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Gao M, Ma MM, Lu FT, Huang CC, Sun L, Lv XF, Zhang B, Wang GL, Guan YY. Low Chloride-Regulated ClC-5 Contributes to Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Cerebrovascular Remodeling. Hypertension 2022; 79:e73-e85. [PMID: 35144478 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low serum chloride (Cl-) level is considered an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality associated with chronic hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. ClC-5, a member of the Cl- channel family, is sensitive to changes in intracellular and extracellular Cl- concentration and conducts outwardly rectifying Cl- currents. The aims of this study were to determine if ClC-5 is regulated by low extracellular Cl-, clarify its putative roles in hypertension-induced cerebrovascular remodeling, and elucidate the associated underlying mechanisms. METHODS Whole-cell patch technique, intracellular Cl- concentration measurements, flow cytometry, Western blot, Clcn5 knockdown (Clcn5-/y), and adenovirus-mediated ClC-5 overexpression mice, 2-kidney, 2-clip, and angiotensin II infusion-induced hypertensive models were used. RESULTS We found that low extracellular Cl- evoked a ClC-5-dependent Cl- current that was abolished by ClC-5 depletion in basilar artery smooth muscle cells. ClC-5 was upregulated in the arterial tissues of rats and patients with hypertension. Low Cl--induced current and ClC-5 protein expression positively correlated with basilar artery remodeling during hypertension. ClC-5 knockdown ameliorated hypertension-induced cerebrovascular remodeling and smooth muscle cell proliferation, whereas ClC-5 overexpression mice exhibited the opposite phenotype. ClC-5-dependent Cl- efflux induced by low extracellular Cl- activated WNK1 (lysine-deficient protein kinase 1) which, in turn, activated AKT, and culminated in basilar artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and vascular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS ClC-5 mediates low Cl--induced Cl- currents in basilar artery smooth muscle cells and regulates hypertension-induced cerebrovascular remodeling by promoting basilar artery smooth muscle cell proliferation via the WNK1/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.).,Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. (M.G., C.-C.H.)
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Feng-Ting Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Cheng-Cui Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.).,Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. (M.G., C.-C.H.)
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.).,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China (L.S.)
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Bin Zhang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, China (B.Z.)
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine (M.G., M.-M.M., F.-T.L., C.-C.H., L.S., X.-F.L., G.-L.W., Y.-Y.G.)
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Cheng F, Liu J, Guo Z, Li S, Chen J, Tu C, Fu F, Shen B, Zhang X, Lai G, Lan J. Angiotensin-(1-7) ameliorates high glucose-induced vascular endothelial injury through suppressing chloride channel 3. Bioengineered 2022; 13:4100-4111. [PMID: 35098884 PMCID: PMC8973701 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1997695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is leading cause of deaths in DM patients. However, there are limited effective medical therapies for diabetic CVD. Vascular endothelial injury caused by DM is a critical risk factor for diabetic CVD. Previous study has indicated that Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) may prevent diabetic CVD, whereas it is not clear that Ang-(1-7) whether attenuates diabetic CVD through suppressing vascular endothelial injury. In this study, we found that Ang-(1-7) alleviated high glucose (HG)-induced endothelial injury in bEnd3 cells. Moreover, Ang-(1-7) ameliorated HG-induced endothelial injury through downregulating chloride channel 3 (CIC-3) via Mas receptor. Furthermore, HG-induced CIC-3 enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokine production and reduced the level of nitric oxide (NO), while Ang-(1-7) preserved the impact of HG-induced CIC-3 on productions of ROS, cytokine and NO through inhibiting CIC-3 via Mas receptor. Summarily, the present study revealed that Ang-(1-7) alleviated HG-induced vascular endothelial injury through the inhibition of CIC-3, suggested that Ang-(1-7) may preserve diabetic CVD through suppressing HG-induced vascular endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Second Ward of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dongguan Songshan Lake Center Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province 523326, China.,Dongguan Cardiovascular Institute, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province 523326, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Second Ward of General Pediatrics, Dongguan Eighth People's Hospital, Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province 523321, China
| | - Zhuolin Guo
- Dongguan Cardiovascular Institute, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province 523326, China
| | - Shicheng Li
- Second Ward of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dongguan Songshan Lake Center Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province 523326, China
| | - Jingfu Chen
- Second Ward of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dongguan Songshan Lake Center Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province 523326, China
| | - Chang Tu
- Dongguan Cardiovascular Institute, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province 523326, China
| | - Fengzhou Fu
