allows the differentiation of about a dozen pemphigus and pemphigoid entities. The importance of autoantigen-identification in pemphigus/pemphigoid is further highlighted by the emergence of autoantigen-specific B cell depleting strategies. To achieve this goal, the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell technology, which is used for the treatment of certain hematological malignancies, was adopted, by generating chimeric autoantigen receptor (CAAR) T cells. In addition to these more basic science-driven milestones in personalized medicine in pemphigus and pemphigoid, careful clinical observation and epidemiology are again contributing to personalized medicine. The identification of clearly distinct clinical phenotypes in pemphigoid like the non-inflammatory and gliptin-associated bullous pemphigoid embodies a prominent instance of the latter. We here review these exciting developments in basic, translational, clinical, and epidemiological research in pemphigus and pemphigoid. Overall, we hereby aim to attract more researchers and clinicians to this highly interesting and dynamic field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Khalaf Kridin
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Shirin Emtenani
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katharina Boch
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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21
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Castellanos A, Hernandez MG, Tomic-Canic M, Jozic I, Fernandez-Lima F. Multimodal, in Situ Imaging of Ex Vivo Human Skin Reveals Decrease of Cholesterol Sulfate in the Neoepithelium during Acute Wound Healing. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1386-1394. [PMID: 31789498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Skin repair is a significant aspect of human health. While the makeup of healthy stratum corneum and epidermis is generally understood, the mobilization of molecular components during skin repair remains largely unknown. In the present work, we utilize multimodal, in situ, mass spectrometry, and immunofluorescence imaging for the characterization of newly formed epidermis, following an initial acute wound for the first 96 h of epithelization. In particular, TOF-SIMS and confirmatory MALDI FT-ICR MS (/MS) analysis permitted the mapping of several lipid classes, including phospholipids, neutral lipids, cholesterol, ceramides, and free fatty acids. Endogenous lipid species were localized in discrete epidermal skin layers, including the stratum corneum (SC), stratum granulosum (SG), stratum basale (SB), and dermis. Experiments revealed that healthy re-epithelializing skin is characterized by diminished cholesterol sulfate signal along the stratum corneum toward the migrating epithelial tongue. The spatial distribution and relative abundances of cholesterol sulfate are reported and correlated with the healing time. The multimodal imaging approach enabled in situ high-confidence chemical mapping based on accurate mass and fragmentation pattern of molecular components. The use of postanalysis immunofluorescence imaging from the same tissue confirmed the localization of endogenous lipid species and Filaggrin and Cav-1 proteins at high spatial resolution (approximately a few microns).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Castellanos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , 11200 SW Eighth Street, AHC4-233 , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Mario Gomez Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , 11200 SW Eighth Street, AHC4-233 , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB 6056 , Miami , Florida 33136 , United States
| | - Ivan Jozic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB 6056 , Miami , Florida 33136 , United States
| | - Francisco Fernandez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , 11200 SW Eighth Street, AHC4-233 , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
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22
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Ludwig RJ. Tissue-specific personalized medicine: the next level of individualized treatment. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:833-834. [PMID: 31828766 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Germany
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23
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Egu DT, Kugelmann D, Waschke J. Role of PKC and ERK Signaling in Epidermal Blistering and Desmosome Regulation in Pemphigus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2883. [PMID: 31867019 PMCID: PMC6910072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes reinforce cohesion of epithelial cells at the interface between adjacent cells. They include the cadherin-type adhesion molecules desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) and Dsg3. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune disease in which circulating autoantibodies (PV-IgG) targeting Dsg1 and 3 cause characteristic epidermal blister formation. It has been shown that PV-IgG binding induced activation of kinases such as ERK and PKC, and inhibition of these signaling pathways prevented loss of cell cohesion in cell cultures. However, the role of Erk and PKC in blister formation and regulation of desmosome ultrastructure in human skin are unknown. Accordingly, we assessed the role of PKC and ERK signaling pathways in blister formation and regulation of desmosome ultrastructure in human epidermis. Here we performed electron microscopy analyses using human skin explants injected with PV-IgG together with inhibitors for PKC or ERK signaling. Inhibition of PKC was not effective to prevent suprabasal blister formation or ultrastructural alterations of desmosomes. In contrast, inhibition of ERK signaling significantly ameliorated blister formation and decrease in the number of desmosomes whereas shortening and splitting of desmosomes and keratin filament insertion were not different from samples treated with PV-IgG alone. However, apical desmosomes between basal and suprabasal cells remained unaltered when ERK signaling was inhibited. Therefore, our results show that inhibition of ERK but not PKC signaling appears to be effective to ameliorate blistering and alterations of desmosome ultrastructure triggered by PV-IgG in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn Tadesse Egu
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Kugelmann
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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