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Kolić D, Šinko G, Jean L, Chioua M, Dias J, Marco-Contelles J, Kovarik Z. Cholesterol Oxime Olesoxime Assessed as a Potential Ligand of Human Cholinesterases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:588. [PMID: 38785995 PMCID: PMC11117805 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Olesoxime, a cholesterol derivative with an oxime group, possesses the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, and has demonstrated excellent safety and tolerability properties in clinical research. These characteristics indicate it may serve as a centrally active ligand of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), whose disruption of activity with organophosphate compounds (OP) leads to uncontrolled excitation and potentially life-threatening symptoms. To evaluate olesoxime as a binding ligand and reactivator of human AChE and BChE, we conducted in vitro kinetic studies with the active metabolite of insecticide parathion, paraoxon, and the warfare nerve agents sarin, cyclosarin, tabun, and VX. Our results showed that both enzymes possessed a binding affinity for olesoxime in the mid-micromolar range, higher than the antidotes in use (i.e., 2-PAM, HI-6, etc.). While olesoxime showed a weak ability to reactivate AChE, cyclosarin-inhibited BChE was reactivated with an overall reactivation rate constant comparable to that of standard oxime HI-6. Moreover, in combination with the oxime 2-PAM, the reactivation maximum increased by 10-30% for cyclosarin- and sarin-inhibited BChE. Molecular modeling revealed productive interactions between olesoxime and BChE, highlighting olesoxime as a potentially BChE-targeted therapy. Moreover, it might be added to OP poisoning treatment to increase the efficacy of BChE reactivation, and its cholesterol scaffold could provide a basis for the development of novel oxime antidotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Kolić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (G.Š.)
| | - Goran Šinko
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (G.Š.)
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, CiTCoM, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Mourad Chioua
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - José Dias
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, Paris, France;
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (G.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Wang P, Ouyang J, Zhou K, Hu D, Zhang S, Zhang A, Yang Y. Olesoxime protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. Biomed J 2024:100730. [PMID: 38643825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). Agents that ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction hold potential for AKI treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of olesoxime, a novel mitochondrial-targeted agent, on cisplatin-induced AKI. METHODS In vivo, a cisplatin-induced AKI mouse model was established by administering a single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (25 mg/kg) to male C57BL/6 mice for 72 hours, followed by gavage of either olesoxime or a control solution. In vitro, human proximal tubular HK2 cells were cultured and subjected to treatments with cisplatin, either in the presence or absence of olesoxime. RESULTS In vivo, our findings demonstrated that olesoxime administration significantly mitigated the nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin in mice, as evidenced by reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels, improved renal histopathology, and decreased expression of renal tubular injury markers such as kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). Furthermore, olesoxime administration markedly reduced cisplatin-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the kidneys of AKI mice. Additionally, olesoxime treatment effectively restored mitochondrial function in the kidneys of AKI mice. In vitro, our results indicated that olesoxime treatment protected against cisplatin-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured HK2 cells. Notably, cisplatin's anticancer effects were unaffected by olesoxime treatment in human cancer cells. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that olesoxime is a viable and efficient therapeutic agent in the treatment of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury presumably by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Kaiqian Zhou
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Yunwen Yang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Alpha-Synuclein and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: The Emerging Role of VDAC. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050718. [PMID: 34064816 PMCID: PMC8170894 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-Synuclein (αSyn) is a protein whose function is still debated, as well as its role in modulation of mitochondrial function in both physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial porins or Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC) proteins are the main gates for ADP/ATP and various substrates towards the organelle. Furthermore, they act as a mitochondrial hub for many cytosolic proteins, including αSyn. This review analyzes the main aspects of αSyn-mitochondria interaction, focusing on the role of VDAC and its emerging involvement in the pathological processes.
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Hoogerheide DP, Rostovtseva TK, Jacobs D, Gurnev PA, Bezrukov SM. Tunable Electromechanical Nanopore Trap Reveals Populations of Peripheral Membrane Protein Binding Conformations. ACS NANO 2021; 15:989-1001. [PMID: 33369404 PMCID: PMC9019845 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a naturally occurring nanopore, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) of the mitochondrion, can be used to electromechanically trap and interrogate proteins bound to a lipid surface at the single-molecule level. Electromechanically probing α-synuclein (αSyn), an intrinsically disordered neuronal protein intimately associated with Parkinson's pathology, reveals wide variation in the time required for individual proteins to unbind from the same membrane surface. The observed distributions of unbinding times span up to 3 orders of magnitude and depend strongly on the lipid composition of the membrane; surprisingly, lipid membranes to which αSyn binds weakly are most likely to contain subpopulations in which electromechanically driven unbinding is very slow. We conclude that unbinding of αSyn from the membrane surface depends not only on membrane binding affinity but also on the conformation adopted by an individual αSyn molecule on the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Hoogerheide
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- Corresponding author:
| | - Tatiana K. Rostovtseva
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel Jacobs
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Philip A. Gurnev
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sergey M. Bezrukov
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Muntoni F, Bertini E, Comi G, Kirschner J, Lusakowska A, Mercuri E, Scoto M, van der Pol WL, Vuillerot C, Burdeska A, El-Khairi M, Fontoura P, Ives J, Gorni K, Reid C, Fuerst-Recktenwald S. Long-term follow-up of patients with type 2 and non-ambulant type 3 spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) treated with olesoxime in the OLEOS trial. Neuromuscul Disord 2020; 30:959-969. [PMID: 33246887 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In a previous Phase 2 study, olesoxime had a favorable safety profile. Although the primary endpoint was not met, analyses suggested that olesoxime might help in the maintenance of motor function in patients with Types 2/3 SMA. This open-label extension study (OLEOS) further characterizes the safety, tolerability and efficacy of olesoxime over longer therapy durations. In OLEOS, no new safety risks were identified. Compared to matched natural history data, patients treated with olesoxime demonstrated small, non-significant changes in motor function over 52 weeks. Motor function scores were stable for 52 weeks but declined over the remainder of the study. The greatest decline in motor function was seen in patients ≤15 years old, and those with Type 2 SMA had faster motor function decline versus those with Type 3 SMA. Previous treatment with olesoxime in the Phase 2 study was not protective of motor function in OLEOS. Respiratory outcomes were stable in patients with Type 3 SMA >15 years old but declined in patients with Type 2 SMA and in patients with Type 3 SMA ≤15 years old. Overall, with no stabilization of functional measures observed over 130 weeks, OLEOS did not support significant benefit of olesoxime in patients with SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Comi
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Janbernd Kirschner
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Lusakowska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eugenio Mercuri
- Paediatric Neurology and Nemo Center, Catholic University and Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Scoto
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - W Ludo van der Pol
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carole Vuillerot
- Department of Paediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon, France; NeuroMyogene Institute, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alexander Burdeska
- Pharma Development, Safety, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Paulo Fontoura
- Neuroscience Product Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jane Ives
- Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - Ksenija Gorni
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carol Reid
- Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, UK
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Rovini A, Gurnev PA, Beilina A, Queralt-Martín M, Rosencrans W, Cookson MR, Bezrukov SM, Rostovtseva TK. Molecular mechanism of olesoxime-mediated neuroprotection through targeting α-synuclein interaction with mitochondrial VDAC. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3611-3626. [PMID: 31760463 PMCID: PMC7244372 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An intrinsically disordered neuronal protein α-synuclein (αSyn) is known to cause mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Through yet poorly defined mechanisms, αSyn crosses mitochondrial outer membrane and targets respiratory complexes leading to bioenergetics defects. Here, using neuronally differentiated human cells overexpressing wild-type αSyn, we show that the major metabolite channel of the outer membrane, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), is a pathway for αSyn translocation into the mitochondria. Importantly, the neuroprotective cholesterol-like synthetic compound olesoxime inhibits this translocation. By applying complementary electrophysiological and biophysical approaches, we provide mechanistic insights into the interplay between αSyn, VDAC, and olesoxime. Our data suggest that olesoxime interacts with VDAC β-barrel at the lipid-protein interface thus hindering αSyn translocation through the VDAC pore and affecting VDAC voltage gating. We propose that targeting αSyn translocation through VDAC could represent a key mechanism for the development of new neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Rovini
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 29B, Room 1G09, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0924, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Philip A Gurnev
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 29B, Room 1G09, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0924, USA
| | - Alexandra Beilina
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - María Queralt-Martín
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 29B, Room 1G09, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0924, USA
| | - William Rosencrans
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 29B, Room 1G09, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0924, USA
- Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sergey M Bezrukov
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 29B, Room 1G09, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0924, USA
| | - Tatiana K Rostovtseva
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 29B, Room 1G09, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0924, USA.
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González-Guevara E, Cárdenas G, Pérez-Severiano F, Martínez-Lazcano JC. Dysregulated Brain Cholesterol Metabolism Is Linked to Neuroinflammation in Huntington's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1113-1127. [PMID: 32410324 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is an autosomal-dominant, neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in exon-1 of the huntingtin gene. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism and distribution have been reported in Huntington's disease, including abnormal interactions between mutant huntingtin and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, decreased levels of apolipoprotein E/cholesterol/low-density lipoprotein receptor complexes, and alterations in the synthesis of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Plasma levels of 24S-hydroxycholestrol, a key intermediary in cholesterol metabolism and a possible marker in neurodegenerative diseases, decreased proportionally to the degree of caudate nucleus atrophy. The interaction of mutant huntingtin with sterol regulatory element-binding proteins is of particular interest given that sterol regulatory element-binding proteins play a dual role: They take part in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, but also in the inflammatory response that induces immune cell migration as well as toxic effects, particularly in astrocytes. This work summarizes current evidence on the metabolic and immune implications of sterol regulatory element-binding protein dysregulation in Huntington's disease, highlighting the potential use of drugs that modulate these alterations. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith González-Guevara
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Cárdenas
- Departamento de Neurología y Enfermedades Neuro-Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisca Pérez-Severiano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Martínez-Lazcano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "MVS", Mexico City, Mexico
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Rostovtseva TK, Queralt-Martín M, Rosencrans WM, Bezrukov SM. Targeting the Multiple Physiologic Roles of VDAC With Steroids and Hydrophobic Drugs. Front Physiol 2020; 11:446. [PMID: 32457654 PMCID: PMC7221028 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that endogenous steroids and non-polar drugs are involved in the regulation of mitochondrial physiology. Many of these hydrophobic compounds interact with the Voltage Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC). This major metabolite channel in the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) regulates the exchange of ions and water-soluble metabolites, such as ATP and ADP, across the MOM, thus governing mitochondrial respiration. Proteomics and biochemical approaches together with molecular dynamics simulations have identified an impressively large number of non-polar compounds, including endogenous, able to bind to VDAC. These findings have sparked speculation that both natural steroids and synthetic hydrophobic drugs regulate mitochondrial physiology by directly affecting VDAC ion channel properties and modulating its metabolite permeability. Here we evaluate recent studies investigating the effect of identified VDAC-binding natural steroids and non-polar drugs on VDAC channel functioning. We argue that while many compounds are found to bind to the VDAC protein, they do not necessarily affect its channel functions in vitro. However, they may modify other aspects of VDAC physiology such as interaction with its cytosolic partner proteins or complex formation with other mitochondrial membrane proteins, thus altering mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana K Rostovtseva
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - María Queralt-Martín
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - William M Rosencrans
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sergey M Bezrukov
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Eckert GP, Eckert SH, Eckmann J, Hagl S, Muller WE, Friedland K. Olesoxime improves cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction and enhances Aβ levels in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113286. [PMID: 32199815 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approved drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) only have a symptomatic effects and do not intervene causally in the course of the disease. Olesoxime (TRO19622) has been tested in AD disease models characterized by improved amyloid precursor protein processing (AβPP) and mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS Three months old Thy-1-AβPPSL (tg) and wild type mice (wt) received TRO19622 (100 mg/kg b.w.) in supplemented food pellets for 15 weeks (tg TRO19622). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were determined in dissociated brain cells (DBC). Respiration was analyzed in mitochondria isolated from brain tissue. Citrate synthase (CS) activity and beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ1-40) levels were determined in brain tissue. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined as an indicator for lipid peroxidation. DBC and brain homogenates were additionally stressed with Rotenone and FeCl2, respectively. Mitochondrial respiration and Aβ1-40 levels were also determined in HEK-AβPPsw-cells. RESULTS Treatment of mice did not affect the body weight. TRO19622 was absorbed after oral treatment (plasma levels: 6,2 μg/ml). Mitochondrial respiration was significantly reduced in brains of tg-mice. Subsequently, DBC isolated from brains of tg-mice showed significantly lower MMP but not ATP levels. TRO19622 increased the activity of respiratory chain complexes and reversed complex IV (CIV) activity and MMP. Moreover, DBC isolated from brains of tg TRO19622 mice were protected from Rotenone induced inhibition of complex I activity. TRO19622 also increased the respiratory activity in HEKsw-cells. MDA basal levels were significantly higher in brain homogenates isolated from tg-mice. TRO19622 treatment had no effects on lipid peroxidation. TRO19622 increased cholesterol levels but did not change membrane fluidity of synaptosomal plasma and mitochondrial membranes isolated from brain of mice. TRO19622 significantly increased levels of Aβ1-40 in both, in brains of tg TRO19622 mice and in HEKsw cells. CONCLUSIONS TRO19622 improves mitochondrial dysfunction but enhances Aβ levels in disease models of AD. Further studies must evaluate whether TRO19622 offers benefits at the mitochondrial level despite the increased formation of Aβ, which could be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter P Eckert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Schamim H Eckert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Janett Eckmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hagl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Walter E Muller
- Institute of Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Institute of Pharmacology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Weber JJ, Clemensson LE, Schiöth HB, Nguyen HP. Olesoxime in neurodegenerative diseases: Scrutinising a promising drug candidate. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:305-318. [PMID: 31283931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, the experimental compound olesoxime, a mitochondria-targeting cholesterol derivative, has emerged as a promising drug candidate for neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous preclinical studies have successfully proved olesoxime's neuroprotective properties in cell and animal models of clinical conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, Parkinson disease, peripheral neuropathy and spinal muscular atrophy. The beneficial effects were attributed to olesoxime's potential impact on oxidative stress, mitochondrial permeability transition or cholesterol homoeostasis. Although no significant benefits have been demonstrated in patients of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and only the first 12 months of a phase II/III clinical trial showed an improvement in motor symptoms of spinal muscular atrophy, this orphan drug may still offer undiscovered potential in the treatment of neurological diseases. In our earlier preclinical studies, we demonstrated that administration of olesoxime in mouse and rat models of Huntington disease improved psychiatric and molecular phenotypes. Aside from stabilising mitochondrial function, the drug reduced the overactivation of calpains, a class of calcium-dependent proteases entangled in neurodegenerative conditions. This observation may be credited to olesoxime's action on calcium dyshomeostasis, a further hallmark in neurodegeneration, and linked to its targets TSPO and VDAC, two proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane associated with mitochondrial calcium handling. Further research into the mode of action of olesoxime under pathological conditions, including its effect on neuronal calcium homeostasis, may strengthen the untapped potential of olesoxime or other similar compounds as a therapeutic for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonasz Jeremiasz Weber
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | - Helgi Birgir Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Marvian AT, Koss DJ, Aliakbari F, Morshedi D, Outeiro TF. In vitro models of synucleinopathies: informing on molecular mechanisms and protective strategies. J Neurochem 2019; 150:535-565. [PMID: 31004503 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a central player in Parkinson's disease (PD) and in a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as synucleinopathies. The protein was first associated with PD just over 20 years ago, when it was found to (i) be a major component of Lewy bodies and (ii) to be also associated with familial forms of PD. The characterization of α-Syn pathology has been achieved through postmortem studies of human brains. However, the identification of toxic mechanisms associated with α-Syn was only achieved through the use of experimental models. In vitro models are highly accessible, enable relatively rapid studies, and have been extensively employed to address α-Syn-associated neurodegeneration. Given the diversity of models used and the outcomes of the studies, a cumulative and comprehensive perspective emerges as indispensable to pave the way for further investigations. Here, we subdivided in vitro models of α-Syn pathology into three major types: (i) models simulating α-Syn fibrillization and the formation of different aggregated structures in vitro, (ii) models based on the intracellular expression of α-Syn, reporting on pathogenic conditions and cellular dysfunctions induced, and (iii) models using extracellular treatment with α-Syn aggregated species, reporting on sites of interaction and their downstream consequences. In summary, we review the underlying molecular mechanisms discovered and categorize protective strategies, in order to pave the way for future studies and the identification of effective therapeutic strategies. This article is part of the Special Issue "Synuclein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tayaranian Marvian
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - David J Koss
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Farhang Aliakbari
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dina Morshedi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Shorrock HK, Gillingwater TH, Groen EJN. Overview of Current Drugs and Molecules in Development for Spinal Muscular Atrophy Therapy. Drugs 2019; 78:293-305. [PMID: 29380287 PMCID: PMC5829132 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease primarily characterized by a loss of spinal motor neurons, leading to progressive paralysis and premature death in the most severe cases. SMA is caused by homozygous deletion of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, leading to low levels of SMN protein. However, a second SMN gene (SMN2) exists, which can be therapeutically targeted to increase SMN levels. This has recently led to the first disease-modifying therapy for SMA gaining formal approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA). Spinraza (nusinersen) is a modified antisense oligonucleotide that targets the splicing of SMN2, leading to increased SMN protein levels, capable of improving clinical phenotypes in many patients. In addition to Spinraza, several other therapeutic approaches are currently in various stages of clinical development. These include SMN-dependent small molecule and gene therapy approaches along with SMN-independent strategies, such as general neuroprotective factors and muscle strength-enhancing compounds. For each therapy, we provide detailed information on clinical trial design and pharmacological/safety data where available. Previous clinical studies are also discussed to provide context on SMA clinical trial development and the insights these provided for the design of current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Shorrock
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Ewout J N Groen
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK. .,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
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13
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Cholesterol and the Safety Factor for Neuromuscular Transmission. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051046. [PMID: 30823359 PMCID: PMC6429197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A present review is devoted to the analysis of literature data and results of own research. Skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction is specialized to trigger the striated muscle fiber contraction in response to motor neuron activity. The safety factor at the neuromuscular junction strongly depends on a variety of pre- and postsynaptic factors. The review focuses on the crucial role of membrane cholesterol to maintain a high efficiency of neuromuscular transmission. Cholesterol metabolism in the neuromuscular junction, its role in the synaptic vesicle cycle and neurotransmitter release, endplate electrogenesis, as well as contribution of cholesterol to the synaptogenesis, synaptic integrity, and motor disorders are discussed.
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14
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Kaviani M, Keshtkar S, Azarpira N, Aghdaei MH, Geramizadeh B, Karimi MH, Shamsaeefar A, Motazedian N, Nikeghbalian S, Al-Abdullah IH, Ghahremani MH. Cytoprotective effects of olesoxime on isolated human pancreatic islets in order to attenuate apoptotic pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108674. [PMID: 30784942 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Islet transplantation is considered as a promising approach in the treatment of diabetes type 1. In this regard, optimal culture of the pancreatic islets is promising in the success of transplantation. In the present study, the effect of olesoxime, as an antiapoptotic substance, was evaluated on human islet culture. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The pancreatic islets were isolated by mechanical and enzymatic techniques. After overnight recovery, the islets were treated by different concentrations of olesoxime for 24 and 72 h. Then, they were examined in terms of viability, apoptosis, genes and proteins expression including BAX, BCL2, active caspase-3, and insulin. Moreover, the islets function was evaluated through the glucose-induced insulin and C-peptide secretion assay. KEY RESULTS Our findings showed that the islets increased in apoptosis and the decreased in viability after 72 h; also, insulin and C-peptide secretion reduced. However, in the presence of olesoxime, BAX/BCL2 ratio and the activation of caspase-3 were decreased. Therefore, olesoxime could improve the viability of the islets with the decrease of apoptosis. CONCLUSION The application of olesoxime can reduce the stressful condition for the islets in vitro and subsequently improve their viability and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kaviani
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Keshtkar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Shamsaeefar
- Shiraz Organ Transplant Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Motazedian
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saman Nikeghbalian
- Shiraz Organ Transplant Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ismail H Al-Abdullah
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Ganguly U, Chakrabarti SS, Kaur U, Mukherjee A, Chakrabarti S. Alpha-synuclein, Proteotoxicity and Parkinson's Disease: Search for Neuroprotective Therapy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1086-1097. [PMID: 29189163 PMCID: PMC6120113 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171129100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing body of evidence in animal and cell based models of Parkinson's disease (PD) to suggest that overexpression and / or abnormal accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein can trigger neuronal death. This important role of α-synuclein in PD pathogenesis is supported by the fact that duplication, triplication and mutations of α-synuclein gene cause familial forms of PD. METHODS A review of literature was performed by searching PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant articles highlighting the pathogenic role of α-synuclein and the potential therapeutic implications of targeting various pathways related to this protein. RESULTS The overexpression and accumulation of α-synuclein within neurons may involve both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms including a decreased degradation of the protein through proteasomal or autophagic processes. The mechanisms of monomeric α-synuclein aggregating to oligomers and fibrils have been investigated intensively, but it is still not certain which form of this natively unfolded protein is responsible for toxicity. Likewise the proteotoxic pathways induced by α- synuclein leading to neuronal death are not elucidated completely but mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and altered ER-golgi transport may play crucial roles in this process. At the molecular level, the ability of α-synuclein to form pores in biomembranes or to interact with specific proteins of the cell organelles and the cytosol could be determining factors in the toxicity of this protein. CONCLUSION Despite many limitations in our present knowledge of physiological and pathological functions of α-synuclein, it appears that this protein may be a target for the development of neuroprotective drugs against PD. This review has discussed many such potential drugs which prevent the expression, accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein or its interactions with mitochondria or ER and thereby effectively abolish α-synuclein mediated toxicity in different experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Biochemistry, ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Haldia, India; Tel: +919874489805; E-mail:
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16
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Chen YC, Farzadfard F, Gharaei N, Chen WCW, Cao J, Lu TK. Randomized CRISPR-Cas Transcriptional Perturbation Screening Reveals Protective Genes against Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity. Mol Cell 2017; 68:247-257.e5. [PMID: 28985507 PMCID: PMC5702536 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The genome-wide perturbation of transcriptional networks with CRISPR-Cas technology has primarily involved systematic and targeted gene modulation. Here, we developed PRISM (Perturbing Regulatory Interactions by Synthetic Modulators), a screening platform that uses randomized CRISPR-Cas transcription factors (crisprTFs) to globally perturb transcriptional networks. By applying PRISM to a yeast model of Parkinson's disease (PD), we identified guide RNAs (gRNAs) that modulate transcriptional networks and protect cells from alpha-synuclein (αSyn) toxicity. One gRNA identified in this screen outperformed the most protective suppressors of αSyn toxicity reported previously, highlighting PRISM's ability to identify modulators of important phenotypes. Gene expression profiling revealed genes differentially modulated by this strong protective gRNA that rescued yeast from αSyn toxicity when overexpressed. Human homologs of top-ranked hits protected against αSyn-induced cell death in a human neuronal PD model. Thus, high-throughput and unbiased perturbation of transcriptional networks via randomized crisprTFs can reveal complex biological phenotypes and effective disease modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chou Chen
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fahim Farzadfard
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; MIT Microbiology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nava Gharaei
- MCO Graduate Program, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - William C W Chen
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jicong Cao
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; MIT Microbiology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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17
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Bertini E, Dessaud E, Mercuri E, Muntoni F, Kirschner J, Reid C, Lusakowska A, Comi GP, Cuisset JM, Abitbol JL, Scherrer B, Ducray PS, Buchbjerg J, Vianna E, van der Pol WL, Vuillerot C, Blaettler T, Fontoura P. Safety and efficacy of olesoxime in patients with type 2 or non-ambulatory type 3 spinal muscular atrophy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 2017; 16:513-522. [PMID: 28460889 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a progressive motor neuron disease causing loss of motor function and reduced life expectancy, for which limited treatment is available. We investigated the safety and efficacy of olesoxime in patients with type 2 or non-ambulatory type 3 SMA. METHODS This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study was done in 22 neuromuscular care centres in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, and the UK. Safety and efficacy of olesoxime were assessed in patients aged 3-25 years with genetically confirmed type 2 or non-ambulatory type 3 SMA. A centralised, computerised randomisation process allocated patients (2:1 with stratification by SMA type and centre) to receive olesoxime (10 mg/kg per day) in an oral liquid suspension or placebo for 24 months. Patients, investigators assessing outcomes, and sponsor study personnel were masked to treatment assignment. The primary outcome measure was change from baseline compared with 24 months between the two treatment groups in functional domains 1 and 2 of the Motor Function Measure (MFM D1 + D2) assessed in the full analysis population. A shorter, 20-item version of the MFM, which was specifically adapted for young children, was used to assess patients younger than 6 years. Safety was assessed in all patients who received one or more doses of the study drug. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01302600. FINDINGS The trial was done between Nov 18, 2010, and Oct 9, 2013. Of 198 patients screened, 165 were randomly assigned to olesoxime (n=108) or placebo (n=57). Five patients in the olesoxime group were not included in the primary outcome analysis because of an absence of post-baseline assessments. The change from baseline to month 24 on the primary outcome measure was 0·18 for olesoxime and -1·82 for placebo (treatment difference 2·00 points, 96% CI -0·25 to 4·25, p=0·0676). Olesoxime seemed to be safe and generally well tolerated, with an adverse event profile similar to placebo. The most frequent adverse events in the olesoxime group were pyrexia (n=34), cough (n=32), nasopharyngitis (n=25), and vomiting (n=25). There were two patient deaths (one in each group), but these were not deemed to be related to the study treatment. INTERPRETATION Olesoxime was safe at the doses studied, for the duration of the trial. Although the primary endpoint was not met, secondary endpoints and sensitivity analyses suggest that olesoxime might maintain motor function in patients with type 2 or type 3 SMA over a period of 24 months. Based on these results, olesoxime might provide meaningful clinical benefits for patients with SMA and, given its mode of action, might be used in combination with other drugs targeting other mechanisms of disease, although additional evidence is needed. FUNDING AFM Téléthon and Trophos SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bertini
- Department of Neurosciences and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Eugenio Mercuri
- Paediatric Neurology and Nemo Center, Catholic University and Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Janbernd Kirschner
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carol Reid
- Biostatistics, Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - Anna Lusakowska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean-Marie Cuisset
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Neuromuscular Disease Reference Centre, Roger-Salengro Hospital, Regional University Teaching Hospital, Lille, France
| | | | - Bruno Scherrer
- Bruno Scherrer Conseil, Saint-Arnoult-en-Yvelines, France
| | - Patricia Sanwald Ducray
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeppe Buchbjerg
- Neuroscience Product Development, F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eduardo Vianna
- Neuroscience Product Development, F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - W Ludo van der Pol
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Carole Vuillerot
- Department of Paediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Blaettler
- Neuroscience Product Development, F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paulo Fontoura
- Neuroscience Product Development, F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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Magalon K, Le Grand M, El Waly B, Moulis M, Pruss R, Bordet T, Cayre M, Belenguer P, Carré M, Durbec P. Olesoxime favors oligodendrocyte differentiation through a functional interplay between mitochondria and microtubules. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:293-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Huang L, Deng M, He Y, Lu S, Liu S, Fang Y. β-asarone increases MEF2D and TH levels and reduces α-synuclein level in 6-OHDA-induced rats via regulating the HSP70/MAPK/MEF2D/Beclin-1 pathway: Chaperone-mediated autophagy activation, macroautophagy inhibition and HSP70 up-expression. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:370-379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Kasimov MR, Zakyrjanova GF, Giniatullin AR, Zefirov AL, Petrov AM. Similar oxysterols may lead to opposite effects on synaptic transmission: Olesoxime versus 5α-cholestan-3-one at the frog neuromuscular junction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:606-16. [PMID: 27102612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation products frequently have a high biological activity. In the present study, we have used microelectrode recording of end plate currents and FM-based optical detection of synaptic vesicle exo-endocytosis to investigate the effects of two structurally similar oxysterols, olesoxime (cholest-4-en-3-one, oxime) and 5ɑ-cholestan-3-one (5ɑCh3), on neurotransmission at the frog neuromuscular junction. Olesoxime is an exogenous, potentially neuroprotective, substance and 5ɑCh3 is an intermediate product in cholesterol metabolism, which is elevated in the case of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. We found that olesoxime slightly increased evoked neurotransmitter release in response to a single stimulus and significantly reduced synaptic depression during high frequency activity. The last effect was due to an increase in both the number of synaptic vesicles involved in exo-endocytosis and the rate of synaptic vesicle recycling. In contrast, 5ɑCh3 reduced evoked neurotransmitter release during the low- and high frequency synaptic activities. The depressant action of 5ɑCh3 was associated with a reduction in the number of synaptic vesicles participating in exo- and endocytosis during high frequency stimulation, without a change in rate of the synaptic vesicle recycling. Of note, olesoxime increased the staining of synaptic membranes with the B-subunit of cholera toxin and the formation of fluorescent ganglioside GM1 clusters, and decreased the fluorescence of 22-NBD-cholesterol, while 5ɑCh3 had the opposite effects, suggesting that the two oxysterols have different effects on lipid raft stability. Taken together, these data show that these two structurally similar oxysterols induce marked different changes in neuromuscular transmission which are related with the alteration in synaptic vesicle cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kasimov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Russia
| | - G F Zakyrjanova
- Department of Normal Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Russia
| | - A R Giniatullin
- Department of Normal Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Russia
| | - A L Zefirov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Russia
| | - A M Petrov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Russia.
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Weber JJ, Ortiz Rios MM, Riess O, Clemens LE, Nguyen HP. The calpain-suppressing effects of olesoxime in Huntington's disease. Rare Dis 2016; 4:e1153778. [PMID: 27141414 PMCID: PMC4838320 DOI: 10.1080/21675511.2016.1153778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Olesoxime, a small molecule drug candidate, has recently attracted attention due to its significant beneficial effects in models of several neurodegenerative disorders including Huntington's disease. Olesoxime's neuroprotective effects have been assumed to be conveyed through a direct, positive influence on mitochondrial function. In a long-term treatment study in BACHD rats, the latest rat model of Huntington's disease, olesoxime revealed a positive influence on mitochondrial function and improved specific behavioral and neuropathological phenotypes. Moreover, a novel target of the compound was discovered, as olesoxime was found to suppress the activation of the calpain proteolytic system, a major contributor to the cleavage of the disease-causing mutant huntingtin protein into toxic fragments, and key player in degenerative processes in general. Results from a second model of Huntington's disease, the HdhQ111 knock-in mouse, confirm olesoxime's calpain-suppressing effects and support the therapeutic value of olesoxime for Huntington's disease and other disorders involving calpain overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonasz J Weber
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Midea M Ortiz Rios
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Laura E Clemens
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Current institution: QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria
| | - Huu P Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Zhang Y, Song J, Zhang X, Xiao Y. LIGAND-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS AND DRUG DESIGN. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2015; 8:21-3. [PMID: 26715850 PMCID: PMC4687977 DOI: 10.4137/bci.s37978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhang
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianrui Song
- PhD Candidate, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Research Associate, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Research Scientist, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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23
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Clemens LE, Weber JJ, Wlodkowski TT, Yu-Taeger L, Michaud M, Calaminus C, Eckert SH, Gaca J, Weiss A, Magg JCD, Jansson EKH, Eckert GP, Pichler BJ, Bordet T, Pruss RM, Riess O, Nguyen HP. Olesoxime suppresses calpain activation and mutant huntingtin fragmentation in the BACHD rat. Brain 2015; 138:3632-53. [PMID: 26490331 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a fatal human neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene, which translates into a mutant huntingtin protein. A key event in the molecular pathogenesis of Huntington's disease is the proteolytic cleavage of mutant huntingtin, leading to the accumulation of toxic protein fragments. Mutant huntingtin cleavage has been linked to the overactivation of proteases due to mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium derangements. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of olesoxime, a mitochondria-targeting, neuroprotective compound, in the BACHD rat model of Huntington's disease. BACHD rats were treated with olesoxime via the food for 12 months. In vivo analysis covered motor impairments, cognitive deficits, mood disturbances and brain atrophy. Ex vivo analyses addressed olesoxime's effect on mutant huntingtin aggregation and cleavage, as well as brain mitochondria function. Olesoxime improved cognitive and psychiatric phenotypes, and ameliorated cortical thinning in the BACHD rat. The treatment reduced cerebral mutant huntingtin aggregates and nuclear accumulation. Further analysis revealed a cortex-specific overactivation of calpain in untreated BACHD rats. Treated BACHD rats instead showed significantly reduced levels of mutant huntingtin fragments due to the suppression of calpain-mediated cleavage. In addition, olesoxime reduced the amount of mutant huntingtin fragments associated with mitochondria, restored a respiration deficit, and enhanced the expression of fusion and outer-membrane transport proteins. In conclusion, we discovered the calpain proteolytic system, a key player in Huntington's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, as a target of olesoxime. Our findings suggest that olesoxime exerts its beneficial effects by improving mitochondrial function, which results in reduced calpain activation. The observed alleviation of behavioural and neuropathological phenotypes encourages further investigations on the use of olesoxime as a therapeutic for Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Clemens
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jonasz J Weber
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tanja T Wlodkowski
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Libo Yu-Taeger
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Magali Michaud
- 3 Trophos SA., Parc Scientifique de Luminy Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Carsten Calaminus
- 4 Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 13, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Schamim H Eckert
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Janett Gaca
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weiss
- 6 Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janine C D Magg
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Erik K H Jansson
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- 4 Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 13, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thierry Bordet
- 3 Trophos SA., Parc Scientifique de Luminy Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Rebecca M Pruss
- 3 Trophos SA., Parc Scientifique de Luminy Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Olaf Riess
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Huu P Nguyen
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Mitochondria: A Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20704-30. [PMID: 26340618 PMCID: PMC4613227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. The exact causes of neuronal damage are unknown, but mounting evidence indicates that mitochondrial-mediated pathways contribute to the underlying mechanisms of dopaminergic neuronal cell death both in PD patients and in PD animal models. Mitochondria are organized in a highly dynamic tubular network that is continuously reshaped by opposing processes of fusion and fission. Defects in either fusion or fission, leading to mitochondrial fragmentation, limit mitochondrial motility, decrease energy production and increase oxidative stress, thereby promoting cell dysfunction and death. Thus, the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics processes, such as fusion, fission and mitophagy, represents important mechanisms controlling neuronal cell fate. In this review, we summarize some of the recent evidence supporting that impairment of mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and mitochondrial import occurs in cellular and animal PD models and disruption of these processes is a contributing mechanism to cell death in dopaminergic neurons. We also summarize mitochondria-targeting therapeutics in models of PD, proposing that modulation of mitochondrial impairment might be beneficial for drug development toward treatment of PD.
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25
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Ryan BJ, Hoek S, Fon EA, Wade-Martins R. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in Parkinson's: from familial to sporadic disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:200-10. [PMID: 25757399 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly appreciated as a key determinant of dopaminergic neuronal susceptibility in PD and is a feature of both familial and sporadic disease, as well as in toxin-induced Parkinsonism. Recently, the mechanisms by which PD-associated mitochondrial proteins phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and parkin function and induce neurodegeneration have been identified. In addition, increasing evidence implicates other PD-associated proteins such as α-synuclein (α-syn) and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in mitochondrial dysfunction in genetic cases of PD with the potential for a large functional overlap with sporadic disease. This review highlights how recent advances in understanding familial PD-associated proteins have identified novel mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for addressing mitochondrial dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Selim Hoek
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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