1
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Ramirez-Santana BP, Alvarez-Garcia IL, Avila-Poveda OH, Arellano-Martinez M, Ospina-Garcés SM. Seasonal dimorphism as an expression of sexual dimorphism: Influence of gonad maturity on the body shape of a rocky intertidal polyplacophoran. ZOOLOGY 2024; 167:126224. [PMID: 39488160 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/04/2024]
Abstract
Seasonal dimorphism in the body shape of marine invertebrates has been poorly explored compared to vertebrates. We aim to investigate through traditional (body length/width ratio, dorsal elevation ratio and angle of elevation) and geometric (centroid size and shape geometric configurations) morphometrics the effect of gonad maturity (via the gonadosomatic index [GSI] and gonad development stages [GDS]) on changes in body shape in males and females of two latitudinally different populations of the broadcast-spawning intertidal mollusc Chiton articulatus. We confirmed that C. articulatus does not present external sexual dimorphism since sex does not have a significant effect on body shape (1 %); instead, dimorphism was seasonal and related to the reproductive season, and varied across populations, probably because in the subtropical zone additional energy is invested in shell (scleritome) bending at the same time as the gonad matures, which is opposite of what occurs in the tropical zone. C. articulatus shows a narrower body shape (i.e., diminished body width) during its gonad maturity compared to the rest of the GDS and is corroborated by a body length/width ratio that contributes the greatest variation in the geometric shape descriptors (18 %), just below the centroid size (24 %). The expression of centroid size differences shows a correspondence with the change in body dimensions expressed by the three morphometric ratios during gonad maturity. The use of traditional body ratios over time may be useful in polyplacophoran molluscs as a proxy tool to estimate gonad maturity and to provide a reliable indication of the reproductive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Paola Ramirez-Santana
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar (FACIMAR), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México; Proyecto Quitón del Pacífico tropical mexicano, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Isis Laura Alvarez-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar (FACIMAR), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México; Proyecto Quitón del Pacífico tropical mexicano, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Omar Hernando Avila-Poveda
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar (FACIMAR), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México; Proyecto Quitón del Pacífico tropical mexicano, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México; Programa de Investigadoras e Investigadores por México, Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCyT), Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Marcial Arellano-Martinez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Sandra Milena Ospina-Garcés
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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2
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Dong M, Song H, Xie C, Zhang Y, Huang H, Zhang H, Wei L, Wang X. Polystyrene microplastics photo-aged under simulated sunlight influences gonadal development in the Pacific oyster. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 195:106367. [PMID: 38277815 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) aging in natural ecosystems are caused by solar irradiation. Photo-aged MPs in aquatic systems are a major threat to molluscs. In this study, polystyrene (PS) photo-aging was simulated using a sunlight simulator. After exposure of Crassostrea gigas to photo-aged PS, a decreased gonadosomatic index, coupled with histological alterations, suggested an inhibitory effect on the gonadal development of bivalves. As the concentration of aged PS increased, the inhibitory effects on gonadal development became more severe. The sex hormone (testosterone and estradiol) and energy metabolism (glycogen, lipid, and protein content) differences between C. gigas males and females suggested a disruption of sex hormonal homeostasis and a shift in energy allocation strategy, which may have affected reproduction, especially female oysters. In addition, the substantial downregulation of SOX-8, SOX-E, Piwi1, and TGF-β genes may be contributing factors causing the inhibitory effect of aged PS on the gonadal development of C. gigas. This study provides an essential reference for evaluating the reproductive health risks posed by aged MPs and offers novel insights and perspectives for exploring the impact of MPs under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- MeiYun Dong
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - HongCe Song
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - ChaoYi Xie
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - YuXuan Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - Haifeng Huang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - Haikun Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China
| | - XiaoTong Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264025, China.
