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Elahmer NR, Wong SK, Mohamed N, Alias E, Chin KY, Muhammad N. Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Strategies in Osteoporosis: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1635. [PMID: 39200100 PMCID: PMC11351389 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a metabolic bone disorder characterized by decreased bone mass per unit volume, poses a significant global health burden due to its association with heightened fracture risk and adverse impacts on patients' quality of life. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying osteoporosis, with a focus on key regulatory pathways governing osteoblast and osteoclast activities. These pathways include RANK/RANKL/OPG, Wingless-int (Wnt)/β-catenin, and Jagged1/Notch1 signaling, alongside the involvement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) signaling, cytokine networks, and kynurenine in bone remodeling. Pharmacotherapeutic interventions targeting these pathways play a pivotal role in osteoporosis management. Anti-resorptive agents, such as bisphosphonates, estrogen replacement therapy/hormone replacement therapy (ERT/HRT), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), calcitonin, anti-RANKL antibodies, and cathepsin K inhibitors, aim to mitigate bone resorption. Conversely, anabolic agents, including PTH and anti-sclerostin drugs, stimulate bone formation. In addition to pharmacotherapy, nutritional supplementation with calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin K2 holds promise for osteoporosis prevention. However, despite the availability of therapeutic options, a substantial proportion of osteoporotic patients remain untreated, highlighting the need for improved clinical management strategies. This comprehensive review aims to provide clinicians and researchers with a mechanistic understanding of osteoporosis pathogenesis and the therapeutic mechanisms of existing medications. By elucidating these insights, this review seeks to inform evidence-based decision-making and optimize therapeutic outcomes for patients with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyruz Ramadan Elahmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.R.E.); (S.K.W.); (N.M.); (K.-Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy Faculty, Elmergib University, Al Khums 40414, Libya
| | - Sok Kuan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.R.E.); (S.K.W.); (N.M.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Norazlina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.R.E.); (S.K.W.); (N.M.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Ekram Alias
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.R.E.); (S.K.W.); (N.M.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Norliza Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.R.E.); (S.K.W.); (N.M.); (K.-Y.C.)
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Li C, Shao X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Jin K, Yang P, Lu X, Fan X, Wang Y. scRank infers drug-responsive cell types from untreated scRNA-seq data using a target-perturbed gene regulatory network. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101568. [PMID: 38754419 PMCID: PMC11228399 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Cells respond divergently to drugs due to the heterogeneity among cell populations. Thus, it is crucial to identify drug-responsive cell populations in order to accurately elucidate the mechanism of drug action, which is still a great challenge. Here, we address this problem with scRank, which employs a target-perturbed gene regulatory network to rank drug-responsive cell populations via in silico drug perturbations using untreated single-cell transcriptomic data. We benchmark scRank on simulated and real datasets, which shows the superior performance of scRank over existing methods. When applied to medulloblastoma and major depressive disorder datasets, scRank identifies drug-responsive cell types that are consistent with the literature. Moreover, scRank accurately uncovers the macrophage subpopulation responsive to tanshinone IIA and its potential targets in myocardial infarction, with experimental validation. In conclusion, scRank enables the inference of drug-responsive cell types using untreated single-cell data, thus providing insights into the cellular-level impacts of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Li
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314103, China
| | - Xin Shao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314103, China.
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyu Jin
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314103, China
| | - Penghui Yang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314103, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314103, China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321299, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314103, China.
