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Senapati D, Osama MA, Das S, Mendiratta V, Singh S. Xeroderma Pigmentosum with a Rapidly Proliferating Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a 4-Year Old Kid: A Rare Entity in Indian Subcontinent. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2024; 23:990-993. [PMID: 39118905 PMCID: PMC11303609 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-024-02269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder, affecting nucleotide excision repair against ultraviolet radiation. This genodermatosis (a hereditary skin disorder) is distinguished by photosensitivity, alterations in cutaneous pigmentation, premature aging of the skin, and the typically observed onset of cutaneous and internal malignancies towards the conclusion of the first decade of life. In this article, we present a case involving a 4-year-old girl from North India who was born to non-consanguineous parents and developed an extensive fungating growth on her face. Subsequent diagnosis revealed the presence of squamous cell carcinoma, resulting in significant facial disfigurement. While xeroderma pigmentosum is a recognized condition, its occurrence in India, particularly in the northern region, is relatively rare. This report also underscores a noteworthy observation-the emergence of a cutaneous malignancy at such a tender age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharitree Senapati
- Department of Dermatology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Md Ali Osama
- Department of Pathology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Suparna Das
- Department of Dermatology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Vibhu Mendiratta
- Department of Dermatology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Smita Singh
- Department of Pathology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, 110001 India
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2
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Hameed S, Yu AC, Almadani B, Abualkhair S, Ahmad K, Zauli G. Genetic Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes in Childhood Eye Cancers: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:276. [PMID: 38540335 PMCID: PMC10970510 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Childhood eye cancers, although rare, present substantial health challenges, affecting the pediatric population with a remarkable impact on their lives and families. This comprehensive review provides insights into the various types of ocular tumors, primarily focusing on malignant eye tumors, their genetic predispositions, and advancements in managing these conditions. Understanding the genetic risk factors is crucial for early detection, risk assessment, and the development of targeted therapies. This review discusses genome-wide association (GWAS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies to find common and rare genetic variants. Furthermore, it also explores the outcomes and implications of these genetic discoveries in treating pediatric ocular cancer. These findings underscore the significance of genetic research in guiding early interventions and improving outcomes in children with ocular cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hameed
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (S.A.); (K.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Angeli Christy Yu
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bashaer Almadani
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (S.A.); (K.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Shereen Abualkhair
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (S.A.); (K.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Khabir Ahmad
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (S.A.); (K.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (S.A.); (K.A.); (G.Z.)
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3
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Milano L, Gautam A, Caldecott KW. DNA damage and transcription stress. Mol Cell 2024; 84:70-79. [PMID: 38103560 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Genome damage and transcription are intimately linked. Tens to hundreds of thousands of DNA lesions arise in each cell each day, many of which can directly or indirectly impede transcription. Conversely, the process of gene expression is itself a source of endogenous DNA lesions as a result of the susceptibility of single-stranded DNA to damage, conflicts with the DNA replication machinery, and engagement by cells of topoisomerases and base excision repair enzymes to regulate the initiation and progression of gene transcription. Although such processes are tightly regulated and normally accurate, on occasion, they can become abortive and leave behind DNA breaks that can drive genome rearrangements, instability, or cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Milano
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
| | - Amit Gautam
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
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Seo JI, Nishigori C, Ahn JJ, Ryu JY, Lee J, Lee MH, Kim SK, Jeong KH. Whole Exome Sequencing of a Patient with a Milder Phenotype of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040699. [PMID: 37109656 PMCID: PMC10144254 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
A 17-year-old female Korean patient (XP115KO) was previously diagnosed with Xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) by Direct Sanger sequencing, which revealed a homozygous nonsense mutation in the XPC gene (rs121965088: c.1735C > T, p.Arg579Ter). While rs121965088 is associated with a poor prognosis, our patient presented with a milder phenotype. Hence, we conducted whole-exome sequencing in the patient and her family members to detect coexisting mutations that may have resulted in a milder phenotype of rs121965088 through genetic interaction. Materials and Methods: the whole-exome sequencing analysis of samples obtained from the patient and her family members (father, mother, and brother) was performed. To identify the underlying genetic cause of XPC, the extracted DNA was analyzed using Agilent's SureSelect XT Human All Exon v5. The functional effects of the resultant variants were predicted using the SNPinfo web server, and structural changes in the XPC protein using the 3D protein modeling program SWISS-MODEL. Results: Eight biallelic variants, homozygous in the patient and heterozygous in her parents, were detected. Four were found in the XPC gene: one nonsense variant (rs121965088: c.1735C > T, p.Arg579Ter) and three silent variants (rs2227998: c.2061G > A, p. Arg687Arg; rs2279017: c.2251-6A > C, intron; rs2607775: c.