- Second Ward of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dongguan Songshan Lake Center Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province 523326, China
| | - Bai Shen
- Second Ward of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dongguan Songshan Lake Center Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province 523326, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Second Ward of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dongguan Songshan Lake Center Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province 523326, China
| | - Guohua Lai
- Dongguan Cardiovascular Institute, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province 523326, China
| | - Jun Lan
- Dongguan Cardiovascular Institute, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province 523326, China
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Zheng H, Li X, Zeng X, Huang C, Ma M, Lv X, Zhang Y, Sun L, Wang G, Du Y, Guan Y. TMEM16A inhibits angiotensin II-induced basilar artery smooth muscle cell migration in a WNK1-dependent manner. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3994-4007. [PMID: 35024321 PMCID: PMC8727780 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases. We recently showed that TMEM16A is involved in hypertension-induced cerebrovascular remodeling. However, it is unclear whether this effect is related to the regulation of VSMC migration. Here, we investigated whether and how TMEM16A contributes to migration in basilar artery smooth muscle cells (BASMCs). We observed that AngII increased the migration of cultured BASMCs, which was markedly inhibited by overexpression of TMEM16A. TMEM16A overexpression inhibited AngII-induced RhoA/ROCK2 activation, and myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) and myosin light chain (MLC20) phosphorylation. But AngII-induced myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activation was not affected by TMEM16A. Furthermore, a suppressed activation of integrinβ3/FAK pathway, determined by reduced integrinβ3 expression, FAK phosphorylation and F-actin rearrangement, was observed in TMEM16A-overexpressing BASMCs upon AngII stimulation. Contrary to the results of TMEM16A overexpression, silencing of TMEM16A showed the opposite effects. These in vitro results were further demonstrated in vivo in basilar arteries from VSMC-specific TMEM16A transgenic mice during AngII-induced hypertension. Moreover, we observed that the inhibitory effect of TMEM16A on BASMC migration was mediated by decreasing the activation of WNK1, a Cl--sensitive serine/threonine kinase. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that TMEM16A suppressed AngII-induced BASMC migration, thus contributing to the protection against cerebrovascular remodeling during AngII-infused hypertension. TMEM16A may exert this effect by suppressing the RhoA/ROCK2/MLCP/MLC20 and integrinβ3/FAK signaling pathways via inhibiting WNK1. Our results suggest that TMEM16A may serve as a novel therapeutic target for VSMC migration-related diseases, such as vascular remodeling.
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Key Words
- AngII, angiotensin II
- BASMCs, basilar artery smooth muscle cells
- CaCC, Ca2+-activated chloride channel
- F-actin, filamentous actin
- FAK
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- Hypertension
- Integrin
- MLC20, myosin light chain 20
- MLCK, myosin light chain kinase
- MLCP, myosin light chain phosphates
- MYPT1, myosin phosphatase target subunit 1
- RhoA/ROCK
- SMTg, smooth muscle-specific TMEM16A transgenic mice
- TMEM16A
- VSMC migration
- VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells
- Vascular remodeling
- WNK1
- WNK1, with-no-lysine kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chengcui Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mingming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaofei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guanlei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yanhua Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yongyuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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4
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Li XY, Lv XF, Huang CC, Sun L, Ma MM, Liu C, Guan YY. LRRC8A is essential for volume-regulated anion channel in smooth muscle cells contributing to cerebrovascular remodeling during hypertension. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13146. [PMID: 34725866 PMCID: PMC8666279 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Recent studies revealed LRRC8A to be an essential component of volume‐regulated anion channel (VRAC), which regulates cellular volume homeostasis. However, evidence for the contribution of LRRC8A‐dependent VRAC activity in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is still lacking, and the relevant functional role of LRRC8A in VSMCs remains unknown. The primary goal of this study was to elucidate the role of LRRC8A in VRAC activity in VSMCs and the functional role of LRRC8A in cerebrovascular remodeling during hypertension. Materials and Methods siRNA‐mediated knockdown and adenovirus‐mediated overexpression of LRRC8A were used to elucidate the electrophysiological properties of LRRC8A in basilar smooth muscle cells (BASMCs). A smooth muscle–specific overexpressing transgenic mouse model was used to investigate the functional role of LRRC8A in cerebrovascular remodeling. Results LRRC8A is essential for volume‐regulated chloride current (ICl, Vol) in BASMCs. Overexpression of LRRC8A induced a voltage‐dependent Cl− current independently of hypotonic stimulation. LRRC8A regulated BASMCs proliferation through activation of WNK1/PI3K‐p85/AKT axis. Smooth muscle‐specific upregulation of LRRC8A aggravated Angiotensin II‐induced cerebrovascular remodeling in mice. Conclusions LRRC8A is an essential component of VRAC and is required for cell volume homeostasis during osmotic challenge in BASMCs. Smooth muscle specific overexpression of LRRC8A increases BASMCs proliferation and substantially aggravates basilar artery remodeling, revealing a potential therapeutic target for vascular remodeling in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Cui Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Canzhao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Translational Medicine Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Chloride channel 3 (ClC-3), a Cl-/H+ antiporter, has been well established as a member of volume-regulated chloride channels (VRCCs). ClC-3 may be a crucial mediator for activating inflammation-associated signaling pathways by regulating protein phosphorylation. A growing number of studies have indicated that ClC-3 overexpression plays a crucial role in mediating increased plasma low-density lipoprotein levels, vascular endothelium dysfunction, pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages, hyper-proliferation and hyper-migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), as well as oxidative stress and foam cell formation, which are the main factors responsible for atherosclerotic plaque formation in the arterial wall. In the present review, we summarize the molecular structures and classical functions of ClC-3. We further discuss its emerging role in the atherosclerotic process. In conclusion, we explore the potential role of ClC-3 as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Niu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Chen BY, Wang SR, Lu FT, Lv XF, Chen Y, Ma MM, Guan YY. SGK1 mediates hypotonic challenge-induced proliferation in basilar artery smooth muscle cells via promoting CREB signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 898:173997. [PMID: 33676941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypotonic stimulus enlarges cell volume and increased cell proliferation with the exact mechanisms unknown. Glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 (SGK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that can be regulated by osmotic pressure. We have revealed that SGK1 was activated by hypotonic solution-induced lowering of intracellular Cl- concentration. Therefore, we further examined whether SGK1 mediated hypotonic solution-induced proliferation and the internal mechanisms in basilar smooth muscle cells (BASMCs). In the present study, BrdU incorporation assay, flow cytometry, western blotting were performed to evaluate cell viability, cell cycle transition, and the expression of cell cycle regulators and other related proteins. We found that silence of SGK1 largely blunted hypotonic challenge-induced increase in cell viability and cell cycle transition from G0/G1 phase to S phase, whereas overexpression of SGK1 showed the opposite effects. The effect of SGK1 on proliferation was related to the upregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1, and the downregulation of p27 and p21, which is mediated by the interaction between SGK1 and cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB). Moreover, we overexpressed ClC-3 Cl- channel to further verify the role of SGK1 in low Cl- environment-induced proliferation. The results revealed that overexpression of ClC-3 further enhanced hypotonic solution-induced cell viability, cell cycle transition, and CREB activation, which were alleviated or potentiated by silencing or overexpression of SGK1. In summary, this study provides compelling evidences that SGK1, as a Cl--sensitive kinase, is a critical link between low osmotic pressure and proliferation in BASMCs, and shed a new light on the treatment of proliferation-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Yi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, And Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Su-Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, And Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Feng-Ting Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, And Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, And Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, And Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, And Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Duan Q, Chen BH, Lin Y. Down-regulation of ClC-3 enhances chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to oxaliplatin by inhibiting autophagy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:1235-1242. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i24.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voltage-gated chloride channel 3 (ClC-3) can regulate the chemotherapy sensitivity of ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and lung cancer, while its effect and mechanism in oxaliplatin therapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) are still unknown.
AIM To investigate the effect of ClC-3 on oxaliplatin sensitivity and the role of autophagy in CRC cells.
METHODS The expression of ClC-3 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 Ⅱ (LC3-Ⅱ) in the tissues of chemotherapy resistant and sensitive CRC was detected by immunohistochemical staining. The expression levels of ClC-3 and LC3-Ⅱ in HT-29 and HT-29/L-OHP cells were detected by Western blot. After transfection of HT-29 and HT-29/L-OHP cells with ClC-3 siRNA, the sensitivity of the cells to oxaliplatin was detected by CCK-8 assay, the autophagy was detected by Cyto-ID staining, and the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins Beclin1, LC3-Ⅰ, LC3-Ⅱ, and p62 were detected by Western blot. The HT-29 and HT-29/L-OHP cells transfected with ClC-3 siRNA were subsequently treated with the autophagy agonist rapamycin, and then the sensitivity of the cells to oxaliplatin and the expression levels of Beclin1, LC3-Ⅰ, LC3-Ⅱ, p62, and ClC-3 were detected by CCK-8 assay and Western blot, respectively.