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Parwez S, Chaurasia A, Mahapatra PP, Ahmed S, Siddiqi MI. Integrated machine learning-based virtual screening and biological evaluation for identification of potential inhibitors against cathepsin K. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10845-5. [PMID: 38662177 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is a type of cysteine proteinase that is primarily expressed in osteoclasts and has a key role in the breakdown of bone matrix protein during bone resorption. Many studies suggest that the deficiency of cathepsin K is concomitant with a suppression of osteoclast functioning, therefore rendering the resorptive properties of cathepsin K the most prominent target for osteoporosis. This innovative work has identified a novel anti-osteoporotic agent against Cathepsin K by using a comparison of machine learning and deep learning-based virtual screening followed by their biological evaluation. Out of ten shortlisted compounds, five of the compounds (JFD02945, JFD02944, RJC01981, KM08968 and SB01934) exhibit more than 50% inhibition of the Cathepsin K activity at 0.1 μM concentration and are considered to have a promising inhibitory effect against Cathepsin K. The comprehensive docking, MD simulation, and MM/PBSA investigations affirm the stable and effective interaction of these compounds with Cathepsin K to inhibit its function. Furthermore, the compounds RJC01981, KM08968 and SB01934 are represented to have promising anti-osteoporotic properties for the management of osteoporosis owing to their significantly well predicted ADMET properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Parwez
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Animesh Chaurasia
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pinaki Parsad Mahapatra
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Panwar P, Olesen JB, Blum G, Delaisse JM, Søe K, Brömme D. Real-time analysis of osteoclast resorption and fusion dynamics in response to bone resorption inhibitors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7358. [PMID: 38548807 PMCID: PMC10978898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK), an essential collagenase in osteoclasts (OCs), is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoporosis. Using live-cell imaging, we monitored the bone resorptive behaviour of OCs during dose-dependent inhibition of CatK by an ectosteric (Tanshinone IIA sulfonate) and an active site inhibitor (odanacatib). CatK inhibition caused drastic reductions in the overall resorption speed of OCs. At IC50 CatK-inhibitor concentration, OCs reduced about 40% of their trench-forming capacity and at fourfold IC50 concentrations, a > 95% reduction was observed. The majority of CatK-inhibited OCs (~ 75%) were involved in resorption-migration-resorption episodes forming adjacent pits, while ~ 25% were stagnating OCs which remained associated with the same excavation. We also observed fusions of OCs during the resorption process both in control and inhibitor-treated conditions, which increased their resorption speeds by 30-50%. Inhibitor IC50-concentrations increased OC-fusion by twofold. Nevertheless, more fusion could not counterweigh the overall loss of resorption activity by inhibitors. Using an activity-based probe, we demonstrated the presence of active CatK at the resorbing front in pits and trenches. In conclusion, our data document how OCs respond to CatK-inhibition with respect to movement, bone resorption activity, and their attempt to compensate for inhibition by activating fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Panwar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, NC, USA
| | - Jacob Bastholm Olesen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Galia Blum
- Faculty of Medicine, Campus Ein Karem, The School of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Room 407, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kent Søe
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Obaha A, Novinec M. Regulation of Peptidase Activity beyond the Active Site in Human Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17120. [PMID: 38069440 PMCID: PMC10707025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review addresses the intricate and multifaceted regulation of peptidase activity in human health and disease, providing a comprehensive investigation that extends well beyond the boundaries of the active site. Our review focuses on multiple mechanisms and highlights the important role of exosites, allosteric sites, and processes involved in zymogen activation. These mechanisms play a central role in shaping the complex world of peptidase function and are promising potential targets for the development of innovative drugs and therapeutic interventions. The review also briefly discusses the influence of glycosaminoglycans and non-inhibitory binding proteins on enzyme activities. Understanding their role may be a crucial factor in the development of therapeutic strategies. By elucidating the intricate web of regulatory mechanisms that control peptidase activity, this review deepens our understanding in this field and provides a roadmap for various strategies to influence and modulate peptidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Novinec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Biasizzo M, Javoršek U, Vidak E, Zarić M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins: A long and winding road towards clinics. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101150. [PMID: 36283280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research often focuses on properties that differentiate between diseased and healthy tissue; one of the current focuses is elevated expression and altered localisation of proteases. Among these proteases, dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins can frequently be observed in inflammation-associated diseases, which tips the functional balance from normal physiological to pathological manifestations. Their overexpression and secretion regularly exhibit a strong correlation with the development and progression of such diseases, making them attractive pharmacological targets. But beyond their mostly detrimental role in inflammation-associated diseases, cysteine cathepsins are physiologically highly important enzymes involved in various biological processes crucial for maintaining homeostasis and responding to different stimuli. Consequently, several challenges have emerged during the efforts made to translate basic research data into clinical applications. In this review, we present both physiological and pathological roles of cysteine cathepsins and discuss the clinical potential of cysteine cathepsin-targeting strategies for disease management and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Biasizzo