-27G > C, 5'UTR). The remaining four variants were found in non-XP genes, including one frameshift variant [rs72452004 of olfactory receptor family 2 subfamily T member 35 (OR2T35)], three missense variants [rs202089462 of ALF transcription elongation factor 3 (AFF3), rs138027161 of TCR gamma alternate reading frame protein (TARP), and rs3750575 of annexin A7 (ANXA7)]. Conclusions: potential candidates for genetic interactions with rs121965088 were found. The rs2279017 and rs2607775 of XPC involved mutations in the intron region, which affected RNA splicing and protein translation. The genetic variants of AFF3, TARP, and ANXA7 are all frameshift or missense mutations, inevitably disturbing the translation and function of the resultant proteins. Further research on their functions in DNA repair pathways may reveal undiscovered cellular relationships within xeroderma pigmentosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-In Seo
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 653-0002, Japan
| | - Jung Jin Ahn
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Ryu
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Junglok Lee
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyoung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Kang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Heon Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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5
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Hassan HS, Said AK, Haji DI, Sabushimike D, Semango G, Mavura D. Xeroderma pigmentosum: An experience from Zanzibar. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:e335-e337. [PMID: 36759963 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dhikra I Haji
- Dermatology Unit, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Zanzibar, Tanzania.,Regional Dermatology Training Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Daudi Mavura
- Regional Dermatology Training Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
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6
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Maguina M, Kang PB, Tsai AC, Pacak CA. Peripheral neuropathies associated with DNA repair disorders. Muscle Nerve 2023; 67:101-110. [PMID: 36190439 PMCID: PMC10075233 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Repair of genomic DNA is a fundamental housekeeping process that quietly maintains the health of our genomes. The consequences of a genetic defect affecting a component of this delicate mechanism are quite harmful, characterized by a cascade of premature aging that injures a variety of organs, including the nervous system. One part of the nervous system that is impaired in certain DNA repair disorders is the peripheral nerve. Chronic motor, sensory, and sensorimotor polyneuropathies have all been observed in affected individuals, with specific physiologies associated with different categories of DNA repair disorders. Cockayne syndrome has classically been linked to demyelinating polyneuropathies, whereas xeroderma pigmentosum has long been associated with axonal polyneuropathies. Three additional recessive DNA repair disorders are associated with neuropathies, including trichothiodystrophy, Werner syndrome, and ataxia-telangiectasia. Although plausible biological explanations exist for why the peripheral nerves are specifically vulnerable to impairments of DNA repair, specific mechanisms such as oxidative stress remain largely unexplored in this context, and bear further study. It is also unclear why different DNA repair disorders manifest with different types of neuropathy, and why neuropathy is not universally present in those diseases. Longitudinal physiological monitoring of these neuropathies with serial electrodiagnostic studies may provide valuable noninvasive outcome data in the context of future natural history studies, and thus the responses of these neuropathies may become sentinel outcome measures for future clinical trials of treatments currently in development such as adeno-associated virus gene replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Maguina
- Medical Education Program, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Peter B Kang
- Department of Neurology, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ang-Chen Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christina A Pacak
- Department of Neurology, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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7
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Pinto CJ, Nayyar R, Asvita D, Chirumamilla A, Patel P. Late Presentation of Xeroderma Pigmentosa With Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Septic Shock: Report of a Rare Case. Cureus 2022; 14:e25967. [PMID: 35855222 PMCID: PMC9286006 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive pathology affecting nucleotide excision repair against ultraviolet radiation. This leads to an increased predisposition to developing ophthalmological, neurological, and cutaneous conditions with an increased cell turnover. This case reports a late presentation of XP presenting with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and septic shock in an eight-year-old Indian male. Emergency management with IV fluid boluses and broad-spectrum antibiotics showed no improvement in vitals. Urgent surgical debridement and tumor debulking failed to improve laboratory values. Postoperative leukocytosis with fever spikes warranted the need to transfer the patient to a super-specialty oncology unit. Such an adverse presentation is commonly seen in XP-related invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Preventive management requires early identification and a multidisciplinary approach involving dermatologists, ophthalmologists, and surgeons. Late presentations revolve around control of the disease process by sharp debridement and chemotherapy with regular surveillance as the lesions tend to reoccur even after excision and chemotherapy.