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3
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Sanghvi K, Vega-Trejo R, Nakagawa S, Gascoigne SJL, Johnson SL, Salguero-Gómez R, Pizzari T, Sepil I. Meta-analysis shows no consistent evidence for senescence in ejaculate traits across animals. Nat Commun 2024; 15:558. [PMID: 38228708 PMCID: PMC10791739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive traits such as ejaculate size and quality, are expected to decline with advancing age due to senescence. It is however unclear whether this expectation is upheld across taxa. We perform a meta-analysis on 379 studies, to quantify the effects of advancing male age on ejaculate traits across 157 species of non-human animals. Contrary to predictions, we find no consistent pattern of age-dependent changes in ejaculate traits. This result partly reflects methodological limitations, such as studies sampling a low proportion of adult lifespan, or the inability of meta-analytical approaches to document non-linear ageing trajectories of ejaculate traits; which could potentially lead to an underestimation of senescence. Yet, we find taxon-specific differences in patterns of ejaculate senescence. For instance, older males produce less motile and slower sperm in ray-finned fishes, but larger ejaculates in insects, compared to younger males. Notably, lab rodents show senescence in most ejaculate traits measured. Our study challenges the notion of universal reproductive senescence, highlighting the need for controlled methodologies and a more nuanced understanding of reproductive senescence, cognisant of taxon-specific biology, experimental design, selection pressures, and life-history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krish Sanghvi
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Irem Sepil
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Abstract
In 1948, Angus Bateman presented experiments and concepts that remain influential and debated in sexual selection. The Bateman gradient relates reproductive success to mate number, and Bateman presented this as the cause of intra-masculine selection. A deeper causal level was subsequently asserted: that the ultimate cause of sex differences in Bateman gradients is the sex difference in gamete numbers, an argument that remains controversial and without mathematical backup. Here I develop models showing how asymmetry in gamete numbers alone can generate steeper Bateman gradients in males. This conclusion remains when the further asymmetry of internal fertilisation is added to the model and fertilisation is efficient. Strong gamete limitation can push Bateman gradients towards equality under external fertilisation and reverse them under internal fertilisation. Thus, this study provides a mathematical formalisation of Bateman’s brief verbal claim, while demonstrating that the link between gamete number and Bateman gradients is not inevitable nor trivial. In 1948, Bateman asserted that sexual selection is driven by the sex difference in gamete numbers. Lehtonen presents mathematical models broadly validating this controversial claim, while pointing out selection can be reversed under some conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Lehtonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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5
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Hadlow JH, Lymbery RA, Evans JP. Density-dependent patterns of multivariate selection on sperm motility and morphology in a broadcast spawning mussel. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8514. [PMID: 35154644 PMCID: PMC8829106 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm cells exhibit extraordinary phenotypic variation, both among taxa and within individual species, yet our understanding of the adaptive value of sperm trait variation across multiple contexts is incomplete. For species without the opportunity to choose mating partners, such as sessile broadcast spawning invertebrates, fertilization depends on gamete interactions, which in turn can be strongly influenced by local environmental conditions that alter the concentration of sperm and eggs. However, the way in which such environmental factors impact phenotypic selection on functional gamete traits remains unclear in most systems. Here, we analyze patterns of linear and nonlinear multivariate selection under experimentally altered local sperm densities (densities within the capture zone of eggs) on a range of functionally important sperm traits in the broadcast spawning marine mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Specifically, we assay components of sperm motility and morphology across two fertilization environments that simulate either sperm limitation (when there are too few sperm to fertilize all available eggs), or sperm saturation (when there are many more sperm than required for fertilization, and the risk of polyspermy and embryonic failure is heightened). Our findings reveal that the strength, form, and targets of selection on sperm depend on the prevailing fertilization environment. In particular, our analyses revealed multiple significant axes of nonlinear selection on sperm motility traits under sperm limitation, but only significant negative directional selection on flagellum length under sperm saturation. These findings highlight the importance of local sperm densities in driving the adaptation of sperm phenotypes, particularly those related to sperm motility, in broadcast spawning invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H. Hadlow