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Vidak
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miki Zarić
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Hu Z, Ma P, Ma N, Wang J. FeCl 3-Catalyzed Synthesis of Tanshinlactone Analogues from 1 H-Indene-1,2,3-triones and Alkynes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10982-10989. [PMID: 35914246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinlactone has been found in several natural products and biologically active compounds. Herein, a new FeCl3-catalyzed strategy using 1H-indene-1,2,3-triones and alkynes as starting materials is reported to obtain various tanshinlactone derivatives. This protocol has the advantages of involving low cost, environmentally benign catalysts, simple reaction conditions, and a broad range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Hu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Peng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 30072, P. R. China
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Jurczak A, Delay L, Barbier J, Simon N, Krock E, Sandor K, Agalave NM, Rudjito R, Wigerblad G, Rogóż K, Briat A, Miot-Noirault E, Martinez-Martinez A, Brömme D, Grönwall C, Malmström V, Klareskog L, Khoury S, Ferreira T, Labrum B, Deval E, Jiménez-Andrade JM, Marchand F, Svensson CI. Antibody-induced pain-like behavior and bone erosion: links to subclinical inflammation, osteoclast activity, and acid-sensing ion channel 3-dependent sensitization. Pain 2022; 163:1542-1559. [PMID: 34924556 PMCID: PMC9341234 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Several bone conditions, eg, bone cancer, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are associated with a risk of developing persistent pain. Increased osteoclast activity is often the hallmark of these bony pathologies and not only leads to bone remodeling but is also a source of pronociceptive factors that sensitize the bone-innervating nociceptors. Although historically bone loss in RA has been believed to be a consequence of inflammation, both bone erosion and pain can occur years before the symptom onset. Here, we have addressed the disconnection between inflammation, pain, and bone erosion by using a combination of 2 monoclonal antibodies isolated from B cells of patients with RA. We have found that mice injected with B02/B09 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed a long-lasting mechanical hypersensitivity that was accompanied by bone erosion in the absence of joint edema or synovitis. Intriguingly, we have noted a lack of analgesic effect of naproxen and a moderate elevation of few inflammatory factors in the ankle joints suggesting that B02/B09-induced pain-like behavior does not depend on inflammatory processes. By contrast, we found that inhibiting osteoclast activity and acid-sensing ion channel 3 signaling prevented the development of B02/B09-mediated mechanical hypersensitivity. Moreover, we have identified secretory phospholipase A2 and lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0 as critical components of B02/B09-induced pain-like behavior and shown that treatment with a secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor reversed B02/B09-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and bone erosion. Taken together, our study suggests a potential link between bone erosion and pain in a state of subclinical inflammation and offers a step forward in understanding the mechanisms of bone pain in diseases such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Jurczak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauriane Delay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 Neuro-Dol, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julie Barbier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 Neuro-Dol, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nils Simon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emerson Krock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katalin Sandor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nilesh M. Agalave
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Resti Rudjito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Wigerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Rogóż
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arnaud Briat
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR 1240, IMoST, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elisabeth Miot-Noirault
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR 1240, IMoST, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Arisai Martinez-Martinez
- Unidad Academica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa Aztlan, Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Spiro Khoury
- Lipotoxicity and Channelopathies (LiTch)—ConicMeds, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Thierry Ferreira
- Lipotoxicity and Channelopathies (LiTch)—ConicMeds, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Bonnie Labrum
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, IPMC, LabEx ICST, FHU InovPain, France
| | - Emmanuel Deval
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, IPMC, LabEx ICST, FHU InovPain, France
| | - Juan Miguel Jiménez-Andrade