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8
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Cordts I, Önder D, Traschütz A, Kobeleva X, Karin I, Minnerop M, Koertvelyessy P, Biskup S, Forchhammer S, Binder J, Tzschach A, Meiss F, Schmidt A, Kreiß M, Cremer K, Mensah MA, Park J, Rautenberg M, Deininger N, Sturm M, Lingor P, Klopstock T, Weiler M, Marxreiter F, Synofzik M, Posch C, Sirokay J, Klockgether T, Haack TB, Deschauer M. Adult-Onset Neurodegeneration in Nucleotide Excision Repair Disorders (NERD ND ): Time to Move Beyond the Skin. Mov Disord 2022; 37:1707-1718. [PMID: 35699229 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants in genes of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway have been associated with heterogeneous clinical presentations ranging from xeroderma pigmentosum to Cockayne syndrome and trichothiodystrophy. NER deficiencies manifest with photosensitivity and skin cancer, but also developmental delay and early-onset neurological degeneration. Adult-onset neurological features have been reported in only a few xeroderma pigmentosum cases, all showing at least mild skin manifestations. OBJECTIVE The aim of this multicenter study was to investigate the frequency and clinical features of patients with biallelic variants in NER genes who are predominantly presenting with neurological signs. METHODS In-house exome and genome datasets of 14,303 patients, including 3543 neurological cases, were screened for deleterious variants in NER-related genes. Clinical workup included in-depth neurological and dermatological assessments. RESULTS We identified 13 patients with variants in ERCC4 (n = 8), ERCC2 (n = 4), or XPA (n = 1), mostly proven biallelic, including five different recurrent and six novel variants. All individuals had adult-onset progressive neurological deterioration with ataxia, dementia, and frequently chorea, neuropathy, and spasticity. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed profound global brain atrophy in all patients. Dermatological examination did not show any skin cancer or pronounced ultraviolet damage. CONCLUSIONS We introduce NERDND as adult-onset neurodegeneration (ND ) within the spectrum of autosomal recessive NER disorders (NERD). Our study demonstrates that NERDND is probably an underdiagnosed cause of neurodegeneration in adulthood and should be considered in patients with overlapping cognitive and movement abnormalities. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Cordts
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Demet Önder
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Traschütz
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xenia Kobeleva
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ivan Karin
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Minnerop
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Koertvelyessy
- Department of Neurology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- CeGaT GmbH und Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Forchhammer
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Tzschach
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Meiss
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martina Kreiß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kirsten Cremer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin A Mensah
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Digital Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Joohyun Park
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maren Rautenberg
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natalie Deininger
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Sturm
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Weiler
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz Marxreiter
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Posch
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, German Cancer Consortium, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Sirokay
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Klockgether
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Deschauer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Woodun H, Woodun H, Vedachalam RV, Fassihi H, Achar P. Bilateral cochlear implantation in a young patient with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP-D) and progressive sensorineural hearing loss-How to do it? J Surg Case Rep 2022; 2022:rjab594. [PMID: 35047178 PMCID: PMC8759561 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjab594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), a rare genetic skin condition, causes ultraviolet (UV)-induced neoplasms and possible neurological deficits including sensorineural hearingloss. We present the first case in literature of bilateral cochlear implantation (CI) in a patient with XP-D with neurodegeneration. Multi-disciplinary team members (national XP team, dermatologist, anaesthetist, theatre team, biophysicists) were involved. UV exposure from equipment and areas where the 14-year-old patient would track was