RESULTS LC3-Ⅱ and ClC-3 were highly expressed in tissues of chemo-resistant colorectal cancer and HT-29/L-OHP cells. After inhibition of ClC-3, the sensitivity of HT-29 cells and HT-29/L-OHP cells to oxaliplatin was both increased, and the autophagy level of the cells was decreased. Rapamycin reversed the sensitization of ClC-3 inhibition to oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer cells, but had no effect on the expression of ClC-3.
CONCLUSION Down-regulation of ClC-3 can enhance the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to oxaliplatin chemotherapy by inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China,Department of Pharmacy, Enze Hospital, Taizhou Grace Medical Center (Group), Taizhou 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin-Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Enze Hospital, Taizhou Grace Medical Center (Group), Taizhou 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Pathology, First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling 317500, Zhejiang Province, China
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He X, Deng J, Yu XJ, Yang S, Yang Y, Zang WJ. Activation of M3AChR (Type 3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor) and Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2) Signaling by Choline Alleviates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Vascular Remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2649-2664. [PMID: 32938216 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a critical role in atherosclerosis, vascular restenosis, and hypertension. Choline exerts cardioprotective effects; however, little is known about its effects on VSMC phenotypic switching and vascular remodeling. Here, we investigated whether choline modulates VSMC phenotypic changes and explored the underlying mechanisms. Approach and Results: In cultured VSMCs, choline promoted Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) nuclear translocation, inducing the expression of HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) and NQO-1 (NAD[P]H quinone oxidoreductase-1). Consequently, choline ameliorated Ang II (angiotensin II)-induced increases in NOX (NAD[P]H oxidase) expression and the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species level, thereby attenuating Ang II-induced VSMC phenotypic switching, proliferation, and migration, presumably via M3AChRs (type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors). Downregulation of M3AChR or Nrf2 diminished choline-mediated upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression, as well as inhibition of VSMC phenotypic transformation, suggesting that M3AChR and Nrf2 activation are responsible for the protective effects of choline. Moreover, activation of the Nrf2 pathway by sulforaphane suppressed Ang II-induced VSMC phenotypic switching and proliferation, indicating that Nrf2 is a key regulator of VSMC phenotypic switching and vascular homeostasis. In a rat model of abdominal aortic constriction in vivo, choline attenuated VSMC phenotypic transformation and vascular remodeling in a manner related to activation of the Nrf2 pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that choline impedes VSMC phenotypic switching, proliferation, migration, and vascular remodeling by activating M3AChR and Nrf2-antioxidant signaling and suggest a novel role for Nrf2 in VSMC phenotypic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China
| | - Juan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China
| | - Si Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China
| | - Wei-Jin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China
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9
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Lv XF, Zhang YJ, Liu X, Zheng HQ, Liu CZ, Zeng XL, Li XY, Lin XC, Lin CX, Ma MM, Zhang FR, Shang JY, Zhou JG, Liang SJ, Guan YY. TMEM16A ameliorates vascular remodeling by suppressing autophagy via inhibiting Bcl-2-p62 complex formation. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:3980-3993. [PMID: 32226533 PMCID: PMC7086348 DOI: 10.7150/thno.41028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A) is a component of calcium-activated chloride channels that regulate vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and remodeling. Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular catabolic process in eukaryotes, exerts important physiological functions in vascular SMCs. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between TMEM16A and autophagy during vascular remodeling. Methods: We generated a transgenic mouse that overexpresses TMEM16A specifically in vascular SMCs to verify the role of TMEM16A in vascular remodeling. Techniques employed included immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, co-immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting. Results: Autophagy was activated in aortas from angiotensin II (AngII)-induced hypertensive mice with decreased TMEM16A expression. The numbers of light chain 3B (LC3B)-positive puncta in aortas correlated with the medial cross-sectional aorta areas and TMEM16A expression during hypertension. SMC-specific TMEM16A overexpression markedly inhibited AngII-induced autophagy in mouse aortas. Moreover, in mouse aortic SMCs (MASMCs), AngII-induced autophagosome formation and autophagic flux were blocked by TMEM16A upregulation and were promoted by TMEM16A knockdown. The effect of TMEM16A on autophagy was independent of the mTOR pathway, but was associated with reduced kinase activity of the vacuolar protein sorting 34 (VPS34) enzyme. Overexpression of VPS34 attenuated the effect of TMEM16A overexpression on MASMC proliferation, while the effect of TMEM16A downregulation was abrogated by a VPS34 inhibitor. Further, co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that TMEM16A interacts with p62. TMEM16A overexpression inhibited AngII-induced p62-Bcl-2 binding and enhanced Bcl-2-Beclin-1 interactions, leading to suppression of Beclin-1/VPS34 complex formation. However, TMEM16A downregulation showed the opposite effects. Conclusion: TMEM16A regulates the four-way interaction between p62, Bcl-2, Beclin-1, and VPS34, and coordinately prevents vascular autophagy and remodeling.