- Unidad Academica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa Aztlan, Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Fabien Marchand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 Neuro-Dol, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Camilla I. Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jangra A, Verma M, Kumar D, Chandrika C, Rachamalla M, Dey A, Dua K, Jha SK, Ojha S, Alexiou A, Kumar D, Jha NK. Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress using Natural Products in Neurological Disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Puerarin specifically disrupts osteoclast activation via blocking integrin-β3 Pyk2/Src/Cbl signaling pathway. J Orthop Translat 2022; 33:55-69. [PMID: 35228997 PMCID: PMC8858883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Given the limitations of current anti-resorption agents for postmenopausal osteoporosis, there is a need for alternatives without impairing coupling crosstalk between bone resorption and bone formation ie. osteoclastogenesis. Puerarin, a unique C-glycoside isoflavonoid, was found to be able to prevent bone loss by inhibiting bone resorption, but the underlying mechanism was controversial. In this study, we investigated the effects of puerarin on osteoclastic differentiation, activation and bone resorption and its underlying molecular mechanism in vitro, and then evaluated the effects of puerarin on bone metabolism using an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. Methods In vitro, the effect of puerarin on osteoclastic cytotoxicity, differentiation, apoptosis, activation and function were studied in raw 264.7 cells and mouse BMMs. Mechanistically, osteoclast-related makers were determined by RT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, and kinase activity assay. In vivo, Micro-CT, histology, serum bone biomarker, and mechanical testing were used to evaluate the effects of puerarin on preventing osteoporosis. Results Puerarin significantly inhibited osteoclast activation and bone resorption, without affecting osteoclastogenesis or apoptosis. In terms of mechanism, the expressions of protein of integrin-β3 and phosphorylations of Src, Pyk2 and Cbl were lower in puerarin group than those in the control group. Oral administration of puerarin prevented OVX-induced trabecular bone loss and significantly improved bone strength in rats. Moreover, puerarin significantly decreased trap positive osteoclast numbers and serum TRAP-5b, CTx1, without affecting bone formation rate. Conclusions Collectively, puerarin prevented the bone loss in OVX rat through suppression of osteoclast activation and bone resorption, by inhibiting integrin-β3-Pyk2/Cbl/Src signaling pathway, without affecting osteoclasts formation or apoptosis. Translational potential of this article These results demonstrate the unique mechanism of puerarin on bone metabolism and provide a novel agent for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Lee A, Yang H, Kim T, Ha H, Hwang YH. Identification and pharmacokinetics of bioavailable anti-resorptive phytochemicals after oral administration of Psoralea corylifolia L. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112300. [PMID: 34653758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and resulting bone fractures are the major health issues associated with morbidity in the aging population; however, there is no effective treatment that does not cause severe side effects. In East Asia, dried seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L. (PC) have traditionally been used as an herbal medicine to manage urinary tract, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as bone health. However, the mechanism of action and active biocomponents of PC are unclear. Here, we adopted a pharmacokinetic (PK) study aiming to identify the bioavailable phytochemicals in aqueous and ethanolic extracts of PC (APC) and (EPC), respectively. In addition, we aimed to determine anti-resorptive constituents of PC, which accounted for its beneficial effects on bone health. To this end, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A rapid, sensitive, and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and determined the 17 PC ingredients. In the PK study, nine components (two chalcones, two coumarins, one coumestan, two flavonoids, and two isoflavonoids) were observed between 36 and 48 h after oral administration of APC or EPC. Among the bioavailable ingredients, four PC constituents (psoralidin, isobavachin, corylifol A, and neobavaisoflavone) inhibited M-CSF-and RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. In addition, two chalcones and two isoflavonoids markedly inhibited cathepsin K activity, and their binding modes to cathepsin K were determined by molecular docking. In summary, our data suggest that bioavailable multicomponents of PC could contribute to the management of bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Korean Convergence Medicine Major KIOM, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Yang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunil Ha
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youn-Hwan Hwang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Korean Convergence Medicine Major KIOM, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
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Goričan T, Ciber L, Petek N, Svete J, Novinec M. Synthesis and kinetic characterization of hyperbolic inhibitors of human cathepsins K and S based on a succinimide scaffold. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105213. [PMID: 34364050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins K and S are closely related papain-like cysteine peptidases and potential therapeutic targets for metabolic and inflammatory diseases such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Here we describe the reduction of a previously characterized succinimide (2,5-dioxopyrrolidine)-containing hyperbolic inhibitor of cathepsin K (methyl (RS)-N-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl]glycinate), to obtain a better and more selective compound (compound 4a - methyl (2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)glycinate), which acted as a hyperbolic mixed inhibitor/activator similar to already known allosteric effectors of cathepsin K. We then investigated the potential of the succinimide scaffold as inhibitors of cathepsins K and/or S and synthesized a library of such compounds by 1,4-addition of α-amino acid esters and related compounds to N-substituted maleimides. From the generated library, we identified the first small molecule hyperbolic inhibitors of cathepsin S (methyl ((R)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-l-threoninate (compound R-4c) and 3-{[(1S,2R,3'S)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]amino}pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (compound (1S,2R,3'S-10)). The former acted via a similar mechanism to compound 4a, while the latter was a hyperbolic specific inhibitor of cathepsin S. Given the versatility of the scaffold, the identified compounds will be used as the basis for the development of high-affinity hyperbolic inhibitors of the individual peptidases and to explore the potential of hyperbolic inhibitors for the inhibition of cysteine cathepsins in in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Goričan
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Ciber
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Petek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Svete
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Novinec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Borggaard XG, Pirapaharan DC, Delaissé JM, Søe K. Osteoclasts' Ability to Generate Trenches Rather Than Pits Depends on High Levels of Active Cathepsin K and Efficient Clearance of Resorption Products. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165924. [PMID: 32824687 PMCID: PMC7460581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, it was well-accepted that osteoclasts resorb bone according to the resorption cycle model. This model is based on the assumption that osteoclasts are immobile during bone erosion, allowing the actin ring to be firmly attached and thereby provide an effective seal encircling the resorptive compartment. However, through time-lapse, it was recently documented that osteoclasts making elongated resorption cavities and trenches move across the bone surface while efficiently resorbing bone. However, it was also shown that osteoclasts making rounded cavities and pits indeed resorb bone while they are immobile. Only little is known about what distinguishes these two different resorption modes. This is of both basic and clinical interest because these resorption modes are differently sensitive to drugs and are affected by the gender as well as age of the donor. In the present manuscript we show that: 1. levels of active cathepsin K determine the switch from pit to trench mode; 2. pit and trench mode depend on clathrin-mediated endocytosis; and 3. a mechanism integrating release of resorption products and membrane/integrin recycling is required for prolongation of trench mode. Our study therefore contributes to an improved understanding of the molecular and cellular determinants for the two osteoclastic bone resorption modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia G. Borggaard
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle Hospital/Lillebaelt Hospital, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; (D.C.P.); (J.-M.D.)
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Correspondence: (X.G.B.); (K.S.); Tel.: +45-65413190 (K.S.)
| | - Dinisha C. Pirapaharan
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle Hospital/Lillebaelt Hospital, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; (D.C.P.); (J.-M.D.)
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark
| | - Jean-Marie Delaissé
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle Hospital/Lillebaelt Hospital, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; (D.C.P.); (J.-M.D.)
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kent Søe
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle Hospital/Lillebaelt Hospital, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; (D.C.P.); (J.-M.D.)
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Correspondence: (X.G.B.); (K.S.); Tel.: +45-65413190 (K.S.)
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Tabish TA, Pranjol MZI, Whatmore JL, Zhang S. Status and Future Directions of Anti-metastatic Cancer Nanomedicines for the Inhibition of Cathepsin L. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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15
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The Attenuation of Traumatic Brain Injury via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Tanshinone IIA. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4170156. [PMID: 32454938 PMCID: PMC7218958 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4170156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. The mechanisms associated with TBI development are poorly understood, and little progress has been made in the treatment of TBI. Tanshinone IIA is an effective agent to treat a variety of disorders; however, the mechanisms of Tanshinone IIA on TBI remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of Tanshinone IIA on TBI and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Changes in microvascular permeability were examined to determine the extent of TBI with Evans blue dye. Brain edema was assessed by measuring the wet weight to dry weight ratio. The expression levels of CD11, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α mRNA were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and p47phox protein expression levels were detected by western blotting. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were determined using commercial kits. Cell apoptosis was detected by western blotting and TUNEL staining. Tanshinone IIA (10 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal administration) significantly reduced brain water content and vascular permeability at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after TBI. Tanshinone IIA downregulated the mRNA expression levels of various factors induced by TBI, including CD11, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Notably, CD11 mRNA downregulation suggested that Tanshinone IIA inhibited microglia activation. Further results showed that Tanshinone IIA treatment significantly downregulated AQP4 and GFAP expression. TBI-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis were markedly reversed by Tanshinone IIA, with an increase in SOD and GSH-PX activities and a decrease in the MDA content. Moreover, Tanshinone IIA decreased TBI-induced NADPH oxidase activation via the inhibition of p47phox. Tanshinone IIA attenuated TBI, and its mechanism of action may involve the inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Vizovišek M, Vidak E, Javoršek U, Mikhaylov G, Bratovš A, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins as therapeutic targets in inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:573-588. [PMID: 32228244 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1746765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cysteine cathepsins are involved in the development and progression of numerous inflammation-associated diseases such as cancer, arthritis, bone and immune disorders. Consequently, there is a drive to progress research efforts focused on cathepsin use in diagnostics and as therapeutic targets in disease.Areas covered: This review discusses the potential of cysteine cathepsins as therapeutic targets in inflammation-associated diseases and recent advances in preclinical and clinical research. We describe direct targeting of cathepsins for treatment purposes and their indirect use in diagnostics.Expert opinion: The targeting of cysteine cathepsins has not translated into the clinic; this failure is attributed to off- and on-target side effects and/or the lack of companion biomarkers. This field now embraces developments in diagnostic imaging, the activation of prodrugs and antibody-drug conjugates for targeted drug delivery. The future lies in improved molecular tools and therapeutic concepts that will find a wide spectrum of uses in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Vizovišek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Vidak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Georgy Mikhaylov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Bratovš
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Expression of elastolytic cathepsins in human skin and their involvement in age-dependent elastin degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129544. [PMID: 32007579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin ageing is associated with structure-functional changes in the extracellular matrix, which is in part caused by proteolytic degradation. Since cysteine cathepsins are major matrix protein-degrading proteases, we investigated the age-dependent expression of elastolytic cathepsins K, S, and V in human skin, their in vitro impact on the integrity of the elastic fibre network, their cleavage specificities, and the release of bioactive peptides. METHODS Cathepsin-mediated degradation of human skin elastin samples was assessed from young to very old human donors using immunohistochemical and biochemical assays, scanning electron microscopy, and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Elastin samples derived from patients between 10 and 86 years of age were analysed and showed an age-dependent deterioration of the fibre structure from a dense network of thinner fibrils into a beaded and porous mesh. Reduced levels of cathepsins K, S, and V were observed in aged skin with a predominant epidermal expression. Cathepsin V was the most potent elastase followed by cathepsin K and S. Biomechanical analysis of degraded elastin fibres corroborated the destructive activity of cathepsins. Mass spectrometric determination of the cleavage sites in elastin revealed that all three cathepsins predominantly cleaved in hydrophobic domains. The degradation of elastin was efficiently inhibited by an ectosteric inhibitor. Furthermore, the degradation of elastin fibres resulted in the release of bioactive peptides, which have previously been associated with various pathologies. CONCLUSION Cathepsins are powerful elastin-degrading enzymes and capable of generating a multitude of elastokines. They may represent a viable target for intervention strategies to reduce skin ageing.
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Rat cathepsin K: Enzymatic specificity and regulation of its collagenolytic activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1868:140318. [PMID: 31740411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human cathepsin K (hCatK), which is highly expressed in osteoclasts, has the noteworthy ability to cleave type I and II collagens in their helical domain. Its collagenase potency depends strictly on the formation of an oligomeric complex with chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S). Accordingly, hCatK is a pivotal protease involved in bone resorption and is an attractive target for the treatment of osteoporosis. As rat is a common animal model for the evaluation of hCatK inhibitors, we conducted a comparative analysis of rat CatK (rCatK) and hCatK, which share a high degree of identity (88%) and similarity (93%). The pH activity profile of both enzymes displayed a similar bell-shaped curve (optimal pH: 6.4). Presence of Ser134 and Val160 in the S2 pocket of rCatK instead of Ala and Leu residues, respectively, in hCatK, led to a weaker peptidase activity, as observed for mouse CatK. Also, regardless of the presence of C4-S, rCatK cleaved in the nonhelical telopeptide regions of both type I (tail) and type II (articular joint) rat collagens. Structure-based computational analyses (electrostatic potential, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, free energy calculations) sustained that the C4-S mediated collagenolytic activity of rCatK obeys distinct molecular interactions from those of hCatK. Additionally, T-kininogen (a.k.a. thiostatin), a unique rat serum acute phase molecule, acted as a tight-binding inhibitor of hCatK (Ki = 0.11 ± 0.05 nM). Taken into account the increase of T-Kininogen level in inflamed rat sera, this may raise the question of the appropriateness to evaluate pharmacological hCatK inhibitors in this peculiar animal model.