measured. Maximum possible surgery was performed under operating headlights to limit higher-UV microscope exposure. Its bulb light intensity was reduced to achieve safe UV level (0–10 μW/cm2). Skin was protected under surgical drapes. Challenges included drilling unpredicted hard thick bone under low-intensity light and requiring bulkier Nucleus®-7 processor due to unanticipated increased scarring. A delayed left facial weakness was resolved with steroids. He is undergoing hearing rehabilitation. This highlights challenges of CI in XP. Its impact in preserving cognition and on neurodegeneration should also be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Woodun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - H Woodun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln LN2 5QY, UK
| | | | - H Fassihi
- Consultant Dermatologist and Clinical Lead for National XP Service, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EP, UK
| | - P Achar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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10
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Lehky TJ, Sackstein P, Tamura D, Quezado M, Wu T, Khan SG, Patronas NJ, Wiggs E, Brewer CC, DiGiovanna JJ, Kraemer KH. Differences in peripheral neuropathy in xeroderma pigmentosum complementation groups A and D as evaluated by nerve conduction studies. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:393. [PMID: 34627174 PMCID: PMC8501575 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder with defective DNA nucleotide excision repair and associated with a high frequency of skin cancer. Approximately 25% of patients develop progressive neurological degeneration. Complementation groups XP-A and XP-D are most frequently associated with neurological disorders. Design/methods This is a retrospective review of patients with XP who were evaluated at NIH from 1986 to 2015 and had nerve conduction studies (NCS). In the complementation groups with peripheral neuropathy, further comparisons of the NCS were made with audiological, brain imaging, neuropsychological assessments that were also performed on most of the patients. Limited neuropathology of XP-A and XP-D patients were examined.. Results The 33 patients had NCS: XP-A (9 patients), XP-C (7 patients), XP-D (10 patients), XP-E (1 patient), XP-V (4 patients), and XP-unknown (2 patients). Peripheral neuropathy based on nerve conduction studies was documented only in two complementation groups: 78% (7/9) of XP-A patients had a sensorimotor neuropathy while 50% (5/10) of XP-D patients had a sensory neuropathy only. Analysis of sural sensory nerve amplitude in both complementation groups XP-A and XP-D correlated with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), MRI/CT severity, and Full-scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Analysis of fibular motor nerve amplitude in complementation XP-A correlated with SNHL and MRI/CT severity. Limited follow-up studies showed gradual loss of NCS responses compared to an earlier and more rapid progression of the hearing loss. Conclusions Despite similar brain imaging and audiological findings patients, XP-A and XP-D complementation groups differ in the type of neuropathy, sensorimotor versus sensory alone. A few cases suggest that sensorineural hearing loss may precede abnormal NCS in XP and therefore serve as valuable clinical indicators of XP patients that will later develop peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Sackstein
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deborah Tamura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Tianxia Wu
- Clinical Trials Unit, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sikandar G Khan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Edythe Wiggs
- Clinical Trials Unit, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - John J DiGiovanna
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth H Kraemer
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Martens MC, Emmert S, Boeckmann L. Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Gene Variants and Splice Variants. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1173. [PMID: 34440347 PMCID: PMC8391564 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide excision repair (NER) is essential for the repair of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage, such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6,4-pyrimidine-pyrimidone dimers (6,4-PPs). Alterations in genes of the NER can lead to DNA damage repair disorders such as Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). XP is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder associated with UV-sensitivity and early onset of skin cancer. Recently, extensive research has been conducted on the functional relevance of splice variants and their relation to cancer. Here, we focus on the functional relevance of alternative splice variants of XP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Boeckmann
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.C.M.); (S.E.)