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10
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Liu CZ, Li FY, Lv XF, Ma MM, Li XY, Lin CX, Wang GL, Guan YY. Endophilin A2 regulates calcium-activated chloride channel activity via selective autophagy-mediated TMEM16A degradation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:208-217. [PMID: 31484993 PMCID: PMC7470808 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TMEM16A Ca2+-activated chloride channel (CaCC) plays an essential role in vascular homeostasis. In this study we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying downregulation of TMEM16A CaCC activity during hypertension. In cultured basilar artery smooth muscle cells (BASMCs) isolated from 2k2c renohypertesive rats, treatment with angiotensin II (0.125-1 μM) dose-dependently increased endophilin A2 levels and decreased TMEM16A expression. Similar phenomenon was observed in basilar artery isolated from 2k2c rats. We then used whole-cell recording to examine whether endophilin A2 could regulate TMEM16A CaCC activity in BASMCs and found that knockdown of endophilin A2 significantly enhanced CaCC activity, whereas overexpression of endophilin A2 produced the opposite effect. Overexpression of endophilin A2 did not affect the TMEM16A mRNA level, but markedly decreased TMEM16A protein level in BASMCs by inducing ubiquitination and autophagy of TMEM16A. Ubiquitin-binding receptor p62 (SQSTM1) could bind to ubiquitinated TMEM16A and resulted in a process of TMEM16A proteolysis in autophagosome/lysosome. These data provide new insights into the regulation of TMEM16A CaCC activity by endophilin A2 in BASMCs, which partly explains the mechanism of angiotensin-II-induced TMEM16A inhibition during hypertension-induced vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Zhao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Fei-Ya Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Cai-Xia Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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11
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Zeng XL, Sun L, Zheng HQ, Wang GL, Du YH, Lv XF, Ma MM, Guan YY. Smooth muscle-specific TMEM16A expression protects against angiotensin II-induced cerebrovascular remodeling via suppressing extracellular matrix deposition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 134:131-143. [PMID: 31301303 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular remodeling is the leading factor for stroke and characterized by increased extracellular matrix deposition, migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and inhibition of their apoptosis. TMEM16A is an important component of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels. Previously, we showed that downregulation of TMEM16A in the basilar artery was negatively correlated with cerebrovascular remodeling during hypertension. However, it is unclear whether TMEM16A participates in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced vascular remodeling in mice that have TMEM16A gene modification. In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse that overexpresses TMEM16A specifically in vascular smooth muscle cells. We observed that vascular remodeling in the basilar artery during Ang II-induced hypertension was significantly suppressed upon vascular smooth muscle-specific overexpression of TMEM16A relative to control mice. Specifically, we observed a large reduction in the deposition of fibronectin and collagen I. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) were upregulated in the basilar artery during Ang II-induced hypertension, but this was suppressed upon overexpression of TMEM16A in blood vessels. Furthermore, TMEM16A overexpression alleviated the overactivity of the canonical TGF-β1/Smad3, and non-canonical TGF-β1/ERK and JNK pathways in the basilar artery during Ang II-induced hypertension. These in vivo results were similar to the results derived in vitro with basilar artery smooth muscle cells stimulated by Ang II. Moreover, we observed that the inhibitory effect of TMEM16A on MMPs was mediated by decreasing the activation of WNK1, which is a Cl--sensitive serine/threonine kinase. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that TMEM16A protects against cerebrovascular remodeling during hypertension by suppressing extracellular matrix deposition. We also showed that TMEM16A exerts this effect by reducing the expression of MMPs via inhibiting WNK1, and decreasing the subsequent activities of TGF-β1/Smad3, ERK, and JNK. Accordingly, our results suggest that TMEM16A may serve as a novel therapeutic target for vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lin Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Qing Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yan-Hua Du
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Lu J, Xu F, Zhang J. Inhibition of angiotensin II-induced cerebrovascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by LRRC8A downregulation through suppressing PI3K/AKT activation. Hum Cell 2019; 32:316-325. [PMID: 31127489 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-019-00260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is the major contributor to cerebrovascular remodeling and stroke. Chloride channels have been suggested to play an important role in the regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation. This study aims to investigate the effect of leucine-rich repeat-containing 8A (LRRC8A), an essential component of volume-sensitive chloride channels, on cerebrovascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. The data showed that LRRC8A expression was increased in mouse brain artery during angiotensin II (AngII)-induced cerebrovascular remodeling. Similarly, AngII also increased the expression of LRRC8A in human brain vascular smooth muscle cells (HBVSMCs). Knockdown of LRRC8A by siRNA significantly inhibited AngII-induced the proliferation, migration, and invasion in HBVSMCs. The inhibition of HBVSMCs proliferation by LRRC8A downregulation appeared to be involved in suppression of cell-cycle transition. AngII-induced the decrease in p21 and p27 expression and the increase in CDK4 and cyclin D1 expression were attenuated by LRRC8A downregulation. Moreover, inhibition of LRRC8A suppressed AngII-induced PI3K/AKT activation and reactive oxygen species generation, but had no effect on JNK, ERK, and p38 phosphorylation. In addition, activation of PI3K/AKT-signaling pathways with specific agonists significantly abolished the effect of LRRC8A deficiency on HBVSMC proliferation. This present study demonstrates that knockdown of LRRC8A ameliorates AngII-induced cerebrovascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway, suggesting that LRRC8A may be a novel molecular target in the treatment of vascular remodeling and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lu
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Wai-5 Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Wai-5 Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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13
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Starvation-induced autophagy is up-regulated via ROS-mediated ClC-3 chloride channel activation in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE-2Z. Biochem J 2019; 476:1323-1333. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Nutrient deficiency develops frequently in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell (CNE-2Z) due to the characteristics of aggregation and uncontrolled proliferation. Therefore, starvation can induce autophagy in these cells. Chloride channel 3 (ClC-3), a member of the chloride channel family, is involved in various biological processes. However, whether ClC-3 plays an important role in starvation-induced autophagy is unclear. In this study, Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) was used to induce autophagy in CNE-2Z cells. We found that autophagy and the chloride current induced by EBSS were inhibited by chloride channel blockers. ClC-3 knockdown inhibited the degradation of LC3-II and P62. Furthermore, when reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was suppressed by antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (L-NAC) pretreatment, EBSS-induced autophagy was inhibited, and the chloride current was unable to be activated. Nevertheless, ClC-3 knockdown had little effect on ROS levels, indicating that ROS acted upstream of ClC-3 and that both ROS and ClC-3 participated in EBSS-induced autophagy regulation in CNE-2Z.
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14
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Cui C, Li Y, Liu Y. Down-regulation of miR-377 suppresses high glucose and hypoxia-induced angiogenesis and inflammation in human retinal endothelial cells by direct up-regulation of target gene SIRT1. Hum Cell 2019; 32:260-274. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-019-00240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Zeng J, Chen B, Lv X, Sun L, Zeng X, Zheng H, Du Y, Wang G, Ma M, Guan Y. Transmembrane member 16A participates in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by facilitating mitochondria-dependent pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3669-3684. [PMID: 29968377 PMCID: PMC6109215 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A), an intrinsic constituent of the Ca2+ -activated Cl- channel, is involved in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and hypertension-induced cerebrovascular remodelling. However, the functional significance of TMEM16A for apoptosis in basilar artery smooth muscle cells (BASMCs) remains elusive. Here, we investigated whether and how TMEM16A contributes to apoptosis in BASMCs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability assay, flow cytometry, Western blot, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, immunogold labelling and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) were performed. KEY RESULTS Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) induced BASMC apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent pathway, including by increasing the apoptosis rate, down-regulating the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and potentiating the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. These effects were all reversed by the silencing of TMEM16A and were further potentiated by the overexpression of TMEM16A. Endogenous TMEM16A was detected in the mitochondrial fraction. Co-IP revealed an interaction between TMEM16A and cyclophilin D, a component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). This interaction was up-regulated by H2 O2 but restricted by cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of cyclophilin D. TMEM16A increased mPTP opening, resulting in the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. The results obtained with cultured BASMCs from TMEM16A smooth muscle-specific knock-in mice were consistent with those from rat BASMCs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that TMEM16A participates in H2 O2 -induced apoptosis via modulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability in VSMCs. This study establishes TMEM16A as a target for therapy of several remodelling-related diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anoctamin-1/physiology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase F
- Cyclophilins/metabolism
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Male
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/enzymology
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Wei Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bao‐Yi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xue‐Lin Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of PharmacyThe Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Hua‐Qing Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yan‐Hua Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guan‐Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ming‐Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yong‐Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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16
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Jentsch TJ, Pusch M. CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1493-1590. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation parthway, assemble to homo- or heteromeric dimers that sometimes require accessory β-subunits for function. CLC proteins come in two flavors: anion channels and anion/proton exchangers. Structures of these two CLC protein classes are surprisingly similar. Extensive structure-function analysis identified residues involved in ion permeation, anion-proton coupling and gating and led to attractive biophysical models. In mammals, ClC-1, -2, -Ka/-Kb are plasma membrane Cl−channels, whereas ClC-3 through ClC-7 are 2Cl−/H+-exchangers in endolysosomal membranes. Biological roles of CLCs were mostly studied in mammals, but also in plants and model organisms like yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. CLC Cl−channels have roles in the control of electrical excitability, extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and transepithelial transport, whereas anion/proton exchangers influence vesicular ion composition and impinge on endocytosis and lysosomal function. The surprisingly diverse roles of CLCs are highlighted by human and mouse disorders elicited by mutations in their genes. These pathologies include neurodegeneration, leukodystrophy, mental retardation, deafness, blindness, myotonia, hyperaldosteronism, renal salt loss, proteinuria, kidney stones, male infertility, and osteopetrosis. In this review, emphasis is laid on biophysical structure-function analysis and on the cell biological and organismal roles of mammalian CLCs and their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
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17
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Lu J, Xu F, Zhang Y, Lu H, Zhang J. ClC-2 knockdown prevents cerebrovascular remodeling via inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:29. [PMID: 29988306 PMCID: PMC6022329 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mishandling of intracellular chloride (Cl-) concentration ([Cl-]i) in cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells is implicated in several pathological processes, including hyperplasia and remodeling. We investigated the effects of ClC-2-mediated Cl- efflux on the proliferation of human brain vascular smooth muscle cells (HBVSMCs) induced by angiotensin II (AngII). METHODS Cell proliferation and motility were determined using the CCK-8, bromodeoxyuridine staining, wound healing and invasion assays. ClC-2, PCNA, Ki67, survivin and cyclin D1 expression, and β-catenin and GSK-3β phosphorylation were examined using western blotting. Histological analyses were performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and α-SMA staining. RESULTS Our results showed that AngII-induced HBVSMC proliferation was accompanied by a decrease in [Cl-]i and an increase in ClC-2 expression. Inhibition of ClC-2 by siRNA prevented AngII from inducing the efflux of Cl-. AngII-induced HBVSMC proliferation, migration and invasion were significantly attenuated by ClC-2 downregulation. The inhibitory effects of ClC-2 knockout on HBVSMC proliferation and motility were associated with inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, as evidenced by inhibition of β-catenin phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and decrease of GSK-3β phosphorylation and survivin and cyclin D1 expression. Recombinant Wnt3a treatment markedly reversed the effect of ClC-2 knockdown on HBVSMC viability. An in vivo study revealed that knockdown of ClC-2 with shRNA adenovirus ameliorated basilar artery remodeling by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in AngII-treated mice. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that blocking ClC-2-mediated Cl- efflux inhibits AngII-induced cerebrovascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our data indicate that downregulation of ClC-2 may be a viable strategy in the prevention of hyperplasia and remodeling of cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lu
- Department of Neurology, Henan People’s Hospital, No. 7 Wai-5 Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingna Zhang
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henan People’s Hospital, No. 7 Wai-5 Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan Province China
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18
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Qi Y, Mair N, Kummer KK, Leitner MG, Camprubí-Robles M, Langeslag M, Kress M. Identification of Chloride Channels CLCN3 and CLCN5 Mediating the Excitatory Cl - Currents Activated by Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Sensory Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:33. [PMID: 29479306 PMCID: PMC5811518 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. We have previously reported a S1P-induced nocifensive response in mice by excitation of sensory neurons via activation of an excitatory chloride current. The underlying molecular mechanism for the S1P-induced chloride conductance remains elusive. In the present study, we identified two CLCN voltage-gated chloride channels, CLCN3 and CLCN5, which mediated a S1P-induced excitatory Cl- current in sensory neurons by combining RNA-seq, adenovirus-based gene silencing and whole-cell electrophysiological voltage-clamp recordings. Downregulation of CLCN3 and CLCN5 channels by adenovirus-mediated delivery of shRNA dramatically reduced S1P-induced Cl- current and membrane depolarization in sensory neurons. The mechanism of S1P-induced activation of the chloride current involved Rho GTPase but not Rho-associated protein kinase. Although S1P-induced potentiation of TRPV1-mediated ionic currents also involved Rho-dependent process, the lack of correlation of the S1P-activated Cl- current and the potentiation of TRPV1 by S1P suggests that CLCN3 and CLCN5 are necessary components for S1P-induced excitatory Cl- currents but not for the amplification of TRPV1-mediated currents in sensory neurons. This study provides a novel mechanistic insight into the importance of bioactive sphingolipids in nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Qi
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Norbert Mair
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai K Kummer
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael G Leitner
- Department of Neurophysiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - María Camprubí-Robles
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michiel Langeslag
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Wang B, Xie J, He HY, Huang EW, Cao QH, Luo L, Liao YS, Guo Y. Suppression of CLC-3 chloride channel reduces the aggressiveness of glioma through inhibiting nuclear factor-κB pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63788-63798. [PMID: 28969029 PMCID: PMC5609961 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC-3 chloride channel plays important roles on cell volume regulation, proliferation and migration in normal and cancer cells. Recent growing evidence supports a critical role of CLC-3 in glioma metastasis, however, the mechanism underlying is unclear. This study finds that CLC-3 is upregulated in glioma tissues and positively correlated with WHO histological grade. Patients with high CLC-3 expression had an overall shorter survival time, whereas patients with low expression of CLC-3 had a better survival time. Silencing endogenous CLC-3 with ShCLC-3 adenovirus significantly decreases volume-regulated chloride currents, inhibits the nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), decreases transcriptional activity of NF-κB, reduces MMP-3 and MMP-9 expression and decreases glioma cell migration and invasion. Taken together, these results suggest CLC-3 promotes the aggressiveness of glioma at least in part through nuclear factor-κB pathway, and might be a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Yong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - En-Wen Huang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Hua Cao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Shi Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Ma MM, Lin CX, Liu CZ, Gao M, Sun L, Tang YB, Zhou JG, Wang GL, Guan YY. Threonine532 phosphorylation in ClC-3 channels is required for angiotensin II-induced Cl(-) current and migration in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:529-44. [PMID: 26562480 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Angiotensin II (AngII) induces migration and growth of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), which is responsible for vascular remodelling in some cardiovascular diseases. Ang II also activates a Cl(-) current, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The A10 cell line and primary cultures of VSMC from control, ClC-3 channel null mice and WT mice made hypertensive with AngII infusions were used. Techniques employed included whole-cell patch clamp, co-immunoprecipitation, site-specific mutagenesis and Western blotting, KEY RESULTS In VSMC, AngII induced Cl(-) currents was carried by the chloride ion channel ClC-3. This current was absent in VSMC from ClC-3 channel null mice. The AngII-induced Cl(-) current involved interactions between ClC-3 channels and Rho-kinase 2 (ROCK2), shown by N- or C-terminal truncation of ClC-3 protein, ROCK2 siRNA and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Phosphorylation of ClC-3 channels at Thr(532) by ROCK2 was critical for AngII-induced Cl(-) current and VSMC migration. The ClC-3 T532D mutant (mutation of Thr(532) to aspartate), mimicking phosphorylated ClC-3 protein, significantly potentiated AngII-induced Cl(-) current and VSMC migration, while ClC-3 T532A (mutation of Thr(532) to alanine) had the opposite effects. AngII-induced cell migration was markedly decreased in VSMC from ClC-3 channel null mice that was insensitive to Y27632, an inhibitor of ROCK2. In addition, AngII-induced cerebrovascular remodelling was decreased in ClC-3 null mice, possibly by the ROCK2 pathway. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ClC-3 protein phosphorylation at Thr(532) by ROCK2 is required for AngII-induced Cl(-) current and VSMC migration that are involved in AngII-induced vascular remodelling in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cai-Xia Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can-Zhao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Bo Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Guo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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