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Substrate-selective inhibitors that reprogram the activity of insulin-degrading enzyme. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:565-574. [PMID: 31086331 PMCID: PMC6551522 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes that act on multiple substrates are common in biology but pose unique challenges as therapeutic targets. The metalloprotease insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) modulates blood glucose levels by cleaving insulin, a hormone that promotes glucose clearance. However, IDE also degrades glucagon, a hormone that elevates glucose levels and opposes the effect of insulin. IDE inhibitors to treat diabetes therefore should prevent IDE-mediated insulin degradation, but not glucagon degradation, in contrast with traditional modes of enzyme inhibition. Using a high-throughput screen for non-active-site ligands, we discovered potent and highly specific small-molecule inhibitors that alter IDE’s substrate selectivity. X-ray co-crystal structures, including an IDE-ligand-glucagon ternary complex, revealed substrate-dependent interactions that enable these inhibitors to potently block insulin binding while allowing glucagon cleavage, even at saturating inhibitor concentrations. These findings suggest a path for developing IDE-targeting therapeutics, and offer a blueprint for modulating other enzymes in a substrate-selective manner to unlock their therapeutic potential.
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Identification of substrate-specific inhibitors of cathepsin K through high-throughput screening. Biochem J 2019; 476:499-512. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is a cysteine protease and drug target for skeletal disorders that is known for its potent collagenase and elastase activity. The formation of oligomeric complexes of CatK in the presence of glycosaminoglycans has been associated with its collagenase activity. Inhibitors that disrupt these complexes can selectively block the collagenase activity without interfering with the other regulatory proteolytic activities of the enzyme. Here, we have developed a fluorescence polarization (FP) assay to screen 4761 compounds for substrate-specific ectosteric collagenase inhibitors of CatK. A total of 38 compounds were identified that block the collagenase activity without interfering with the hydrolysis of active site substrates such as the synthetic peptide substrate, benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Arg-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin, and gelatin. The identified inhibitors can be divided into two main classes, negatively charged and polyaromatic compounds which suggest the binding to different ectosteric sites. Two of the inhibitors were highly effective in preventing the bone-resorption activity of CatK in osteoclasts. Interestingly, some of the ectosteric inhibitors were capable of differentiating between the collagenase and elastase activity of CatK depending on the ectosteric site utilized by the compound. Owing to their substrate-specific selectivity, ectosteric inhibitors represent a viable alternative to side effect-prone active site-directed inhibitors.
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Tanshinone IIA exerts neuroprotective effects on hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairments in diabetic rats by attenuating ER stress-induced apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:530-536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Panwar P, Law S, Jamroz A, Azizi P, Zhang D, Ciufolini M, Brömme D. Tanshinones that selectively block the collagenase activity of cathepsin K provide a novel class of ectosteric antiresorptive agents for bone. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:902-923. [PMID: 29278432 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Attempts to generate active site-directed cathepsin K (CatK) inhibitors for the treatment of osteoporosis have failed because of side effects. We have previously shown that an ectosteric tanshinone CatK inhibitor isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza blocked, selectively, the collagenase activity of CatK, without affecting the active site and demonstrated its bone-preserving activity in vivo. Here, we have characterize the antiresorptive potential of other tanshinones, which may provide a scaffold for side effect-free CatK inhibitors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Thirty-one tanshinones were tested for their activity against CatK in enzymic and cell-based assays. The inhibitory potency against triple helical and fibrillar collagen degradation was determined in enzymic assays, by scanning electron microscopy and mechanical strength measurements. Human osteoclast assays were used to determine the effects of the inhibitors on bone resorption, its reversibility and osteoclastogenesis. Binding sites were characterized by molecular docking. KEY RESULTS Twelve compounds showed highly effective anti-collagenase activity and protected collagen against destruction and mechanical instability without inhibiting the hydrolysis of non-collagenous substrates. Six compounds were highly effective in osteoclast bone resorption assays with IC50 values of <500 nM. None of these tanshinones had effects on cell viability, reversibility of bone resorption inhibition and osteoclastogenesis. The core pharmacophore of the tanshinones appears to be the three-ring system with either a para- or ortho-quinone entity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our study identified several potent ectosteric antiresorptive CatK inhibitors from the medicinal plant, S. miltiorrhiza, which may avoid side effects seen with active site-directed inhibitors in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Panwar
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Simon Law
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Jamroz
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pouya Azizi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Diabetes Research Centre, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Marco Ciufolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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