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Wang H, Lautrup S, Caponio D, Zhang J, Fang EF. DNA Damage-Induced Neurodegeneration in Accelerated Ageing and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136748. [PMID: 34201700 PMCID: PMC8268089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair ensures genomic stability to achieve healthy ageing, including cognitive maintenance. Mutations on genes encoding key DNA repair proteins can lead to diseases with accelerated ageing phenotypes. Some of these diseases are xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA, caused by mutation of XPA), Cockayne syndrome group A and group B (CSA, CSB, and are caused by mutations of CSA and CSB, respectively), ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T, caused by mutation of ATM), and Werner syndrome (WS, with most cases caused by mutations in WRN). Except for WS, a common trait of the aforementioned progerias is neurodegeneration. Evidence from studies using animal models and patient tissues suggests that the associated DNA repair deficiencies lead to depletion of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), resulting in impaired mitophagy, accumulation of damaged mitochondria, metabolic derailment, energy deprivation, and finally leading to neuronal dysfunction and loss. Intriguingly, these features are also observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia affecting more than 50 million individuals worldwide. Further studies on the mechanisms of the DNA repair deficient premature ageing diseases will help to unveil the mystery of ageing and may provide novel therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heling Wang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (H.W.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Sofie Lautrup
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (H.W.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Domenica Caponio
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (H.W.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (H.W.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (J.Z.)
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Evandro F. Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (H.W.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (J.Z.)
- The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), 0010 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Krasikova Y, Rechkunova N, Lavrik O. Nucleotide Excision Repair: From Molecular Defects to Neurological Abnormalities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126220. [PMID: 34207557 PMCID: PMC8228863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the most versatile DNA repair pathway, which can remove diverse bulky DNA lesions destabilizing a DNA duplex. NER defects cause several autosomal recessive genetic disorders. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is one of the NER-associated syndromes characterized by low efficiency of the removal of bulky DNA adducts generated by ultraviolet radiation. XP patients have extremely high ultraviolet-light sensitivity of sun-exposed tissues, often resulting in multiple skin and eye cancers. Some XP patients develop characteristic neurodegeneration that is believed to derive from their inability to repair neuronal DNA damaged by endogenous metabolites. A specific class of oxidatively induced DNA lesions, 8,5′-cyclopurine-2′-deoxynucleosides, is considered endogenous DNA lesions mainly responsible for neurological problems in XP. Growing evidence suggests that XP is accompanied by defective mitophagy, as in primary mitochondrial disorders. Moreover, NER pathway is absent in mitochondria, implying that the mitochondrial dysfunction is secondary to nuclear NER defects. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the NER molecular mechanism and focuses on the NER linkage with the neurological degeneration in patients with XP. We also present recent research advances regarding NER involvement in oxidative DNA lesion repair. Finally, we highlight how mitochondrial dysfunction may be associated with XP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Krasikova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Y.K.); (N.R.)
| | - Nadejda Rechkunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Y.K.); (N.R.)
| | - Olga Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Y.K.); (N.R.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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González-Morán A, Piquero-Casals J. Use of a Topical Film-Forming Medical Device Containing Repairsomes ® in a Patient with Xeroderma Pigmentosum to Avoid Progression to Skin Cancerization. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:677-681. [PMID: 32982361 PMCID: PMC7501962 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s274423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a case of xeroderma pigmentosum in a 78-year-old woman with a 17-year history of multiple basal cell carcinomas, keratoacanthoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma, in different photoexposed facial regions. To prevent aggravation of these medical conditions, for five years, the patient had been applying a film-forming topical medical device (MD) containing the DNA-repair enzyme photolyase in liposomes and high-protection UV filters (Repairsomes) twice a day. During this time, the patient had no clinical or dermatoscopic evidence of new skin cancer lesions. However, at her last visit, the patient had a new basal cell carcinoma on the face, in the right supramaxillary area. After questioning, the patient recognized that she had not been applying the product on a regular basis during the last year. This may have been a coincidence; however, there is clinical evidence of the preventive effect of this MD in reducing the cancerization field and consequently the development of skin cancer. This product contains a light-activated flavoenzyme called photolyase which creates the condition to revert cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer. In the discussion of this case, we review recent publications and stress some important aspects on the role of photoprotection and photorepair as a strategy to more effectively reduce the risk of UV-induced premalignant and malignant skin lesions compared to traditional photoprotection strategies.