- Centre for Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Rowan A. Lymbery
- Centre for Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Jonathan P. Evans
- Centre for Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
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6
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Teves ME, Roldan ERS. Sperm bauplan and function and underlying processes of sperm formation and selection. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:7-60. [PMID: 33880962 PMCID: PMC8812575 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The spermatozoon is a highly differentiated and polarized cell, with two main structures: the head, containing a haploid nucleus and the acrosomal exocytotic granule, and the flagellum, which generates energy and propels the cell; both structures are connected by the neck. The sperm's main aim is to participate in fertilization, thus activating development. Despite this common bauplan and function, there is an enormous diversity in structure and performance of sperm cells. For example, mammalian spermatozoa may exhibit several head patterns and overall sperm lengths ranging from ∼30 to 350 µm. Mechanisms of transport in the female tract, preparation for fertilization, and recognition of and interaction with the oocyte also show considerable variation. There has been much interest in understanding the origin of this diversity, both in evolutionary terms and in relation to mechanisms underlying sperm differentiation in the testis. Here, relationships between sperm bauplan and function are examined at two levels: first, by analyzing the selective forces that drive changes in sperm structure and physiology to understand the adaptive values of this variation and impact on male reproductive success and second, by examining cellular and molecular mechanisms of sperm formation in the testis that may explain how differentiation can give rise to such a wide array of sperm forms and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Eduardo R S Roldan
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Chang H, Guo X, Guo S, Yang N, Huang Y. Trade-off between flight capability and reproduction in Acridoidea (Insecta: Orthoptera). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:16849-16861. [PMID: 34938477 PMCID: PMC8668762 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In many insect taxa, there is a well-established trade-off between flight capability and reproduction. The wing types of Acridoidea exhibit extremely variability from full length to complete loss in many groups, thus, provide a good model for studying the trade-off between flight and reproduction. In this study, we completed the sampling of 63 Acridoidea species, measured the body length, wing length, body weight, flight muscle weight, testis and ovary weight, and the relative wing length (RWL), relative flight muscle weight (RFW), and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of different species were statistically analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in RWL, RFW, and GSI among Acridoidea species with different wing types. RFW of long-winged species was significantly higher than that of short-winged and wingless species (p < .01), while GSI of wingless species was higher than that of long-winged and short-winged species. The RWL and RFW had a strong positive correlation in species with different wing types (correlation coefficient r = .8344 for male and .7269 for female, and p < .05), while RFW was strong negatively correlated with GSI (r = -.2649 for male and -.5024 for female, and p < .05). For Acridoidea species with wing dimorphism, males with relatively long wings had higher RFW than that of females with relatively short wings, while females had higher GSI. Phylogenetic comparative analysis showed that RWL, RFW, and GSI all had phylogenetic signals and phylogenetic dependence. These results revealed that long-winged individuals are flight capable at the expense of reproduction, while short-winged and wingless individuals cannot fly, but has greater reproductive output. The results support the trade-off between flight and reproduction in Acridoidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chang
- College of Life SciencesShaanxi Normal UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Xiaoqiang Guo
- College of Life SciencesShaanxi Normal UniversityXi’anChina
- Shimen Middle SchoolFoshanChina
| | - Shuli Guo
- College of Life SciencesShaanxi Normal UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Nan Yang
- College of Life SciencesShaanxi Normal UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Life SciencesShaanxi Normal UniversityXi’anChina
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8
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Hirohashi N, Sato N, Iwata Y, Tomano S, Alam MNE, Haselmann Apostólico L, Eduardo Amoroso Rodriguez Marian J. Context-dependent behavioural plasticity compromises disruptive selection of sperm traits in squid. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256745. [PMID: 34460857 PMCID: PMC8404977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm morphology is generally uniform within a species due to selective pressures that act to achieve better fertilization outcomes under postcopulatory competitive circumstances. Therefore, polyandry that intensifies post-mating sperm competition should constrain intraspecific sperm polymorphism. Contrary to this paradigm, we previously found that a polyandrous squid, Heterololigo bleekeri, produces dimorphic eusperm (flagellum length dimorphism; FLD), which is closely associated with alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs); large males (consorts) transfer their spermatophores inside the female’s mantle cavity, while small males (sneakers) do so outside the mantle. Thus, FLD was considered as the consequence of different insemination strategies that arise from different modes of sperm competition, sperm storage and the fertilization environment. However, in other squid species showing ARTs, the choice of mating behaviour is rather conditional (i.e., switching mating tactic between consorts and sneakers), which poses the question of whether sperm FLD could have evolved. Here, we investigated five species in the family Loliginidae that exhibit ARTs and found that all species showed sneaker-biased FLD. However, in a species with conditional ARTs, we found FLD rather ambiguous and the testicular somatic index to be nearly continuous among individuals at transitional state, suggesting that plasticity in mating behaviour compromises the disruptive selection on a sperm morphological trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hirohashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Noriyosi Sato
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko Iwata
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tomano
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Md. Nur E. Alam
- Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
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9
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Fritzsche K, Henshaw JM, Johnson BD, Jones AG. The 150th anniversary of The Descent of Man: Darwin and the impact of sex-role reversal on sexual selection research. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The year 2021 marks the 150th anniversary of the publication of Charles Darwin’s extraordinary book The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Here, we review the history and impact of a single profound insight from The Descent of Man: that, in some few species, females rather than males compete for access to mates. In other words, these species are ‘sex-role reversed’ with respect to mating competition and sexual selection compared to the majority of species in which sexual selection acts most strongly on males. Over the subsequent 150 years, sex-role-reversed species have motivated multiple key conceptual breakthroughs in sexual selection. The surprising mating dynamics of such species challenged scientists’ preconceptions, forcing them to examine implicit assumptions and stereotypes. This wider worldview has led to a richer and more nuanced understanding of animal mating systems and, in particular, to a proper appreciation for the fundamental role that females play in shaping these systems. Sex-role-reversed species have considerable untapped potential and will continue to contribute to sexual selection research in the decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Fritzsche
- Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Henshaw
- Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Adam G Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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10
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Fertilization mode drives sperm length evolution across the animal tree of life. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1153-1164. [PMID: 34155385 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary biologists have endeavoured to explain the extraordinary diversity of sperm morphology across animals for more than a century. One hypothesis to explain sperm diversity is that sperm length is shaped by the environment where fertilization takes place (that is, fertilization mode). Evolutionary transitions in fertilization modes may transform how selection acts on sperm length, probably by affecting postcopulatory mechanisms of sperm competition and the scope for cryptic female choice. Here, we address this hypothesis by generating a macro-evolutionary view of how fertilization mode (including external fertilizers, internal fertilizers and spermcasters) influences sperm length diversification among 3,233 species from 21 animal phyla. We show that sperm are shorter in species whose sperm are diluted in aquatic environments (that is, external fertilizers and spermcasters) and longer in species where sperm are directly transferred to females (that is, internal fertilizers). We also show that sperm length evolves faster and with a greater number of adaptive shifts in species where sperm operate within females (for example, spermcasters and internal fertilizers). Our results demonstrate that fertilization mode is a key driver in the evolution of sperm length across animals, and we argue that a complex combination of postcopulatory forces has shaped sperm length diversification throughout animal evolution.
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11
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Marciano A, López Greco L, Colpo K. Reproductive patterns and energy management strategies of females of the fiddler crab Leptuca uruguayensis with short reproductive seasons. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction is a costly process that depends on the management of available resources. Here, we aimed to understand the energetic strategies of females of the fiddler crab Leptuca uruguayensis (Nobili, 1901) in a population with short reproductive seasons. For this, we developed an integrated approach to recognize the brooding time, spawning pattern modulated by female size, number of spawns per female, and content of reserves in the ovary and hepatopancreas. Based on the condition of the ovary and hepatopancreas, the reproductive season was divided into three periods. In each of these periods, it was possible to record a spawning event, which was mainly represented by large females. Most of the females had one spawn during the breeding season, and only large females had two spawns, with an interval of approximately 2 months. We propose that L. uruguayensis presents a mixed capital–income breeding strategy associated with the female size and period of the reproductive season. We conclude that large females make the greatest reproductive effort for the population because they can have two spawns, whereas medium-sized and small females make a low contribution because they are still investing energy in somatic growth to increase fecundity in the next reproductive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Marciano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción y el Crecimiento de Crustáceos Decápodos, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - L.S. López Greco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción y el Crecimiento de Crustáceos Decápodos, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - K.D. Colpo
- Instituto de Limnología Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Boulevard 120 and 60, PB N° 712, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
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12
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Pauly D. The gill-oxygen limitation theory (GOLT) and its critics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/2/eabc6050. [PMID: 33523964 PMCID: PMC7787657 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The gill-oxygen limitation theory (GOLT) provides mechanisms for key aspects of the biology (food conversion efficiency, growth and its response to temperature, the timing of maturation, and others) of water-breathing ectotherms (WBEs). The GOLT's basic tenet is that the surface area of the gills or other respiratory surfaces of WBE cannot, as two-dimensional structures, supply them with sufficient oxygen to keep up with the growth of their three-dimensional bodies. Thus, a lower relative oxygen supply induces sexual maturation, and later a slowing and cessation of growth, along with an increase of physiological processes relying on glycolytic enzymes and a declining role of oxidative enzymes. Because the "dimensional tension" underlying this argument is widely misunderstood, emphasis is given to a detailed refutation of objections to the GOLT. This theory still needs to be put on a solid quantitative basis, which will occur after the misconceptions surrounding it are put to rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pauly
- Sea Around Us, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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13
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Parker GA. Conceptual developments in sperm competition: a very brief synopsis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20200061. [PMID: 33070727 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The past half century has seen the development of the field of post-ejaculatory sexual selection, the sequel to sexual selection for mate-acquisition (pre-ejaculatory) described by Darwin. In richness and diversity of adaptations, post-ejaculatory selection rivals that of pre-ejaculatory sexual selection. Anisogamy-and hence two sexes-likely arose by primeval gamete competition, and sperm competition remains a major force maintaining high sperm numbers. The post-ejaculatory equivalent of male-male competition for matings, sperm competition was an intense ancestral form of sexual selection, typically weakening as mobility and internal fertilization developed in many taxa, when some expenditure became diverted into pre-ejaculatory competition. Sperm competition theory has been relatively successful in explaining variation in relative testes size and sperm numbers per ejaculate and is becoming more successful in explaining variation in sperm phenotype. Sperm competition has generated many other male adaptations such as seminal fluid proteins that variously modify female reproduction towards male interests, and copulatory plugs, prolonged copulations and post-ejaculatory guarding behaviour that reduce female remating probability, many of which result in sexual conflict. This short survey of conceptual developments is intended as a broad overview, mainly as a primer for new researchers. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fifty years of sperm competition'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff A Parker
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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14
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Evans JP, Lymbery RA. Sexual selection after gamete release in broadcast spawning invertebrates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20200069. [PMID: 33070722 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadcast spawning invertebrates offer highly tractable models for evaluating sperm competition, gamete-level mate choice and sexual conflict. By displaying the ancestral mating strategy of external fertilization, where sexual selection is constrained to act after gamete release, broadcast spawners also offer potential evolutionary insights into the cascade of events that led to sexual reproduction in more 'derived' groups (including humans). Moreover, the dynamic reproductive conditions faced by these animals mean that the strength and direction of sexual selection on both males and females can vary considerably. These attributes make broadcast spawning invertebrate systems uniquely suited to testing, extending, and sometimes challenging classic and contemporary ideas in sperm competition, many of which were first captured in Parker's seminal papers on the topic. Here, we provide a synthesis outlining progress in these fields, and highlight the burgeoning potential for broadcast spawners to provide both evolutionary and mechanistic understanding into gamete-level sexual selection more broadly across the animal kingdom. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fifty years of sperm competition'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Evans
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia
| | - Rowan A Lymbery
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia
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15
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Lemaître JF, Gaillard JM, Ramm SA. The hidden ageing costs of sperm competition. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1573-1588. [PMID: 32906225 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ageing and sexual selection are intimately linked. There is by now compelling evidence from studies performed across diverse organisms that males allocating resources to mating competition incur substantial physiological costs, ultimately increasing ageing. However, although insightful, we argue here that to date these studies cover only part of the relationship linking sexual selection and ageing. Crucially, allocation to traits important in post-copulatory sexual selection, that is sperm competition, has been largely ignored. As we demonstrate, such allocation could potentially explain much diversity in male and female ageing patterns observed both within and among species. We first review how allocation to sperm competition traits such as sperm and seminal fluid production depends on the quality of resources available to males and can be associated with a wide range of deleterious effects affecting both somatic tissues and the germline, and thus modulate ageing in both survival and reproductive terms. We further hypothesise that common biological features such as plasticity, prudent sperm allocation and seasonality of ejaculate traits might have evolved as counter-adaptations to limit the ageing costs of sperm competition. Finally, we discuss the implications of these emerging ageing costs of sperm competition for current research on the evolutionary ecology of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lemaître
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Steven A Ramm
- Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, Konsequenz 45, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
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16
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Orbach DN, Rooke AC, Evans JP, Pitcher TE, Purchase CF. Assessing the potential for post-ejaculatory female choice in a polyandrous beach-spawning fish. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:449-459. [PMID: 31860764 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In species with limited opportunities for pre-ejaculatory sexual selection (behavioural components), post-ejaculatory mechanisms may provide opportunities for mate choice after gametes have been released. Recent evidence from a range of taxa has revealed that cryptic female choice (i.e., female-mediated differential fertilization bias), through chemical cues released with or from eggs, can differentially regulate the swimming characteristics of sperm from various males and ultimately determine male fertilization success under sperm competition. We assessed the potential role that such female-modulated chemical cues play in influencing sperm swimming characteristics in beach-spawning capelin (Mallotus villosus), an externally fertilizing fish that mates as couples (one male and one female) or threesomes (two males and one female) with presumably limited opportunities for pre-ejaculatory sexual selection. We assayed sperm swimming characteristics under varying doses and donor origins of egg cues and also examined the possibility of assortative mating based on body size. We found mating groups were not associated by size, larger males did not produce better quality ejaculates, and egg cues (regardless of dosage or donor identity) did not influence sperm swimming characteristics. Our findings suggest that intersexual pre-ejaculatory sexual selection and cryptic female choice mediated by female chemical cues are poorly developed in capelin, possibly due to unique natural selection constraints on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara N Orbach
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Anna C Rooke
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Evans
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Trevor E Pitcher
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Craig F Purchase
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
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17
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Lindsay WR, Andersson S, Bererhi B, Höglund J, Johnsen A, Kvarnemo C, Leder EH, Lifjeld JT, Ninnes CE, Olsson M, Parker GA, Pizzari T, Qvarnström A, Safran RJ, Svensson O, Edwards SV. Endless forms of sexual selection. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7988. [PMID: 31720113 PMCID: PMC6839514 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the field of sexual selection has exploded, with advances in theoretical and empirical research complementing each other in exciting ways. This perspective piece is the product of a "stock-taking" workshop on sexual selection and sexual conflict. Our aim is to identify and deliberate on outstanding questions and to stimulate discussion rather than provide a comprehensive overview of the entire field. These questions are organized into four thematic sections we deem essential to the field. First we focus on the evolution of mate choice and mating systems. Variation in mate quality can generate both competition and choice in the opposite sex, with implications for the evolution of mating systems. Limitations on mate choice may dictate the importance of direct vs. indirect benefits in mating decisions and consequently, mating systems, especially with regard to polyandry. Second, we focus on how sender and receiver mechanisms shape signal design. Mediation of honest signal content likely depends on integration of temporally variable social and physiological costs that are challenging to measure. We view the neuroethology of sensory and cognitive receiver biases as the main key to signal form and the 'aesthetic sense' proposed by Darwin. Since a receiver bias is sufficient to both initiate and drive ornament or armament exaggeration, without a genetically correlated or even coevolving receiver, this may be the appropriate 'null model' of sexual selection. Thirdly, we focus on the genetic architecture of sexually selected traits. Despite advances in modern molecular techniques, the number and identity of genes underlying performance, display and secondary sexual traits remains largely unknown. In-depth investigations into the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism in the context of long-term field studies will reveal constraints and trajectories of sexually selected trait evolution. Finally, we focus on sexual selection and conflict as drivers of speciation. Population divergence and speciation are often influenced by an interplay between sexual and natural selection. The extent to which sexual selection promotes or counteracts population divergence may vary depending on the genetic architecture of traits as well as the covariance between mating competition and local adaptation. Additionally, post-copulatory processes, such as selection against heterospecific sperm, may influence the importance of sexual selection in speciation. We propose that efforts to resolve these four themes can catalyze conceptual progress in the field of sexual selection, and we offer potential avenues of research to advance this progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willow R. Lindsay
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Badreddine Bererhi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jacob Höglund
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charlotta Kvarnemo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erica H. Leder
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan T. Lifjeld
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Calum E. Ninnes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Mats Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Geoff A. Parker
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tommaso Pizzari
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Qvarnström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecca J. Safran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Ola Svensson
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Scott V. Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Gothenburg Centre for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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18
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Henshaw JM, Fromhage L, Jones AG. Sex roles and the evolution of parental care specialization. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191312. [PMID: 31455191 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Males and females are defined by the relative size of their gametes (anisogamy), but secondary sexual dimorphism in fertilization, parental investment and mating competition is widespread and often remarkably stable over evolutionary timescales. Recent theory has clarified the causal connections between anisogamy and the most prevalent differences between the sexes, but deviations from these patterns remain poorly understood. Here, we study how sex differences in parental investment and mating competition coevolve with parental care specialization. Parental investment often consists of two or more distinct activities (e.g. provisioning and defence) and parents may care more efficiently by specializing in a subset of these activities. Our model predicts that efficient care specialization broadens the conditions under which biparental investment can evolve in lineages that historically had uniparental care. Major transitions in sex roles (e.g. from female-biased care with strong male mating competition to male-biased care with strong female competition) can arise following ecologically induced changes in the costs or benefits of different care types, or in the sex ratio at maturation. Our model provides a clear evolutionary mechanism for sex-role transitions, but also predicts that such transitions should be rare. It consequently contributes towards explaining widespread phylogenetic inertia in parenting and mating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Henshaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter MS 3051, Moscow, ID, USA.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Finland
| | - Lutz Fromhage
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Finland
| | - Adam G Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter MS 3051, Moscow, ID, USA
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19
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Lehtonen J, Dardare L. Mathematical Models of Fertilization—An Eco-Evolutionary Perspective. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/703633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Picchi L, Lorenzi MC. Gender-related behaviors: evidence for a trade-off between sexual functions in a hermaphrodite. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Picchi
- LEEC—Laboratoire d’Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, J.-B. Clément, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Maria Cristina Lorenzi
- LEEC—Laboratoire d’Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, J.-B. Clément, Villetaneuse, France
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21
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Marshall DJ, White CR. Aquatic Life History Trajectories Are Shaped by Selection, Not Oxygen Limitation. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:182-184. [PMID: 30638913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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22
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Andrade MC. Sexual selection and social context: Web-building spiders as emerging models for adaptive plasticity. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Hare RM, Simmons LW. Sexual selection and its evolutionary consequences in female animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:929-956. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Hare
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009 Australia
| | - Leigh W. Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009 Australia
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24
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Hart MW, Wonham MJ. Body size variation in the sexually dimorphic scaphopod Rhabdus rectius (Carpenter, 1864) (Dentaliida: Rhabdidae). MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2018.1550851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Hart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Marjorie J. Wonham
- Quest University Canada, