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Yan Z, Yang T, Li X, Jiang Z, Jia W, Zhou J, Fang H. Apelin-13: a novel approach to suppressing renin production in RVHT. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1683-C1696. [PMID: 38646785 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00092.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Renovascular hypertension (RVHT) is characterized by renal artery stenosis and overactivated renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Apelin, known for its negative modulation of RAS, has protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. The role and mechanisms of the primary active form of apelin, apelin-13, in RVHT are unclear. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) model, and 2K1C with apelin-13 treatment groups. Renin expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and molecular techniques. Full-length (pro)renin receptor (fPRR) and soluble PRR (sPRR) levels were assessed via Western blotting, and cAMP levels were measured using ELISA. Plasma renin content, plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (ANG II), and sPRR levels were determined by ELISA. Human Calu-6 and mouse As4.1 cells were used to investigate renin production mechanisms. The 2K1C model exhibited increased systolic blood pressure, plasma renin content, PRA, sPRR, and ANG II levels, while apelin-13 treatment reduced these elevations. Apelin-13 inhibited cAMP production, renin mRNA expression, protein synthesis, and PRR/sPRR protein expression in renal tissue. In Calu-6 cells, cAMP-induced fPRR and site-1 protease (S1P)-derived sPRR expression, which was blocked by cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) inhibition. Apelin-13 suppressed cAMP elevation, CREB phosphorylation, fPRR/sPRR protein expression, and renin production. Recombinant sPRR (sPRR-His) stimulated renin production, which was inhibited by the PRR decoy peptide PRO20 and S1P inhibitor PF429242. These findings suggest that apelin-13 inhibits plasma renin expression through the cAMP/PKA/sPRR pathway, providing a potential therapeutic approach for RVHT. Understanding the regulation of renin production is crucial for developing effective treatments.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our research elucidated that apelin-13 inhibits renin production through the cAMP/PKA/soluble (pro)renin receptor pathway, presenting a promising therapeutic approach for renovascular hypertension (RVHT) by targeting renin expression mechanisms. These findings underscore the potential of apelin-13 as a novel strategy to address RVHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Yan
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Teng Yang
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xinxuan Li
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Zipeng Jiang
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wankun Jia
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Fang
- School of PharmacyWeifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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Montfort WR. Per-ARNT-Sim Domains in Nitric Oxide Signaling by Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168235. [PMID: 37572934 PMCID: PMC10858291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) regulates large swaths of animal physiology including wound healing, vasodilation, memory formation, odor detection, sexual function, and response to infectious disease. The primary NO receptor is soluble guanyly/guanylate cyclase (sGC), a dimeric protein of ∼150 kDa that detects NO through a ferrous heme, leading to a large change in conformation and enhanced production of cGMP from GTP. In humans, loss of sGC function contributes to multiple disease states, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, and is the target of a new class of drugs, sGC stimulators, now in clinical use. sGC evolved through the fusion of four ancient domains, a heme nitric oxide / oxygen (H-NOX) domain, a Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) domain, a coiled coil, and a cyclase domain, with catalysis occurring at the interface of the two cyclase domains. In animals, the predominant dimer is the α1β1 heterodimer, with the α1 subunit formed through gene duplication of the β1 subunit. The PAS domain provides an extensive dimer interface that remains unchanged during sGC activation, acting as a core anchor. A large cleft formed at the PAS-PAS dimer interface tightly binds the N-terminal end of the coiled coil, keeping this region intact and unchanged while the rest of the coiled coil repacks, and the other domains reposition. This interface buries ∼3000 Å2 of monomer surface and includes highly conserved apolar and hydrogen bonding residues. Herein, we discuss the evolutionary history of sGC, describe the role of PAS domains in sGC function, and explore the regulatory factors affecting sGC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Montfort
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Ying KE, Feng W, Ying WZ, Li X, Xing D, Sun Y, Chen Y, Sanders PW. Dietary salt initiates redox signaling between endothelium and vascular smooth muscle through NADPH oxidase 4. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102296. [PMID: 35378363 PMCID: PMC8980891 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of phenotype switching of vascular smooth muscle cells is an important determinant of normal vascular physiology. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promotes osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells through expression of Runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). In this study, an increase in dietary NaCl increased endothelial H2O2 generation through NOX4, a NAD(P)H oxidase. The production of H2O2 was sufficient to increase Runx2, osteopontin and osteocalcin in adjacent vascular smooth muscle cells from control littermate mice but was inhibited in mice lacking endothelial Nox4. A vascular smooth muscle cell culture model confirmed the direct involvement of the activation of protein kinase B (Akt) with inactivation of FoxO1 and FoxO3a observed in the control mice on the high NaCl diet. The present study also showed a reduction of catalase activity in aortas during high NaCl intake. The findings demonstrated an interesting cell-cell communication in the vascular wall that was initiated with H2O2 production by endothelium and was regulated by dietary NaCl intake. A better understanding of how dietary salt intake alters vascular biology may improve treatment of vascular disease that involves activation of Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Er Ying
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0007, USA
| | - Wenguang Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0007, USA
| | - Wei-Zhong Ying
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0007, USA
| | - Xingsheng Li
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0007, USA
| | - Dongqi Xing
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0007, USA
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0007, USA
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0007, USA; Birmingham Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Paul W Sanders
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0007, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0007, USA; Birmingham Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Lukowski R, Feil R. Recent developments in cGMP research: From mechanisms to medicines and back. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:2321-2327. [PMID: 35332531 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lukowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Feil
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Galley JC, Miller MP, Sanker S, Liu M, Sharina I, Martin E, Gomez D, Straub AC. FoxO4 controls sGCβ transcription in vascular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H417-H426. [PMID: 35089807 PMCID: PMC8873033 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00551.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) binds soluble guanylyl cyclase β (sGCβ) to produce cGMP and relax vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) needed for vasodilation. Although the regulation of NO-stimulated sGC activity has been well characterized at the posttranslational level, the mechanisms that govern sGC transcription remain incompletely understood. Recently, we identified Forkhead box subclass O (FoxO) transcription factors as essential for expression of sGC; however, the specific FoxO family member responsible for the expression of sGCβ in SMC remains unknown. Using FoxO shRNA knockdown adenovirus treatment in rat aortic SMCs, we show that FoxO1 or FoxO3 knockdown causes greater than twofold increases in Gucy1a3 and Gucy1b3 mRNA expression, without changes in NO-dependent cGMP production or cGMP-dependent phosphorylation. FoxO4 knockdown produced a 50% decrease in Gucy1a3 and Gucy1b3 mRNA with 70% loss of sGCα and 50% loss of sGCβ protein expression. Knockdown of FoxO4 expression decreased cGMP production and downstream protein kinase G-dependent phosphorylation more than 50%. Triple FoxO knockdown exacerbated loss of sGC-dependent function, phenocopying previous FoxO inhibition studies. Using promoter luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we find that FoxO4 acts as a transcriptional activator by directly binding several FoxO DNA motifs in the promoter regions of GUCY1B3 in human aortic SMCs. Collectively, our data show FoxO4 is a critical transcriptional regulator of sGCβ expression in SMC.NEW & NOTEWORTHY One of the key mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) dilation occurs through nitric oxide (NO)-dependent induction of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) by means of its β-subunit. Herein, we are the first to identify Forkhead box subclass O protein 4 (FoxO4) as a key transcriptional regulator of GUCY1B3 expression, which codes for sGCβ protein in human and animal SMCs. This discovery will likely have important implications for the future usage of antihypertensive and vasodilatory therapies which target NO production, sGC, or FoxO transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Galley
- 1Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,2Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Megan P. Miller
- 1Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Subramaniam Sanker
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mingjun Liu
- 1Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,3Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Iraida Sharina
- 4Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Emil Martin
- 4Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Delphine Gomez
- 1Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,5Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam C. Straub
- 1Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,2Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,6Center for Microvascular Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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