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Tsigeman E, Zemliak V, Likhanov M, Papageorgiou KA, Kovas Y. AI can see you: Machiavellianism and extraversion are reflected in eye-movements. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308631. [PMID: 39196880 PMCID: PMC11355565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies showed an association between personality traits and individual patterns of visual behaviour in laboratory and other settings. The current study extends previous research by measuring multiple personality traits in natural settings; and by comparing accuracy of prediction of multiple machine learning algorithms. METHODS Adolescent participants (N = 35) completed personality questionnaires (Big Five Inventory and Short Dark Triad Questionnaire) and visited an interactive museum while their eye movements were recorded with head-mounted eye tracking. To predict personality traits the eye-movement data was analysed using eight machine-learning methods: Random Forest, Adaboost, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, k Nearest Neighbours, Decision Tree and a three-layer Perceptron. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Extracted eye movement features introduced to machine learning algorithms predicted personality traits with above 33% chance accuracy (34%-48%). This result is comparable to previous ecologically valid studies, but lower than in laboratory-based research. Better prediction was achieved for Machiavellianism and Extraversion compared to other traits (10 and 9 predictions above the chance level by different algorithms from different parts of the recording). Conscientiousness, Narcissism and Psychopathy were not reliably predicted from eye movements. These differences in predictability across traits might be explained by differential activation of different traits in different situations, such as new vs. familiar, exciting vs. boring, and complex vs. simple settings. In turn, different machine learning approaches seem to be better at capturing specific gaze patterns (e.g. saccades), associated with specific traits evoked by the situation. Further research is needed to gain better insights into trait-situation-algorithm interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Tsigeman
- Laboratory for Social & Cognitive Informatics, HSE University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Maxim Likhanov
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yulia Kovas
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Tsigeman ES, Likhanov MV, Budakova AV, Akmalov A, Sabitov I, Alenina E, Bartseva K, Kovas Y. Persistent gender differences in spatial ability, even in STEM experts. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15247. [PMID: 37101649 PMCID: PMC10123158 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spatial ability (SA) shows wide variability. One proposed explanation for the observed individual difference in SA is variability in interest and engagement in activities that promote spatial ability. Research also robustly shown that males on average outperform females in most aspects of SA. Previous studies have identified a number of activities that can potentially contribute to both individual and gender differences in SA, including tinkering with electronics, particular sports activities, and designing. However, the findings regarding these links are inconsistent. One way to investigate these links is to compare the groups that are intensively engaged with these activities. Aim The present study aims to evaluate the robustness of these links by comparing SA in adolescents with expertise in STEM, arts, and sports, with their unselected peers. We also aimed to assess whether gender differences in SA are still present in expert groups. Methods The data on ten small-scale SA tests was collected in an unselected sample of adolescents (N = 864, Mean age = 15.4, SD = 1.1); as well as in 3 samples of adolescents with expertise in STEM (N = 667, Mean age = 15, SD = 1.2); in Arts (N = 280, Mean age = 15, SD = 1.2) and in Sports (N = 444, Mean age = 14.3, SD = 0.7). Results Out of the three expert groups, only STEM experts on average outperformed the unselected group on all SA tasks. The STEM experts also outperformed Arts and Sports experts. Gender differences persisted in all expert groups, with moderate effect sizes. Discussion Findings support previously established links between spatial ability and STEM-related expertise. In contrast, such links were not found for expertise in arts and sports. Consistent with previous research, we found gender differences in SA for all samples, which persisted in STEM experts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxim V. Likhanov
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Aydar Akmalov
- Kazan Open University of Talents 2.0, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
| | | | | | - Ksenia Bartseva
- Laboratory for Social and Cognitive Informatics, Higher School of Economics, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yulia Kovas
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
- Corresponding author.
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Likhanov M, Bogdanova O, Alenina E, Kolienko T, Kovas Y. No evidence of a positive effect of learning Chinese language as an L2 on spatial ability. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1262. [PMID: 36690672 PMCID: PMC9871025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial ability (SA) was shown to be a robust predictor of success in various educational contexts, including STEM. Thus, ways to improve SA are of interest to educational psychology. There is some evidence that SA might be improved via learning character-based language, e.g. Chinese as a second language (CSL), however, the existing research is quite limited. The study aims to investigate an effect of CSL learning on SA in schoolchildren from Year 2 to Year 7. Current study employs a sample of Russian schoolchildren (N = 283), who learnt: English only, English and Spanish; or English and Chinese. Participants completed Raven's progressive matrices and Mental rotation task at the age of 8 and again at the age of 14. Our data showed negligible group differences in the initial SA level at Year 2 (before learning second language). Similar negligible differences were found at Year 7. Regression analysis showed that SA was predicted by intelligence (Raven's) and gender but not language learnt at both ages. This pattern of results indicates that learning a Chinese as a second language is unlikely to affect SA. Further research is needed to investigate whether other factors, such as length, intensity and context of learning, moderate this link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Likhanov
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Olga Bogdanova
- Psychology Department, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgenia Alenina
- Laboratory for Social and Cognitive Informatics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kolienko
- Secondary School Number 43 of Primorski District, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yulia Kovas
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
