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Piesiewicz R, Krzystolik J, Korzelecka-Orkisz A, Tański A, Formicki K. Early Ontogeny of Cichlids Using Selected Species as Examples. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1238. [PMID: 38672386 PMCID: PMC11047631 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize in detail the reproductive strategy, course of embryogenesis, and development of larvae in three species of fishes of the genus Cichlasoma: the green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus), the red discus (Symphysodon discus), and the jaguar cichlid (Parachromis managuensis). Eggs for the study were obtained from five pairs of each species (300 eggs from each female) and incubated at 26 °C. The developing eggs were observed under a microscope (Carl Zeiss Stereo Discovery. V12 and Nikon 2000SE software (NIS-Elements F 4.30.01 64-bit) from fertilization to larval hatching until complete yolk-sac resorption. The largest average number of eggs per female was found in the jaguar cichlid (x¯ = 2991 eggs), a smaller average number of eggs was shown in the green terror (x¯ = 922 eggs), and the red discus showed the smallest average number of eggs (x¯ = 300 eggs). There were significant differences in the sizes of the eggs of the studied species: jaguar cichlid eggs were the smallest (1.060 ± 0.05 mm3), red discus eggs were larger (1.070 ± 0.07 mm3), and green terror eggs were the largest (1.365 ± 0.16 mm3). The embryogenesis time in the red discus was 2132 °H (82 Hpf), in the green terror it was 2158 °H (83 Hpf), and the longest in the jaguar cichlid was 2470 °H (87 Hpf). At the end of embryogenesis, the average size of the larvae after hatching was measured (red discus x¯ = 4.346 mm, green terror x¯ = 5.203 mm, and jaguar cichlid x¯ = 5.301 mm) and the time of yolk-sac resorption from the moment of hatching to the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding was determined (jaguar cichlid 5 days, green terror 6 days, and red discus 3 days). The results of this study may contribute to the development of reproductive biotechnology for the studied fishes that could be used in aquaculture and, thus, help protect them in their natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Piesiewicz
- Department of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Animal Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (A.K.-O.); (A.T.); (K.F.)
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2
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Jarvis GC, Marshall DJ. Fertilization Mode Covaries with Body Size. Am Nat 2023; 202:448-457. [PMID: 37792921 DOI: 10.1086/725864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe evolution of internal fertilization has occurred repeatedly and independently across the tree of life. As it has evolved, internal fertilization has reshaped sexual selection and the covariances among sexual traits, such as testes size, and gamete traits. But it is unclear whether fertilization mode also shows evolutionary associations with traits other than primary sex traits. Theory predicts that fertilization mode and body size should covary, but formal tests with phylogenetic control are lacking. We used a phylogenetically controlled approach to test the covariance between fertilization mode and adult body size (while accounting for latitude, offspring size, and offspring developmental mode) among 1,232 species of marine invertebrates from three phyla. Within all phyla, external fertilizers are consistently larger than internal fertilizers: the consequences of fertilization mode extend to traits that are only indirectly related to reproduction. We suspect that other traits may also coevolve with fertilization mode in ways that remain unexplored.
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3
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Rahman MM, Lewis LS, Fangue NA, Connon RE, Hung TC. Effects of Salinity on Fertilization, Hatching, and Larval Performance of Longfin Smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys. AQUACULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 2023:1-11. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/9984382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spawning and rearing habitats of fishes is critical to effective fisheries management and conservation. Longfin smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys is an imperiled migratory fish that is believed to spawn and rear in habitats of varying salinities; however, optimal conditions for each stage remain unknown. Here, we examined the effects of variation in salinity on egg fertilization, hatch success, and larval growth and survival. Eggs that were fertilized in freshwater (0.4 ppt) exhibited a significantly higher fertilization rate (81%) than those fertilized in brackish water (62% at 5 ppt), with no detectible effects of fish origin or female size. In contrast to fertilization rates, once the eggs were fertilized, their hatching rates were not affected by the fertilization salinity, incubation salinity, nor their interaction; however, hatching success and larval survival both increased with increasing maternal body mass. Larval growth rate appeared to be independent of salinity and maternal size. Taken together, the results indicate that fertilization is possible at a range of salinities, but optimal at lower salinities for longfin smelt; however, embryos and larvae can perform well across a range of salinities. Furthermore, results indicated that larger mothers produced high-quality offspring, a finding that supports the “bigger is better” paradigm in fisheries science and management. These results likely explain, in part, the spawning and rearing behaviors of wild longfin smelt and suggest that the conservation culture program would likely be optimized by utilizing freshwater fertilization and larger females as broodstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Moshiur Rahman
- Fish Conservation and Culture Laboratory, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California Davis, 17501 Byron Highway, Byron, CA 94514, USA
| | - Levi S. Lewis
- Otolith Geochemistry and Fish Ecology Laboratory, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, 1088 Academic Surge, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nann A. Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Richard E. Connon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Fish Conservation and Culture Laboratory, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California Davis, 17501 Byron Highway, Byron, CA 94514, USA
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4
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Wang Y, Hong X, Liu X, Li W, Chen C, Zhu J, Wei C, Zhu X, Yu L. Reproductive Output Reveals the Maternal Effects on Offspring Size-Number Trade-Off in Cultured Asian Yellow Pond Turtle ( Mauremys mutica). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2219. [PMID: 37444017 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Offspring size-number trade-off is a critical component of life-history theory and is important for further understanding the reproductive strategies of animals. The relationship between this trade-off and maternal size has been explored in several turtle species, except for the Asian yellow pond turtle, Mauremys mutica. To investigate how the maternal condition affects offspring size and number, we explored the relationships among the maternal body size and the number and size of cultured M. mutica hatchlings using a 4-year dataset. Our results showed that different females not only produced different sizes of offspring but also produced different numbers of offspring. No trade-off in egg size number was detected. According to regression analysis, we did not find that the maternal body size significantly influenced the offspring mass; however, we detected that the offspring size was significantly correlated with the clutch size and maternal age. The mean body mass of offspring increased with maternal age, and the clutch size varied significantly over four years, which was correlated with offspring size, maternal body size and age. However, the number of offspring per female increased with the maternal plastron length rather than age. Our results were inconsistent with the optimal offspring size theory in that females did not increase their offspring size but rather increased the offspring number to increase their fitness, which will also provide a basis for the efficient cultivation management of turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Xiaoyou Hong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Junxian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Chengqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Lingyun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
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5
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Piekarski PK, Valdés-Rodríguez S, Kronauer DJC. Conditional indirect genetic effects of caregivers on brood in the clonal raider ant. Behav Ecol 2023; 34:642-652. [PMID: 37434637 PMCID: PMC10332452 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Caregivers shape the rearing environment of their young. Consequently, offspring traits are influenced by the genes of their caregivers via indirect genetic effects (IGEs). However, the extent to which IGEs are modulated by environmental factors, other than the genotype of social partners (i.e., intergenomic epistasis), remains an open question. Here we investigate how brood are influenced by the genotype of their caregivers in the clonal raider ant, Ooceraea biroi, a species in which the genotype, age and number of both caregivers and brood can be experimentally controlled. First, we used four clonal lines to establish colonies that differed only in the genotype of caregivers and measured effects on foraging activity, as well as IGEs on brood phenotypes. In a second experiment, we tested whether these IGEs are conditional on the age and number of caregivers. We found that caregiver genotype affected the feeding and foraging activity of colonies, and influenced the rate of development, survival, body size, and caste fate of brood. Caregiver genotype interacted with other factors to influence the rate of development and survival of brood, demonstrating that IGEs can be conditional. Thus, we provide an empirical example of phenotypes being influenced by IGE-by-environment interactions beyond intergenomic epistasis, highlighting that IGEs of caregivers/parents are alterable by factors other than their brood's/offspring's genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K Piekarski
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephany Valdés-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel J C Kronauer
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Schrader M, Hughes P, Jenkins S, Kusher I, Lopez J, Oglesby H, McGhee KE. Can age-related changes in parental care modulate inbreeding depression? A test using the burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9391. [PMID: 36225820 PMCID: PMC9534728 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental care has been shown to reduce the magnitude of inbreeding depression in some species with facultative care. However, parents often vary in the quality or amount of care they provide to their offspring, and it is less clear whether this variation also impacts the magnitude of inbreeding depression. Here, we tested whether age‐related changes in parental care modulate the expression of inbreeding depression in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis. Consistent with previous studies, we found that older parents produced larger broods of offspring than younger parents without sacrificing mean larval mass. Inbreeding depression was evident in several fitness‐related traits: brood size at dispersal, the proportion of the brood that survived to eclosion, and mean age at death were all reduced in inbred broods compared with outbred broods. Surprisingly, inbred offspring were heavier at dispersal than outbred offspring. This was likely due to reduced sibling competition in inbred broods. Despite evidence for age‐related changes in parental investment and the existence of inbreeding depression, there was no evidence that an interaction between the two influenced any of the traits we measured. Our results suggest that age‐related changes in parental care may be too slight to influence the expression of inbreeding depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parker Hughes
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the SouthSewaneeTennesseeUSA
| | - Samuel Jenkins
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the SouthSewaneeTennesseeUSA
| | - Ian Kusher
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the SouthSewaneeTennesseeUSA
| | - Jonathan Lopez
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the SouthSewaneeTennesseeUSA
| | - Harriet Oglesby
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the SouthSewaneeTennesseeUSA
| | - Katie E. McGhee
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the SouthSewaneeTennesseeUSA
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7
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Barreaux AMG, Higginson AD, Bonsall MB, English S. Incorporating effects of age on energy dynamics predicts nonlinear maternal allocation patterns in iteroparous animals. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20211884. [PMID: 35168397 PMCID: PMC8848239 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iteroparous parents face a trade-off between allocating current resources to reproduction versus maximizing survival to produce further offspring. Parental allocation varies across age and follows a hump-shaped pattern across diverse taxa, including mammals, birds and invertebrates. This nonlinear allocation pattern lacks a general theoretical explanation, potentially because most studies focus on offspring number rather than quality and do not incorporate uncertainty or age-dependence in energy intake or costs. Here, we develop a life-history model of maternal allocation in iteroparous animals. We identify the optimal allocation strategy in response to stochasticity when energetic costs, feeding success, energy intake and environmentally driven mortality risk are age-dependent. As a case study, we use tsetse, a viviparous insect that produces one offspring per reproductive attempt and relies on an uncertain food supply of vertebrate blood. Diverse scenarios generate a hump-shaped allocation when energetic costs and energy intake increase with age and also when energy intake decreases and energetic costs increase or decrease. Feeding success and environmentally driven mortality risk have little influence on age-dependence in allocation. We conclude that ubiquitous evidence for age-dependence in these influential traits can explain the prevalence of nonlinear maternal allocation across diverse taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine M G Barreaux
- School of Biological sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398 Montpellier, France.,INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew D Higginson
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Michael B Bonsall
- Department of Zoology, Mathematical Ecology Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.,St Peters College, Oxford OX1 2DL, UK
| | - Sinead English
- School of Biological sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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8
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Bock SL, Hale MD, Rainwater TR, Wilkinson PM, Parrott BB. Incubation Temperature and Maternal Resource Provisioning, but Not Contaminant Exposure, Shape Hatchling Phenotypes in a Species with Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2021; 241:43-54. [PMID: 34436964 DOI: 10.1086/714572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe environment experienced during embryonic development is a rich source of phenotypic variation, as environmental signals have the potential to both inform adaptive plastic responses and disrupt normal developmental programs. Environment-by-embryo interactions are particularly consequential for species with temperature-dependent sex determination, a mode of sex determination common in non-avian reptiles and fish, in which thermal cues during a discrete period of development drive the formation of either an ovary or a testis. Here we examine the impact of thermal variation during incubation in combination with developmental exposure to a common endocrine-disrupting contaminant on fitness-related hatchling traits in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), a species with temperature-dependent sex determination. Using a factorial design, we exposed field-collected eggs to five thermal profiles (three constant temperatures, two fluctuating temperatures) and two environmentally relevant doses of the pesticide metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; and we quantified incubation duration, sex ratios, hatchling morphometric traits, and growth (9-10 days post-hatch). Whereas dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene exposure did not generally affect hatchling traits, constant and fluctuating temperatures produced diverse phenotypic effects. Thermal fluctuations led to subtle changes in incubation duration and produced shorter hatchlings with smaller heads when compared to the constant temperature control. Warmer, male-promoting incubation temperatures resulted in larger hatchlings with more residual yolk reserves when compared to cooler, female-promoting temperatures. Together, these findings advance our understanding of how complex environmental factors interact with developing organisms to generate phenotypic variation and raise questions regarding the mechanisms connecting variable thermal conditions to responses in hatchling traits and their evolutionary implications for temperature-dependent sex determination.
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9
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Ribeirinho Vidal VC, Carvalho Filho FDS, Silva de Miranda G. Amblypygi parthenogenesis, embryonic and post-embryonic development: a case study with the Amazonian species Charinus guto Giupponi and Miranda, 2016 (Amblypygi: Charinidae). J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1936678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gustavo Silva de Miranda
- Entomology Department, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA
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10
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Bebbington K, Groothuis TGG. Who listens to mother? A whole-family perspective on the evolution of maternal hormone allocation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1951-1968. [PMID: 33988906 PMCID: PMC8518390 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maternal effects, or the influence of maternal environment and phenotype on offspring phenotype, may allow mothers to fine-tune their offspring's developmental trajectory and resulting phenotype sometimes long after the offspring has reached independence. However, maternal effects on offspring phenotype do not evolve in isolation, but rather within the context of a family unit, where the separate and often conflicting evolutionary interests of mothers, fathers and offspring are all at play. While intrafamilial conflicts are routinely invoked to explain other components of reproductive strategy, remarkably little is known about how intrafamilial conflicts influence maternal effects. We argue that much of the considerable variation in the relationship between maternally derived hormones, nutrients and other compounds and the resulting offspring phenotype might be explained by the presence of conflicting selection pressures on different family members. In this review, we examine the existing literature on maternal hormone allocation as a case study for maternal effects more broadly, and explore new hypotheses that arise when we consider current findings within a framework that explicitly incorporates the different evolutionary interests of the mother, her offspring and other family members. Specifically, we hypothesise that the relationship between maternal hormone allocation and offspring phenotype depends on a mother's ability to manipulate the signals she sends to offspring, the ability of family members to be plastic in their response to those signals and the capacity for the phenotypes and strategies of various family members to interact and influence one another on both behavioural and evolutionary timescales. We also provide suggestions for experimental, comparative and theoretical work that may be instrumental in testing these hypotheses. In particular, we highlight that manipulating the level of information available to different family members may reveal important insights into when and to what extent maternal hormones influence offspring development. We conclude that the evolution of maternal hormone allocation is likely to be shaped by the conflicting fitness optima of mothers, fathers and offspring, and that the outcome of this conflict depends on the relative balance of power between family members. Extending our hypotheses to incorporate interactions between family members, as well as more complex social groups and a wider range of taxa, may provide exciting new developments in the fields of endocrinology and maternal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kat Bebbington
- Behavioural Biology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands.,Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, de Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708WD, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G G Groothuis
- Behavioural Biology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
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11
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Kuijper B, Johnstone RA. Evolution of epigenetic transmission when selection acts on fecundity versus viability. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200128. [PMID: 33866808 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing theory on the evolution of parental effects and the inheritance of non-genetic factors has mostly focused on the role of environmental change. By contrast, how differences in population demography and life history affect parental effects is poorly understood. To fill this gap, we develop an analytical model to explore how parental effects evolve when selection acts on fecundity versus viability in spatio-temporally fluctuating environments. We find that regimes of viability selection, but not fecundity selection, are most likely to favour parental effects. In the case of viability selection, locally adapted phenotypes have a higher survival than maladapted phenotypes and hence become enriched in the local environment. Hence, simply by being alive, a parental phenotype becomes correlated to its environment (and hence informative to offspring) during its lifetime, favouring the evolution of parental effects. By contrast, in regimes of fecundity selection, correlations between phenotype and environment develop more slowly: this is because locally adapted and maladapted parents survive at equal rates (no survival selection), so that parental phenotypes, by themselves, are uninformative about the local environment. However, because locally adapted parents are more fecund, they contribute more offspring to the local patch than maladapted parents. In case these offspring are also likely to inherit the adapted parents' phenotypes (requiring pre-existing inheritance), locally adapted offspring become enriched in the local environment, resulting in a correlation between phenotype and environment, but only in the offspring's generation. Because of this slower build-up of a correlation between phenotype and environment essential to parental effects, fecundity selection is more sensitive to any distortions owing to environmental change than viability selection. Hence, we conclude that viability selection is most conducive to the evolution of parental effects. This article is part of the theme issue 'How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Kuijper
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Rufus A Johnstone
- Behaviour and Evolution Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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12
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Rahman MM, Kundu S, Biswas P, Parvez MS, Rouf MA, Asaduzzaman S, Debnath S, Rahman MM, Asaduzzaman M. Influence of maternal weight, age, larval feeding and their interactions on the hatchery outcomes of an Indian major carp (Labeo rohita, Hamilton 1822). AQUACULTURE REPORTS 2021; 19:100633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
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13
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Bladon EK, English S, Pascoal S, Kilner RM. Early-life effects on body size in each sex interact to determine reproductive success in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1725-1734. [PMID: 33045112 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early-life conditions have been shown to have a profound effect on an animal's body size and fecundity across diverse taxa. However, less is known about how early-life effects on fecundity within each sex interact to determine reproductive success. We used experiments with burying beetles Nicrophorus vespilloides to analyse this problem. The nutritional conditions experienced by burying beetles in early life are a key determinant of adult body size in both sexes, and adult body size in turn influences male reproductive tactics. In previous work, we showed that smaller males are more effective than larger males at stimulating virgin female fecundity. In this study, we manipulated male and female body size by restricting access to food in early development. We then conducted breeding assays, in which small and large females were mated sequentially with small and large males, and then allowed to raise offspring without paternal care. We tested whether large females, which are potentially more fecund, laid even more eggs when mated with small males. We found no evidence to support this prediction. Instead, we detected only a weak non-significant trend in the predicted direction and no equivalent trend in the number of larvae produced. However, we did find that larvae attained a greater mass by the end of development when their mother was large and mated with a small male first. We suggest that large females might have evolved counter-measures that prevent exploitation by small fecundity-stimulating males, including partial filial cannibalism. By eating surplus larvae during reproduction, larger females would leave more of the carrion for their offspring to consume. This could explain why their surviving larvae are able to attain a greater mass by the time they complete their development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinead English
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sonia Pascoal
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Haines LR, Vale GA, Barreaux AMG, Ellstrand NC, Hargrove JW, English S. Big Baby, Little Mother: Tsetse Flies Are Exceptions to the Juvenile Small Size Principle. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000049. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee R. Haines
- Vector Biology Department Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool L3 5QA UK
| | - Glyn A. Vale
- DSI‐NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA) University of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
- Natural Resources Institute University of Greenwich Chatham ME4 4TB UK
| | | | - Norman C. Ellstrand
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - John W. Hargrove
- DSI‐NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA) University of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
| | - Sinead English
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TQ UK
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15
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Christensen TK, Balsby TJS. Condition dependent strategies of egg size variation in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226532. [PMID: 32716933 PMCID: PMC7384649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed intraclutch egg-size variation over the laying sequence in relation to clutch size, and the relation between clutch size and female body condition, in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima during an 8-year period. The aim was to assess if eiders adjusted egg size within the laying sequence depending on clutch sizes in response to body condition, as such an adjustment could have adaptive implications on reproductive success through a size advantage for the hatchlings. The analyses were performed on a population level; and then at the individual level using data from recaptured females that changed clutch size between years. Based on 1,099 clutches from 812 individual females, population clutch size averaged 4.13 eggs (range: 1–6), with 4- and 5-egg clutchesconstituting c.70% of all clutches, taking turns in being the most represented clutch size. Clutch size was positively related to female pre-laying body condition at both the population and individual levels. Egg size varied significantly within and between clutch sizes and changes were significantly related to the laying sequence. First eggs were significantly larger in 4-egg clutches and second eggs marginally smaller than in 5-egg clutches, a pattern also found among individual females changing clutch size between years. The relationship between female pre-laying body condition and clutch size, and the intraclutch egg-size pattern indicate that both clutch size and egg size are actively adapted to the pre-breeding body condition of the female. As egg size potentially optimise reproductive success through a size advantage in hatchlings, the observed pattern of intraclutch egg-size variation suggests that female eiders possesses a finely tuned conditional dependent mechanism that may optimize reproductive output in years were females are in suboptimal body condition for breeding.
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16
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Zhou L, Declerck SAJ. Maternal effects in zooplankton consumers are not only mediated by direct but also by indirect effects of phosphorus limitation. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhou
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Steven A. J. Declerck
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KULeuven Leuven Belgium
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17
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Burton T, Rollinson N, McKelvey S, Stewart DC, Armstrong JD, Metcalfe NB. Adaptive Maternal Investment in the Wild? Links between Maternal Growth Trajectory and Offspring Size, Growth, and Survival in Contrasting Environments. Am Nat 2020; 195:678-690. [PMID: 32216673 DOI: 10.1086/707518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Life-history theory predicts that investment per offspring should correlate negatively with the quality of the environment that offspring are anticipated to encounter; parents may use their own experience as juveniles to predict this environment and may modulate offspring traits, such as growth capacity and initial size. We manipulated nutrient levels in the juvenile habitat of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to investigate the hypothesis that the egg size that maximizes juvenile growth and survival depends on environmental quality. We also tested whether offspring traits were related to parental growth trajectory. Mothers that grew fast when young produced more offspring and smaller offspring than mothers that grew slowly to reach the same size. Despite their size disadvantage, offspring of faster-growing mothers grew faster than those of slower-growing mothers in all environments, counter to the expectation that they would be competitively disadvantaged. However, they had lower relative survival in environments where the density of older predatory/competitor fish was relatively high. These links between maternal (but not paternal) growth trajectory and offspring survival rate were independent of egg size, underscoring that mothers may be adjusting egg traits other than size to suit the environment their offspring are anticipated to face.
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18
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Thompson DM, Fillmore R, Fillmore BM, Graves KG, Ligon DB. Reproductive Investment Patterns in a Captive Population of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Macrochelys temminckii
). HERPETOLOGICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-19-00007.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise M. Thompson
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Rebecca Fillmore
- Durant Hatchery, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Caddo, OK 74729, USA
| | - Brian M. Fillmore
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Tishomingo National Fish Hatchery, Tishomingo, OK 73460, USA
| | - Kerry G. Graves
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Tishomingo National Fish Hatchery, Tishomingo, OK 73460, USA
| | - Day B. Ligon
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
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19
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Przybylska AS, Wojciechowski MS, Jefimow M. Photoresponsiveness affects life history traits but not oxidative status in a seasonal rodent. Front Zool 2019; 16:11. [PMID: 31019542 PMCID: PMC6471882 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shortening photoperiod triggers seasonal adjustments like cessation of reproduction, molting and heterothermy. However there is a considerable among-individual variation in photoresponsiveness within one population. Although seasonal adjustments are considered beneficial to winter survival, and natural selection should favor the individuals responding to changes in photoperiod (responders), the phenotype non-responding to changes in day length is maintained in population. Assuming the same resource availability for both phenotypes which differ in strategy of winter survival, we hypothesized that they should differ in life history traits. To test this we compared reproductive traits of two extreme phenotypes of Siberian hamster Phodopus sungorus - responding and non-responding to seasonal changes in photoperiod. We bred individuals of the same phenotype and measured time to first parturition, time interval between litters, offspring body mass 3, 10 and 18 days after birth and their growth rate. We also analyzed nest-building behavior. Additionally, we estimated the correlation between reproduction, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) and oxidative status in both phenotypes to infer about the effect of reproductive output on future investments in somatic maintenance. Results Prior to reproduction responding individuals were smaller than non-responding ones, but this difference disappeared after reproduction. Responding pairs commenced breeding later than non-responding ones but there was no difference in time interval between consecutive litters. Responders delivered smaller offspring than non-responders and more out of responding individuals built the nest during winter than non-responding ones. Reproduction did not affect future investments in somatic maintenance. Phenotypes did not differ in BMR and oxidative status after reproduction. However, concentration of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) was highest in responding males, and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) was higher in males of both phenotypes than in females. Conclusions Delayed breeding in responding Siberian hamsters and high ROM concentration in male responders support our hypothesis that differences in adjustment to winter result in different life history characteristics which may explain coexistence of both phenotypes in a population. We propose that polymorphism in photoresponsiveness may be beneficial in stochastic environment, where environmental conditions differ between winters. We suggest that non-responding phenotype may be particularly beneficial during mild winter, whereas responders would be favored under harsh conditions. Therefore, none of the phenotypes is impaired when compared to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Przybylska
- 1Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Michał S Wojciechowski
- 1Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jefimow
- 2Department of Animal Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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20
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Antoł A, Czarnoleski M. Size dependence of offspring production in isopods: a synthesis. Zookeys 2018:337-357. [PMID: 30564042 PMCID: PMC6288269 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.801.23677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In isopods, parental care takes the form of offspring brooding in marsupial pouches. Marsupial brooding was an important step towards the origin of terrestrial lifestyles among isopods, but its potential role in shaping isopod life histories remains unknown. It is here considered that marsupial brooding imposes costs and creates a temporary association between the survival of mothers and that of their offspring. Integrating findings from different life history models, we predicted that the effects of marsupial brooding set selective conditions for the continuation of growth after maturation, which leads to indeterminate growth, and the production of larger offspring by larger females. Based on this perspective, a study on the size dependence of offspring production in the woodlouse Porcellioscaber was performed and the generality of the results was tested by reviewing the literature on offspring production in other isopods. In P.scaber and almost all the other studied isopods, clutch size is positively related to female size. Such dependence is a necessary pre-condition for the evolution of indeterminate growth. The body mass of P.scaber differed six-fold between the largest and smallest brooding females, indicating a high potential for post-maturation growth. Our review showed that offspring size is a rarely studied trait in isopods and that it correlates negatively with offspring number but positively with female size in nearly half of the studied species. Our study of P.scaber revealed similar patterns, but the positive effect of female size on offspring size occurred only in smaller broods, and the negative relation between clutch size and offspring size occurred only in larger females. We conclude that the intraspecific patterns of offspring production in isopods agree with theoretical predictions regarding the role of offspring brooding in shaping the adaptive patterns of female investment in growth, reproduction, and the parental care provided to individual offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Antoł
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
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21
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Averill-Murray RC, Christopher TE, Henen BT. Reproductive Ecology and Life History of Female Sonoran Desert Tortoises (Gopherus morafkai). HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 2018. [DOI: 10.1655/herpmonographs-d-18-00003.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy C. Averill-Murray
- Nongame Branch, Arizona Game and Fish Department, 5000 West Carefree Highway, Phoenix, AZ 85086, USA
| | - Terry E. Christopher
- Smithsonian Institution, Department of Zoological Research, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Brian T. Henen
- Smithsonian Institution, Department of Zoological Research, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, DC 20008, USA
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22
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González-Ortegón E, Vay LL, Walton MEM, Giménez L. Maternal Trophic Status and Offpsring Phenotype in a Marine Invertebrate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9618. [PMID: 29941878 PMCID: PMC6018471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Offspring size variation in relation to maternal size and season is characteristic of a range of species living in seasonal environments. Little is known about the proximate mechanisms explaining the links between maternally driven variation in offspring phenotypes, for instance when mothers have different diets depending on their size or the season. Here, we use stable isotopes techniques to quantify size dependent and seasonal variations in diet in mothers of shrimp Palaemon serratus and explore possible links between maternal diet and phenotype of embryos and freshly hatched larvae. We found that larger females, which occur more frequently in winter, produce larvae with higher carbon and nitrogen content as well as higher percent carbon, than smaller mothers collected in winter. In addition, isotopic composition suggest that larger mothers collected in winter, were feeding at a higher trophic level, or on an enriched prey pool compared with smaller mothers collected in summer. Overall, there seems to be a strong association between offspring size and maternal diet, mediated by maternal size and/or season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique González-Ortegón
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain. .,School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB, UK. .,CEI-MAR International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Lewis Le Vay
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB, UK
| | | | - Luis Giménez
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB, UK
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23
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Marshall DJ, Pettersen AK, Cameron H. A global synthesis of offspring size variation, its eco‐evolutionary causes and consequences. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hayley Cameron
- Centre for Geometric BiologyMonash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
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24
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25
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Rollinson N, Rowe L. Oxygen Limitation at the Larval Stage and the Evolution of Maternal Investment per Offspring in Aquatic Environments. Am Nat 2018; 191:604-619. [DOI: 10.1086/696857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Cordero GA. Is the Pelvis Sexually Dimorphic in Turtles? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1382-1389. [PMID: 29677702 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the pelvis is intrinsically linked to life history evolution. This is perhaps best exemplified by sexually dimorphic pelvic variation in bipedal primates. Yet, whether this trend is applicable to other taxa is unclear. Using turtle anatomy as a model, I tested the hypothesis that the pelvis is also sexually dimorphic in egg-laying tetrapods. I sampled a natural turtle population with female-biased sexual size dimorphism (i.e., larger females). I show that the area of the egg canal (pelvic aperture) is greater in females. Morphological differences between sexes were predicted by body size, such that skeletal shape deformation of the female ilium increased proportionally with pelvic aperture area. These results suggest that sexual pelvic dimorphism might be indirectly maintained by selection for large female size, consistent with the pelvic constraint hypothesis in reptiles. However, subsampling of similarly sized individuals revealed that pelvic aperture area and shape may vary in disproportion to body size. Comparisons of pelvic ontogenetic trajectories across multiple lineages are needed to clarify the occurrence of sexual pelvic dimorphism in turtles and other egg-laying tetrapods. My findings provide impetus to further explore how sex-specific functional demands influence the architecture of the pelvic girdle. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A Cordero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, 251 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 5011
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27
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Thorn MW, Morbey YE. Egg size and the adaptive capacity of early life history traits in Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Evol Appl 2018; 11:205-219. [PMID: 29387156 PMCID: PMC5775492 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Offspring traits are greatly influenced by maternal effects, and these maternal effects may provide an important pathway through which populations can adapt to changing thermal environments. We investigated the effect of egg size on the among- and within-population variation in early life history traits among introduced Great Lakes Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations under varying thermal conditions. We reared Chinook salmon from three populations in a common-garden hatchery study at 6.5, 9.4, and 15.2°C and measured a variety of fitness-related traits during development. We found that most of the among-population variation in early life history traits was explained by egg size. However, the contribution of egg size to the among-population variation decreased with an increase in temperature suggesting that other effects, such as genetic, contribute at high temperature. Within populations, egg size explained much of the dam variance and maternal effect for traits in every temperature, whereas egg size generally had little to no influence on the sire variance and heritability. Overall, our results demonstrate the significant contribution egg size makes to shaping early life history phenotypes among and within populations, and suggest that egg size is an important pathway through which offspring phenotypes can evolve on contemporary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Thorn
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Yolanda E Morbey
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
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28
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Hargrove JW, Muzari MO, English S. How maternal investment varies with environmental factors and the age and physiological state of wild tsetse Glossina pallidipes and Glossina morsitans morsitans. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171739. [PMID: 29515882 PMCID: PMC5830771 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Theory suggests females should optimize resource allocation across reproductive bouts to maximize lifetime reproduction, balancing current and future reproductive efforts according to physiological state and projected survival and reproduction. Tests of these ideas focus on long-lived vertebrates: few measure age-related reproductive output in iteroparous invertebrates, or partition reserves between those allocated to offspring versus mothers. We investigated how maternal age, and environmental and physiological factors influence reproductive investment in wild tsetse, Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood. Tsetse provide a tractable system to measure reproductive allocation. Females exhibit high maternal investment, producing single, large offspring that rely exclusively on maternal reserves. We find that mothers in better physiological condition and experiencing cooler temperatures produce larger offspring. Pupal size increases significantly but weakly with age. In both species, females with less fat invest proportionately more in offspring. Post-partum fat decreases in flies with badly frayed wings: poor flight capability may limit their feeding efficiency, or they may sacrifice more reserves as a terminal investment. Our results support evidence that offspring size increases with maternal size, investment depends on the environment, and females with lower chances of future reproduction invest more into current offspring. We discuss the implications of maternal effects for predicting vector population responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Hargrove
- Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - M. Odwell Muzari
- Tropical Public Health Services, Queensland Health, Cairns, Australia
| | - Sinead English
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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29
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Székely D, Székely P, Denoël M, Cogălniceanu D. Random size-assortative mating despite size-dependent fecundity in a Neotropical amphibian with explosive reproduction. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Székely
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences; Ovidius University Constanța; Constanța Romania
- Laboratory of Fish and Amphibian Ethology; Behavioural Biology Unit; Freshwater and Oceanic Science Unit of Research (FOCUS); University of Liège; Liège Belgium
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; EcoSs Lab; Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja; Loja Ecuador
| | - Paul Székely
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; EcoSs Lab; Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja; Loja Ecuador
- Asociatia Chelonia; București Romania
| | - Mathieu Denoël
- Laboratory of Fish and Amphibian Ethology; Behavioural Biology Unit; Freshwater and Oceanic Science Unit of Research (FOCUS); University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Dan Cogălniceanu
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences; Ovidius University Constanța; Constanța Romania
- CITIAB; Universidad Nacional de Loja; Loja Ecuador
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30
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Armstrong DP, Keevil MG, Rollinson N, Brooks RJ. Subtle individual variation in indeterminate growth leads to major variation in survival and lifetime reproductive output in a long‐lived reptile. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doug P. Armstrong
- Wildlife Ecology GroupMassey University Palmerston North New Zealand
| | | | - Njal Rollinson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- School of the EnvironmentUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Ronald J. Brooks
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
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31
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Hamel S, Gaillard JM, Douhard M, Festa-Bianchet M, Pelletier F, Yoccoz NG. Quantifying individual heterogeneity and its influence on life-history trajectories: different methods for different questions and contexts. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hamel
- Dept of Arctic and Marine Biology; Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT the Arctic Univ. of Norway; NO-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- CNRS, UMR 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Univ. de Lyon; Villeurbanne France
| | - Mathieu Douhard
- Dépt de biologie and Centre d'études Nordiques; Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke; Québec Canada
| | - Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Dépt de biologie and Centre d'études Nordiques; Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke; Québec Canada
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Dépt de biologie and Centre d'études Nordiques; Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke; Québec Canada
| | - Nigel G. Yoccoz
- Dept of Arctic and Marine Biology; Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT the Arctic Univ. of Norway; NO-9037 Tromsø Norway
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32
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Cameron H, Monro K, Malerba M, Munch S, Marshall D. Why do larger mothers produce larger offspring? A test of classic theory. Ecology 2017; 97:3452-3459. [PMID: 27912014 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Across a wide range of taxa, larger mothers produce larger offspring. Theory assumes that larger, more fecund mothers create higher local densities of siblings, and so larger mothers produce larger offspring to offset sibling competition. This assumption has been debated for over 30 yr, but direct empirical tests are surprisingly rare. Here, we test two key assumptions of classic theories that predict sibling competition drives maternal-size-offspring-size (MSOS) correlations: (1) independent effects of offspring size and sibling density on offspring performance or (2) as a product of an interaction between these two factors. To simultaneously test these alternative assumptions, we manipulate offspring size and sibling density in the marine invertebrate, Bugula neritina, and monitor offspring performance in the field. We found that, depending on the fitness metric being considered, offspring size and sibling density can either independently or interactively affect offspring performance. Yet sibling density did not affect offspring performance in the ways that classic theories assume. Given our results, it is unlikely that sibling competition drives the positive MSOS correlation observed in this species. Empirical support for these classic theories remains lacking, suggesting alternative explanations are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Cameron
- Centre of Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Keyne Monro
- Centre of Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Martino Malerba
- Centre of Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Stephan Munch
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Centre, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA
| | - Dustin Marshall
- Centre of Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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33
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Dani KGS, Kodandaramaiah U. Plant and Animal Reproductive Strategies: Lessons from Offspring Size and Number Tradeoffs. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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34
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Wang Y, Zeng ZG, Ma L, Li SR, Du WG. Food restriction affects maternal investment but not neonate phenotypes in a viviparous lizard. Zool Res 2017; 38:81-87. [PMID: 28409503 PMCID: PMC5396030 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Food availability significantly affects an animal's energy metabolism, and thus its phenotype, survival, and reproduction. Maternal and offspring responses to food conditions are critical for understanding population dynamics and life-history evolution of a species. In this study, we conducted food manipulation experiments in field enclosures to identify the effect of food restriction on female reproductive traits and postpartum body condition, as well as on hatchling phenotypes, in a lacertid viviparous lizard from the Inner Mongolian desert steppe of China. Females under low-food availability treatment (LFT) had poorer immune function and body condition compared with those under high-food availability treatment (HFT). The food availability treatments significantly affected the litter size and litter mass of the females, but not their gestation period in captivity or brood success, or the body size, sprint speed, and sex ratio of the neonates. Females from the LFT group had smaller litter sizes and, therefore, lower litter mass than those from the HFT group. These results suggest that female racerunners facing food restriction lay fewer offspring with unchanged body size and locomotor performance, and incur a cost in the form of poor postpartum body condition and immune function. The flexibility of maternal responses to variable food availability represents an important life strategy that could enhance the resistance of lizards to unpredictable environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservational Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Gao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservational Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservational Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shu-Ran Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservational Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Guo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservational Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Kamel SJ, Williams PD. Resource exploitation and relatedness: implications for offspring size variation within broods. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Kamel
- Dept of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science; Univ. of North Carolina Wilmington; 601 S. College Rd. Wilmington, NC 28403 USA
| | - Paul D. Williams
- Dept of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science; Univ. of North Carolina Wilmington; 601 S. College Rd. Wilmington, NC 28403 USA
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Braga Goncalves I, Ahnesjö I, Kvarnemo C. Evolutionary ecology of pipefish brooding structures: embryo survival and growth do not improve with a pouch. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3608-3620. [PMID: 27231531 PMCID: PMC4864203 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
For animals that reproduce in water, many adaptations in life‐history traits such as egg size, parental care, and behaviors that relate to embryo oxygenation are still poorly understood. In pipefishes, seahorses and seadragons, males care for the embryos either in some sort of brood pouch, or attached ventrally to the skin on their belly or tail. Typically, egg size is larger in the brood pouch group and it has been suggested that oxygen supplied via the pouch buffers the developing embryos against hypoxia and as such is an adaptation that has facilitated the evolution of larger eggs. Here, using four pipefish species, we tested whether the presence or absence of brood pouch relates to how male behavior, embryo size, and survival are affected by hypoxia, with normoxia as control. Two of our studied species Entelurus aequoreus and Nerophis ophidion (both having small eggs) have simple ventral attachment of eggs onto the male trunk, and the other two, Syngnathus typhle (large eggs) and S. rostellatus (small eggs), have fully enclosed brood pouches on the tail. Under hypoxia, all species showed lower embryo survival, while species with brood pouches suffered greater embryo mortality compared to pouchless species, irrespective of oxygen treatment. Behaviorally, species without pouches spent more time closer to the surface, possibly to improve oxygenation. Overall, we found no significant benefits of brood pouches in terms of embryo survival and size under hypoxia. Instead, our results suggest negative effects of large egg size, despite the protection of brood pouches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Braga Goncalves
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Animal Behaviour University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg PO Box 463 40530 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ahnesjö
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology Uppsala University Norbyvägen 18D 75236 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Charlotta Kvarnemo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg PO Box 463 40530 Gothenburg Sweden
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Rollinson N, Rowe L. Persistent directional selection on body size and a resolution to the paradox of stasis. Evolution 2015; 69:2441-51. [PMID: 26283104 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Directional selection on size is common but often fails to result in microevolution in the wild. Similarly, macroevolutionary rates in size are low relative to the observed strength of selection in nature. We show that many estimates of selection on size have been measured on juveniles, not adults. Further, parents influence juvenile size by adjusting investment per offspring. In light of these observations, we help resolve this paradox by suggesting that the observed upward selection on size is balanced by selection against investment per offspring, resulting in little or no net selection gradient on size. We find that trade-offs between fecundity and juvenile size are common, consistent with the notion of selection against investment per offspring. We also find that median directional selection on size is positive for juveniles but no net directional selection exists for adult size. This is expected because parent-offspring conflict exists over size, and juvenile size is more strongly affected by investment per offspring than adult size. These findings provide qualitative support for the hypothesis that upward selection on size is balanced by selection against investment per offspring, where parent-offspring conflict over size is embodied in the opposing signs of the two selection gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njal Rollinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St. Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St. Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
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