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Das BB. A Review of Contemporary and Future Pharmacotherapy for Chronic Heart Failure in Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:859. [PMID: 39062308 PMCID: PMC11276462 DOI: 10.3390/children11070859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This review delves into the most recent therapeutic approaches for pediatric chronic heart failure (HF) as proposed by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), which are not yet publicly available. The guideline proposes an exhaustive overview of the evolving pharmacological strategies that are transforming the management of HF in the pediatric population. The ISHLT guidelines recognize the scarcity of randomized clinical trials in children, leading to a predominance of consensus-based recommendations, designated as Level C evidence. This review article aims to shed light on the significant paradigm shifts in the proposed 2024 ISHLT guidelines for pediatric HF and their clinical ramifications for pediatric cardiology practitioners. Noteworthy advancements in the updated proposed guidelines include the endorsement of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators for treating chronic HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in children. These cutting-edge treatments show potential for enhancing outcomes in pediatric HFrEF. Nonetheless, the challenge persists in validating the efficacy of therapies proven in adult HFrEF for the pediatric cohort. Furthermore, the proposed ISHLT guidelines address the pharmacological management of chronic HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in children, marking a significant step forward in pediatric HF care. This review also discusses the future HF drugs in the pipeline, their mechanism of actions, potential uses, and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Heart Center, Mississippi Children's Hospital, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Lei M, Salvage SC, Jackson AP, Huang CLH. Cardiac arrhythmogenesis: roles of ion channels and their functional modification. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1342761. [PMID: 38505707 PMCID: PMC10949183 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1342761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias cause significant morbidity and mortality and pose a major public health problem. They arise from disruptions in the normally orderly propagation of cardiac electrophysiological activation and recovery through successive cardiomyocytes in the heart. They reflect abnormalities in automaticity, initiation, conduction, or recovery in cardiomyocyte excitation. The latter properties are dependent on surface membrane electrophysiological mechanisms underlying the cardiac action potential. Their disruption results from spatial or temporal instabilities and heterogeneities in the generation and propagation of cellular excitation. These arise from abnormal function in their underlying surface membrane, ion channels, and transporters, as well as the interactions between them. The latter, in turn, form common regulatory targets for the hierarchical network of diverse signaling mechanisms reviewed here. In addition to direct molecular-level pharmacological or physiological actions on these surface membrane biomolecules, accessory, adhesion, signal transduction, and cytoskeletal anchoring proteins modify both their properties and localization. At the cellular level of excitation-contraction coupling processes, Ca2+ homeostatic and phosphorylation processes affect channel activity and membrane excitability directly or through intermediate signaling. Systems-level autonomic cellular signaling exerts both acute channel and longer-term actions on channel expression. Further upstream intermediaries from metabolic changes modulate the channels both themselves and through modifying Ca2+ homeostasis. Finally, longer-term organ-level inflammatory and structural changes, such as fibrotic and hypertrophic remodeling, similarly can influence all these physiological processes with potential pro-arrhythmic consequences. These normal physiological processes may target either individual or groups of ionic channel species and alter with particular pathological conditions. They are also potentially alterable by direct pharmacological action, or effects on longer-term targets modifying protein or cofactor structure, expression, or localization. Their participating specific biomolecules, often clarified in experimental genetically modified models, thus constitute potential therapeutic targets. The insights clarified by the physiological and pharmacological framework outlined here provide a basis for a recent modernized drug classification. Together, they offer a translational framework for current drug understanding. This would facilitate future mechanistically directed therapeutic advances, for which a number of examples are considered here. The latter are potentially useful for treating cardiac, in particular arrhythmic, disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha C. Salvage
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antony P. Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher L.-H. Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Uchimura T, Asano T, Nakata T, Hotta A, Sakurai H. A muscle fatigue-like contractile decline was recapitulated using skeletal myotubes from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient-derived iPSCs. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100298. [PMID: 34195678 PMCID: PMC8233665 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a muscle degenerating disease caused by dystrophin deficiency, for which therapeutic options are limited. To facilitate drug development, it is desirable to develop in vitro disease models that enable the evaluation of DMD declines in contractile performance. Here, we show MYOD1-induced differentiation of hiPSCs into functional skeletal myotubes in vitro with collagen gel and electrical field stimulation (EFS). Long-term EFS training (0.5 Hz, 20 V, 2 ms, continuous for 2 weeks) mimicking muscle overuse recapitulates declines in contractile performance in dystrophic myotubes. A screening of clinically relevant drugs using this model detects three compounds that ameliorate this decline. Furthermore, we validate the feasibility of adapting the model to a 96-well culture system using optogenetic technology for large-scale screening. Our results support a disease model using patient-derived iPSCs that allows for the recapitulation of the contractile pathogenesis of DMD and a screening strategy for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Uchimura
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Takeda-CiRA Joint Program, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Asano
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.,The Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takao Nakata
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.,The Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Akitsu Hotta
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Takeda-CiRA Joint Program, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sakurai
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Takeda-CiRA Joint Program, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Ge Z, Li A, McNamara J, Dos Remedios C, Lal S. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: translation to human studies. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 24:743-758. [PMID: 31209771 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-019-09806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure represents the end result of different pathophysiologic processes, which culminate in functional impairment. Regardless of its aetiology, the presentation of heart failure usually involves symptoms of pump failure and congestion, which forms the basis for clinical diagnosis. Pathophysiologic descriptions of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are being established. Most commonly, HFrEF is centred on a reactive model where a significant initial insult leads to reduced cardiac output, further triggering a cascade of maladaptive processes. Predisposing factors include myocardial injury of any cause, chronically abnormal loading due to hypertension, valvular disease, or tachyarrhythmias. The pathophysiologic processes behind remodelling in heart failure are complex and reflect systemic neurohormonal activation, peripheral vascular effects and localised changes affecting the cardiac substrate. These abnormalities have been the subject of intense research. Much of the translational successes in HFrEF have come from targeting neurohormonal responses to reduced cardiac output, with blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and beta-adrenergic blockade being particularly fruitful. However, mortality and morbidity associated with heart failure remains high. Although systemic neurohormonal blockade slows disease progression, localised ventricular remodelling still adversely affects contractile function. Novel therapy targeted at improving cardiac contractile mechanics in HFrEF hold the promise of alleviating heart failure at its source, yet so far none has found success. Nevertheless, there are increasing calls for a proximal, 'cardiocentric' approach to therapy. In this review, we examine HFrEF therapy aimed at improving cardiac function with a focus on recent trials and emerging targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Ge
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Amy Li
- Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James McNamara
- Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Cris Dos Remedios
- Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Sean Lal
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
- Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Anderson Stuart Building (F13), Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Among his major cardiac electrophysiological contributions, Miles Vaughan Williams (1918-2016) provided a classification of antiarrhythmic drugs that remains central to their clinical use. METHODS We survey implications of subsequent discoveries concerning sarcolemmal, sarcoplasmic reticular, and cytosolic biomolecules, developing an expanded but pragmatic classification that encompasses approved and potential antiarrhythmic drugs on this centenary of his birth. RESULTS We first consider the range of pharmacological targets, tracking these through to cellular electrophysiological effects. We retain the original Vaughan Williams Classes I through IV but subcategorize these divisions in light of more recent developments, including the existence of Na+ current components (for Class I), advances in autonomic (often G protein-mediated) signaling (for Class II), K+ channel subspecies (for Class III), and novel molecular targets related to Ca2+ homeostasis (for Class IV). We introduce new classes based on additional targets, including channels involved in automaticity, mechanically sensitive ion channels, connexins controlling electrotonic cell coupling, and molecules underlying longer-term signaling processes affecting structural remodeling. Inclusion of this widened range of targets and their physiological sequelae provides a framework for a modernized classification of established antiarrhythmic drugs based on their pharmacological targets. The revised classification allows for the existence of multiple drug targets/actions and for adverse, sometimes actually proarrhythmic, effects. The new scheme also aids classification of novel drugs under investigation. CONCLUSIONS We emerge with a modernized classification preserving the simplicity of the original Vaughan Williams framework while aiding our understanding and clinical management of cardiac arrhythmic events and facilitating future developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., D.A.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China (M.L., L.W.)
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China (M.L., L.W.)
| | - Derek A Terrar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.L., D.A.T.)