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Fries J, Kovacs K, Zeilinger EL, Pietschnig J. Is There a "Gifted Personality"? Initial Evidence for Differences between MENSA and General Population Members in the HEXACO Personality Inventory. J Intell 2022; 10:jintelligence10040092. [PMID: 36412773 PMCID: PMC9680308 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence10040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrary to the common notion that personality and intelligence are unrelated constructs, numerous correlational studies have demonstrated substantial associations between the two domains. Moreover, samples of intellectually gifted individuals have been found to differ from the general population in specific aspects of their personalities. However, most studies so far have relied on the Five-Factor Model of Personality (FFM), while none have investigated this phenomenon using the HEXACO personality framework. We recruited 617 adult members of the international high-IQ society MENSA and compared them to 3 reference samples (combined N = 112,637) regarding their personalities as measured by the HEXACO-60 personality inventory. We found that gifted persons scored higher in Honesty-Humility and Conscientiousness but lower in Emotionality compared to reference samples. Interestingly, gifted individuals scored only slightly higher in Openness to Experience, and no consistent differences emerged for Agreeableness. We demonstrate that some known personality differences between gifted and non-gifted persons translate from the FFM to the HEXACO model, while others do not. Our results indicate that within the HEXACO factor structure differences in sociability are more pronounced, while intellect-related differences are comparatively weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fries
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristof Kovacs
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eotvos Lorand University Budapest, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elisabeth L. Zeilinger
- Clinical Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Pietschnig
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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Tsigeman E, Silas S, Frieler K, Likhanov M, Gelding R, Kovas Y, Müllensiefen D. The Jack and Jill Adaptive Working Memory Task: Construction, Calibration and Validation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262200. [PMID: 35085289 PMCID: PMC8794187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) is essential to human cognitive abilities and is associated with important life outcomes such as academic performance. Recently, a number of reliable measures of VSWM have been developed to help understand psychological processes and for practical use in education. We sought to extend this work using Item Response Theory (IRT) and Computerised Adaptive Testing (CAT) frameworks to construct, calibrate and validate a new adaptive, computerised, and open-source VSWM test. We aimed to overcome the limitations of previous instruments and provide researchers with a valid and freely available VSWM measurement tool. The Jack and Jill (JaJ) VSWM task was constructed using explanatory item response modelling of data from a sample of the general adult population (Study 1, N = 244) in the UK and US. Subsequently, a static version of the task was tested for validity and reliability using a sample of adults from the UK and Australia (Study 2, N = 148) and a sample of Russian adolescents (Study 3, N = 263). Finally, the adaptive version of the JaJ task was implemented on the basis of the underlying IRT model and evaluated with another sample of Russian adolescents (Study 4, N = 239). JaJ showed sufficient internal consistency and concurrent validity as indicated by significant and substantial correlations with established measures of working memory, spatial ability, non-verbal intelligence, and academic achievement. The findings suggest that JaJ is an efficient and reliable measure of VSWM from adolescent to adult age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Tsigeman
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Department of Psychology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sebastian Silas
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Frieler
- Max-Planck-Institute of Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | | | | | - Yulia Kovas
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Department of Psychology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Müllensiefen
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Budakova AV, Likhanov MV, Toivainen T, Zhurbitskiy AV, Sitnikova EO, Bezrukova EM, Kovas Y. Measuring Spatial Ability for Talent Identification, Educational Assessment, and Support: Evidence from Adolescents with High Achievement in Science, Arts, and Sports. PSYCHOLOGY IN RUSSIA: STATE OF ART 2021; 14:59-85. [PMID: 36810988 PMCID: PMC9939039 DOI: 10.11621/pir2021.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spatial ability (SA) is a robust predictor of academic and occupational achievement. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of 10 tests for measuring of SA in a sample of talented schoolchildren. Objective Our purpose was to identify the most suitable measurements for SA for the purpose of talent identification, educational assessment, and support. Design Our sample consisted of 1479 schoolchildren who had demonstrated high achievement in Science, Arts, or Sports. Several criteria were applied to evaluate the measurements, including an absence of floor and ceiling effects, low redundancy, high reliability, and external validity. Results Based on these criteria, we included the following four tests in an Online Short Spatial Ability Battery "OSSAB": Pattern Assembly; Mechanical Reasoning; Paper Folding; and Shape Rotation. Further analysis found differences in spatial ability across the three groups of gifted adolescents. The Science track showed the highest results in all four tests. Conclusion Overall, the study suggested that the Online Short Spatial Ability Battery (OSSAB) can be used for talent identification, educational assessment, and support. The analysis showed a unifactorial structure of spatial abilities. Future research is needed to evaluate the use of this battery with other specific samples and unselected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Budakova
- International Center for Research in Human Development, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia,* Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | | | - Teemu Toivainen
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Elizaveta M. Bezrukova
- International Center for Research in Human Development, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yulia Kovas
- International Center for Research in Human Development, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia, Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
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Papageorgiou KA, Denovan A, Dagnall N, Artamonova E. A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory Short Form: Narcissism as a Multidimensional Trait in the United Kingdom and Russia. J Pers Assess 2021; 104:359-367. [PMID: 34096816 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.1929263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on narcissism supports a multifactorial structure with each factor to be multidimensional. However, studies typically assess 1 factor of narcissism using scales such as the Short Dark Triad (SD3). The Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory and its short form (FFNI-SF) were developed recently to account for this issue. The extent to which the FFNI-SF assesses equivalent constructs across countries has, nonetheless, received little attention. This study evaluated the factor structure of the FFNI-SF in a Russian sample (N = 1,996) and compared the results with those derived from a UK sample (N = 1,292). Overall, the FFNI-SF evidenced satisfactory internal consistency (mean α = .82 and .79 for the Russian and UK sample for the factors of Antagonism, Extraversion and Neuroticism, respectively). Additionally, analyses yielded a 3-component model in both samples similar to that reported in the original validation study, which also demonstrated meaningful correlations with the SD3. Finally, Antagonism demonstrated significant differences between the 2 samples, perhaps reflecting societal differences between Russia and the United Kingdom. The study highlights the importance of using psychometrically sound measures to assess narcissism in its complexity and the need for additional research on how this trait operates within the personality sphere and across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Denovan
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Elena Artamonova
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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