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Saha LK, Wakasugi M, Akter S, Prasad R, Wilson SH, Shimizu N, Sasanuma H, Huang SYN, Agama K, Pommier Y, Matsunaga T, Hirota K, Iwai S, Nakazawa Y, Ogi T, Takeda S. Topoisomerase I-driven repair of UV-induced damage in NER-deficient cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14412-14420. [PMID: 32513688 PMCID: PMC7321995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920165117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) removes helix-destabilizing adducts including ultraviolet (UV) lesions, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs). In comparison with CPDs, 6-4PPs have greater cytotoxicity and more strongly destabilizing properties of the DNA helix. It is generally believed that NER is the only DNA repair pathway that removes the UV lesions as evidenced by the previous data since no repair of UV lesions was detected in NER-deficient skin fibroblasts. Topoisomerase I (TOP1) constantly creates transient single-strand breaks (SSBs) releasing the torsional stress in genomic duplex DNA. Stalled TOP1-SSB complexes can form near DNA lesions including abasic sites and ribonucleotides embedded in chromosomal DNA. Here we show that base excision repair (BER) increases cellular tolerance to UV independently of NER in cancer cells. UV lesions irreversibly trap stable TOP1-SSB complexes near the UV damage in NER-deficient cells, and the resulting SSBs activate BER. Biochemical experiments show that 6-4PPs efficiently induce stable TOP1-SSB complexes, and the long-patch repair synthesis of BER removes 6-4PPs downstream of the SSB. Furthermore, NER-deficient cancer cell lines remove 6-4PPs within 24 h, but not CPDs, and the removal correlates with TOP1 expression. NER-deficient skin fibroblasts weakly express TOP1 and show no detectable repair of 6-4PPs. Remarkably, the ectopic expression of TOP1 in these fibroblasts led them to completely repair 6-4PPs within 24 h. In conclusion, we reveal a DNA repair pathway initiated by TOP1, which significantly contributes to cellular tolerance to UV-induced lesions particularly in malignant cancer cells overexpressing TOP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liton Kumar Saha
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mitsuo Wakasugi
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 920-1192 Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Salma Akter
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Samuel H Wilson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Naoto Shimizu
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasanuma
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shar-Yin Naomi Huang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Keli Agama
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tsukasa Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 920-1192 Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kouji Hirota
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 192-0397 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenori Iwai
- Biological Chemistry Group, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakazawa
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoo Ogi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan;
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Cytotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Narrowband UVB to Mammalian Cells. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060646. [PMID: 32545288 PMCID: PMC7349664 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototherapy using narrowband ultraviolet-B (NB-UVB) has been shown to be more effective than conventional broadband UVB (BB-UVB) in treating a variety of skin diseases. To assess the difference in carcinogenic potential between NB-UVB and BB-UVB, we investigated the cytotoxicity via colony formation assay, genotoxicity via sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay, mutagenicity via hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) mutation assay, as well as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) formation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and their NER mutant cells. The radiation dose required to reduce survival to 10% (D10 value) demonstrated BB-UVB was 10 times more cytotoxic than NB-UVB, and revealed that NB-UVB also induces DNA damage repaired by nucleotide excision repair. We also found that BB-UVB more efficiently induced SCEs and HPRT mutations per absorbed energy dosage (J/m2) than NB-UVB. However, SCE and HPRT mutation frequencies were observed to rise in noncytotoxic dosages of NB-UVB exposure. BB-UVB and NB-UVB both produced a significant increase in CPD formation and ROS formation (p < 0.05); however, higher dosages were required for NB-UVB. These results suggest that NB-UVB is less cytotoxic and genotoxic than BB-UVB, but can still produce genotoxic effects even at noncytotoxic doses.