| | - Christopher L-H Huang
- Physiological Laboratory (C.L.-H.H.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry (C.L.-H.H.). University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Cao Q, Zhang J, Gao L, Zhang Y, Dai M, Bao M. Dickkopf‑3 upregulation mediates the cardioprotective effects of curcumin on chronic heart failure. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7249-7257. [PMID: 29568962 PMCID: PMC5928680 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, isolated from rhizome of turmeric, has been widely studied as a potential therapeutic drug for cancer. However, protective effects of curcumin on chronic heart failure (CHF) have not been fully studied. In the present study, the effects of curcumin on CHF and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. A total of 40 rabbits were randomized into 4 groups: Control rabbits fed with placebo (Con) or curcumin (Con‑cur), CHF rabbits fed with placebo (CHF) or curcumin (CHF‑cur). CHF was induced by volume and pressure overload. The effects of curcumin on cardiac function and left ventricular (LV) structure were assessed by echocardiography and histology. The effects of curcumin on CHF molecular biomarkers were detected by dihydroethidium and immunohistochemical staining. The effects of curcumin on Dickkopf‑related protein 3 (DKK‑3), p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (p38), c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) and apoptosis signal‑regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) were assessed by immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. Cardiac dysfunction and LV remodeling were successfully produced by ten weeks volume overload and eight weeks pressure overload in the CHF group. Compared with the Con group, the CHF group demonstrated higher levels of CHF molecular biomarkers, a lower level of DKK‑3 expression and alterations of p38, JNK and ASK1 protein expression. Curcumin alleviated all those abnormalities markedly in the CHF‑cur group. In summary, curcumin may exert cardioprotective effects by up‑regulating DKK‑3, which in turn may inhibit p38 and JNK signaling pathways in an ASK1‑dependent way. The present study demonstrated that Dickkopf‑3 upregulation mediates the cardioprotective effects of curcumin on chronic heart failure for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Mingyan Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias can follow disruption of the normal cellular electrophysiological processes underlying excitable activity and their tissue propagation as coherent wavefronts from the primary sinoatrial node pacemaker, through the atria, conducting structures and ventricular myocardium. These physiological events are driven by interacting, voltage-dependent, processes of activation, inactivation, and recovery in the ion channels present in cardiomyocyte membranes. Generation and conduction of these events are further modulated by intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and metabolic and structural change. This review describes experimental studies on murine models for known clinical arrhythmic conditions in which these mechanisms were modified by genetic, physiological, or pharmacological manipulation. These exemplars yielded molecular, physiological, and structural phenotypes often directly translatable to their corresponding clinical conditions, which could be investigated at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and whole animal levels. Arrhythmogenesis could be explored during normal pacing activity, regular stimulation, following imposed extra-stimuli, or during progressively incremented steady pacing frequencies. Arrhythmic substrate was identified with temporal and spatial functional heterogeneities predisposing to reentrant excitation phenomena. These could arise from abnormalities in cardiac pacing function, tissue electrical connectivity, and cellular excitation and recovery. Triggering events during or following recovery from action potential excitation could thereby lead to sustained arrhythmia. These surface membrane processes were modified by alterations in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and energetics, as well as cellular and tissue structural change. Study of murine systems thus offers major insights into both our understanding of normal cardiac activity and its propagation, and their relationship to mechanisms generating clinical arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L-H Huang
- Physiological Laboratory and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Ablorh NAD, Thomas DD. Phospholamban phosphorylation, mutation, and structural dynamics: a biophysical approach to understanding and treating cardiomyopathy. Biophys Rev 2015; 7:63-76. [PMID: 28509982 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-014-0157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the recent development of novel biochemical and spectroscopic methods to determine the site-specific phosphorylation, expression, mutation, and structural dynamics of phospholamban (PLB), in relation to its function (inhibition of the cardiac calcium pump, SERCA2a), with specific focus on cardiac physiology, pathology, and therapy. In the cardiomyocyte, SERCA2a actively transports Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during relaxation (diastole) to create the concentration gradient that drives the passive efflux of Ca2+ required for cardiac contraction (systole). Unphosphorylated PLB (U-PLB) inhibits SERCA2a, but phosphorylation at S16 and/or T17 (producing P-PLB) changes the structure of PLB to relieve SERCA2a inhibition. Because insufficient SERCA2a activity is a hallmark of heart failure, SERCA2a activation, by gene therapy (Andino et al. 2008; Fish et al. 2013; Hoshijima et al. 2002; Jessup et al. 2011) or drug therapy (Ferrandi et al. 2013; Huang 2013; Khan et al. 2009; Rocchetti et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2012), is a widely sought goal for treatment of heart failure. This review describes rational approaches to this goal. Novel biophysical assays, using site-directed labeling and high-resolution spectroscopy, have been developed to resolve the structural states of SERCA2a-PLB complexes in vitro and in living cells. Novel biochemical assays, using synthetic standards and multidimensional immunofluorescence, have been developed to quantitate PLB expression and phosphorylation states in cells and human tissues. The biochemical and biophysical properties of U-PLB, P-PLB, and mutant PLB will ultimately resolve the mechanisms of loss of inhibition and gain of inhibition to guide therapeutic development. These assays will be powerful tools for investigating human tissue samples from the Sydney Heart Bank, for the purpose of analyzing and diagnosing specific disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naa-Adjeley D Ablorh
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - David D Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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