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Aquino ME, Drago SR, Sánchez de Medina F, Martínez-Augustin O, Cian RE. Anti-diabetic properties of brewer's spent yeast peptides. In vitro, in silico and ex vivo study after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Food Funct 2024; 15:3778-3790. [PMID: 38511218 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04040b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Brewer's spent yeast (BSY) hydrolysates are a source of antidiabetic peptides. Nevertheless, the impact of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of BSY derived peptides on diabetes has not been assessed. In this study, two BSY hydrolysates were obtained (H1 and H2) using β-glucanase and alkaline protease, with either 1 h or 2 h hydrolysis time for H1 and H2, respectively. These hydrolysates were then subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID), obtaining dialysates D1 and D2, respectively. BSY hydrolysates inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) enzymes. Moreover, although D2 was inactive against these enzymes, D1 IC50 value was lower than those found for the hydrolysates. Interestingly, after electrophoretic separation, D1 mannose-linked peptides showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, while non-glycosylated peptides had the highest DPP-IV inhibitory activity. Kinetic analyses showed a non-competitive mechanism in both cases. After peptide identification, GILFVGSGVSGGEEGAR and IINEPTAAAIAYGLDK showed the highest in silico anti-diabetic activities among mannose-linked and non-glycosylated peptides, respectively (AntiDMPpred score: 0.70 and 0.77). Molecular docking also indicated that these peptides act as non-competitive inhibitors. Finally, an ex vivo model of mouse jejunum organoids was used to study the effect of D1 on the expression of intestinal epithelial genes related to diabetes. The reduction of the expression of genes that codify lactase, sucrase-isomaltase and glucose transporter 2 was observed, as well as an increase in the expression of Gip (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide) and Glp1 (glucagon-like peptide 1). This is the first report to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of BSY peptides in mouse jejunum organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilin E Aquino
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos, CONICET, FIQ - UNL, 1° de Mayo 3250, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Silvina R Drago
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos, CONICET, FIQ - UNL, 1° de Mayo 3250, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Fermín Sánchez de Medina
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Olga Martínez-Augustin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos José Mataix, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Raúl E Cian
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos, CONICET, FIQ - UNL, 1° de Mayo 3250, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
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Martinez GJ, Appleton M, Kipp ZA, Loria AS, Min B, Hinds TD. Glucocorticoids, their uses, sexual dimorphisms, and diseases: new concepts, mechanisms, and discoveries. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:473-532. [PMID: 37732829 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal stress response in humans is governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through heightened mechanisms during stress, raising blood levels of the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. Glucocorticoids are quintessential compounds that balance the proper functioning of numerous systems in the mammalian body. They are also generated synthetically and are the preeminent therapy for inflammatory diseases. They act by binding to the nuclear receptor transcription factor glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which has two main isoforms (GRα and GRβ). Our classical understanding of glucocorticoid signaling is from the GRα isoform, which binds the hormone, whereas GRβ has no known ligands. With glucocorticoids being involved in many physiological and cellular processes, even small disruptions in their release via the HPA axis, or changes in GR isoform expression, can have dire ramifications on health. Long-term chronic glucocorticoid therapy can lead to a glucocorticoid-resistant state, and we deliberate how this impacts disease treatment. Chronic glucocorticoid treatment can lead to noticeable side effects such as weight gain, adiposity, diabetes, and others that we discuss in detail. There are sexually dimorphic responses to glucocorticoids, and women tend to have a more hyperresponsive HPA axis than men. This review summarizes our understanding of glucocorticoids and critically analyzes the GR isoforms and their beneficial and deleterious mechanisms and the sexual differences that cause a dichotomy in responses. We also discuss the future of glucocorticoid therapy and propose a new concept of dual GR isoform agonist and postulate why activating both isoforms may prevent glucocorticoid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesee J Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Malik Appleton
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Zachary A Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Booki Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Dong W, Yang Z. Association of nickel exposure with body mass index, waist circumference and incidence of obesity in US adults. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139599. [PMID: 37480956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to detect the relationship between nickel exposure and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and incidence of obesity in the general population of the United States. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 database was utilized, and the sample comprised 1702 participants aged 18 years and above with complete urinary nickel, body mass index, and waist circumference data. Obesity was determined using BMI and waist circumference data. The multivariate linear regression and logistic regression models were utilized to detect the association between urinary nickel concentration and BMI, waist circumference, and incidence of obesity. After multivariable adjustment, the log-transformed urinary nickel concentration was inversely associated with BMI [β = -0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI): (-1.36, -0.38)] and waist circumference [β = -1.51; 95% CI: (-2.93, -0.08)]. Compared with the lowest tertile of urinary nickel, the β value and 95% CI of BMI and waist circumference for the highest tertile were β = -1.65.95% CI: (-2.85, -0.45) and β = -2.78, 95% CI: (-6.17, 0.62), respectively. The log-transformed urinary nickel concentration was also negatively associated with obesity status [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.81, 95% CI: (0.64, 1.01)]. Compared with the lowest tertile of urinary nickel, the adjusted OR and 95% CI of obesity status for the highest tertile were OR = 0.64 and 95% CI: (0.37, 1.12). Smooth curve fitting and the generalized additive model indicated that elevated urinary nickel concentration was associated with decreased BMI, waist circumference, and incidence of obesity. The negative association was consistent and robust in different subgroups, according to stratified analysis. This study found that nickel exposure may be negatively associated with BMI, waist circumference and incidence of obesity in US Adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Bi S, Liu Y, Lv T, Ren Y, Liu K, Liu C, Zhang Y. Preliminary exploration of method for screening efficacy markers compatibility in TCM prescriptions based on Q-markers: Anti-inflammatory activity of Dachaihu decoction as an example. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 312:116539. [PMID: 37088240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dachaihu Decoction (DD), a classic Chinese herbal prescription, is composed of radix of Bupleurum chinense DC. (Chaihu), radix of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huangqin), radix of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Baishao), rhizoma of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (Banxia), fructus of Citrus aurantium L. (Zhishi), rhizoma of Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Shengjiang), fructus of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Dazao) and rhizoma of Rheum officinale Baill. (Dahuang). DD has the traditional effects of soothing the liver, relieving depression and clearing heat from the stomach, and is mainly used to treat heat stagnation in the liver and stomach. AIM OF THE STUDY Dachaihu decoction (DD), a classic prescription commonly used in clinical practice for the treatment of pancreatitis and cholecystitis. Although its pharmacological effects are clear, the efficacy components and mechanism of action remain intricate and difficult to clarify. MATERIALS AND METHODS The action targets and components of the anti-inflammatory activity of DD were predicted by network pharmacology; the effective components and targets were verified by HPLC and qPCR; the efficacy markers of DD were further screened by in vitro experiments; the pharmacological value of DD and its components compatibility were evaluated by in vitro experiments. RESULTS The key targets MMP9, JAK2, MAP2K1 and NR3C1 were screened by network pharmacology; HPLC analysis showed that paeoniflorin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein and saikosaponin B2 were identified as potential efficacy markers of DD; molecular docking combined with qPCR verification suggested that baicalin, naringin, neohesperidin, hesperidin and baicalein and wogonoside had certain ability to regulate above targets; in vitro studies revealed that paeoniflorin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein and saikosaponin B2 could inhibit the release of NO, pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase; after comprehensive comparison and analysis, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein and saikosaponin B2 were selected as the efficacy markers of DD; in vivo studies indicated that DD and its efficacy markers (components compatibility) had definite therapeutic effects on guinea pigs with cholecystitis. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy markers of DD including naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein and saikosaponin B2 can be used as components compatibility to exert anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, a method for obtaining the compatibility of efficacy markers by simplifying the prescription is initially established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Bi
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Tianyi Lv
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yue Ren
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Kaiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Tena-Garitaonaindia M, Arredondo-Amador M, Mascaraque C, Asensio M, Marin JJG, Martínez-Augustin O, Sánchez de Medina F. MODULATION OF INTESTINAL BARRIER FUNCTION BY GLUCOCORTICOIDS: LESSONS FROM PRECLINICAL MODELS. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106056. [PMID: 34995794 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used drugs for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects, but they are associated with multiple adverse effects. Despite their frequent oral administration, relatively little attention has been paid to the effects of GCs on intestinal barrier function. In this review, we present a summary of the published studies on this matter carried out in animal models and cultured cells. In cultured intestinal epithelial cells, GCs have variable effects in basal conditions and generally enhance barrier function in the presence of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In turn, in rodents and other animals, GCs have been shown to weaken barrier function, with increased permeability and lower production of IgA, which may account for some features observed in stress models. When given to animals with experimental colitis, barrier function may be debilitated or strengthened, despite a positive anti-inflammatory activity. In sepsis models, GCs have a barrier-enhancing effect. These effects are probably related to the inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation and wound healing, modulation of the microbiota and mucus production, and interference with the mucosal immune system. The available information on underlying mechanisms is described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Tena-Garitaonaindia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Arredondo-Amador
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Mascaraque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maitane Asensio
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Martínez-Augustin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fermín Sánchez de Medina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Arredondo-Amador M, González R, Aranda CJ, Martínez-Augustin O, Sánchez de Medina F. Mice carrying an epithelial deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 develop a higher tumor load in experimental colitis-associated cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G705-G718. [PMID: 34669484 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00384.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 is expressed in multiple cell types in the gut and elsewhere. Intestinal epithelial cells both produce and respond to glucocorticoids in different physiological and pathological contexts. In experimental colitis, glucocorticoids have been shown to exert a dual role, dampening inflammation while producing a deterioration in animal status, including death. Mice with tamoxifen-inducible, intestinal epithelial-specific deletion of NR3C1 (NR3C1ΔIEC mice) are protected against experimental colitis, suggesting glucocorticoid epithelial actions are deleterious. Since glucocorticoids modulate epithelial proliferation, it follows that they may affect the development of colon cancer. In this study, we set out to test this hypothesis using the dextran sulfate sodium-azoxymethane model of colitis-associated cancer. Knockout (KO) mice were found to exhibit a twofold higher tumor load but similar incidence and tumor size. Tumors had a higher trend to extend close to the submucosal layer (36% vs. 0%) in NR3C1ΔIEC mice, and overexpressed Lgr5, Egfr, and Myc, consistent with distinct expression of proliferative/stemness markers. Snai1 and Snai2 were upregulated specifically in tumors of NR3C1ΔIEC mice, suggesting enhanced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the absence of the intestinal epithelial glucocorticoid (GC) receptor. We conclude that endogenous GC epithelial signaling is involved in colitis-associated cancer.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mice carrying a tamoxifen-inducible deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor in intestinal epithelial cells (NR3C1ΔIEC mice) and their corresponding controls were subjected to the azoxymethane-dextran sulfate sodium model of colitis-associated cancer. KO mice exhibit a twofold higher tumor load, with a higher trend to extend close to the submucosal layer (36% vs. 0%), but with similar incidence and tumor size. Colonic tumors in NR3C1ΔIEC mice showed signs of increased neoplastic transformation and tumor-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Arredondo-Amador
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel González
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos J Aranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Olga Martínez-Augustin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Fermín Sánchez de Medina
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), School of Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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