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Martens MC, Emmert S, Boeckmann L. Sunlight, Vitamin D, and Xeroderma Pigmentosum. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:319-331. [PMID: 32918226 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight, in particular UV-B radiation, is an important factor for endogenous vitamin D production as 80-90% of the required vitamin D needs to be photosynthesized in the skin. The active form of vitamin D, vitamin D3 or calcitriol, binds to the ligand-activated transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR) for genomic and non-genomic effects. Recently, calcitriol and analogs have been shown to have antiproliferative effects in mouse and human BCC and SCC cell lines in vitro. As UV radiation plays a critical role in the photosynthesis of vitamin D, stringent sun protection, as recommended for xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients, may impact their vitamin D levels.XP is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with a worldwide prevalence of 1 in 1,000,000. XP can be divided into seven different complementation groups: XP-A to XP-G. The complementation groups correspond with the underlying gene defect. Defects in these genes lead to a defective nucleotide excision repair (NER), which is necessary to remove UV-induced DNA damage such as the UV photoproducts cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and 6-4 pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4 PP) dimer. Additionally, a variant form with a mutation in the translational polymerase η gene (PolH), also called XP variant (XPV), exists. Patients with XPV show a defect in translesion synthesis. Due to their inability to repair UV-induced lesions, XP patients exhibit an increased risk for UV-induced nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) as well as melanoma. Although no curative therapy for XP exists today, numerous options for the treatment and prophylaxis of skin cancer have become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Christine Martens
- Clinic and Policlinic of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic and Policlinic of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lars Boeckmann
- Clinic and Policlinic of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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18
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Wang X, Galli G, Campanella M. Mitochondrial pharmacology: featured mechanisms and approaches for therapy translation. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4245-4246. [PMID: 31793696 PMCID: PMC6887662 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Featured Mechanisms and Approaches for Therapy Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Gina Galli
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
- University College London Consortium for Mitochondrial ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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19
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Tiwari V, Wilson DM. DNA Damage and Associated DNA Repair Defects in Disease and Premature Aging. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:237-257. [PMID: 31374202 PMCID: PMC6693886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic information is constantly being attacked by intrinsic and extrinsic damaging agents, such as reactive oxygen species, atmospheric radiation, environmental chemicals, and chemotherapeutics. If DNA modifications persist, they can adversely affect the polymerization of DNA or RNA, leading to replication fork collapse or transcription arrest, or can serve as mutagenic templates during nucleic acid synthesis reactions. To combat the deleterious consequences of DNA damage, organisms have developed complex repair networks that remove chemical modifications or aberrant base arrangements and restore the genome to its original state. Not surprisingly, inherited or sporadic defects in DNA repair mechanisms can give rise to cellular outcomes that underlie disease and aging, such as transformation, apoptosis, and senescence. In the review here, we discuss several genetic disorders linked to DNA repair defects, attempting to draw correlations between the nature of the accumulating DNA damage and the pathological endpoints, namely cancer, neurological disease, and premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Tiwari
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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20
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Abeti R, Zeitlberger A, Peelo C, Fassihi H, Sarkany RPE, Lehmann AR, Giunti P. Xeroderma pigmentosum: overview of pharmacology and novel therapeutic strategies for neurological symptoms. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4293-4301. [PMID: 30499105 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) encompasses a group of rare diseases characterized in most cases by malfunction of nucleotide excision repair (NER), which results in an increased sensitivity to UV radiation in affected individuals. Approximately 25-30% of XP patients present with neurological symptoms, such as sensorineural deafness, mental deterioration and ataxia. Although it is known that dysfunctional DNA repair is the primary pathogenesis in XP, growing evidence suggests that mitochondrial pathophysiology may also occur. This appears to be secondary to dysfunctional NER but may contribute to the neurodegenerative process in these patients. The available pharmacological treatments in XP mostly target the dermal manifestations of the disease. In the present review, we outline how current understanding of the pathophysiology of XP could be used to develop novel therapies to counteract the neurological symptoms. Moreover, the coexistence of cancer and neurodegeneration present in XP led us to focus on possible new avenues targeting mitochondrial pathophysiology. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Featured Mechanisms and Approaches for Therapy Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Abeti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, Institute of Neurology London, London, UK
| | - Anna Zeitlberger
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, Institute of Neurology London, London, UK
| | - Colm Peelo
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, Institute of Neurology London, London, UK
| | - Hiva Fassihi
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, St John's Institute of Dermatology Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Robert P E Sarkany
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, St John's Institute of Dermatology Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alan R Lehmann
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, Institute of Neurology London, London, UK.,National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, St John's Institute of Dermatology Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
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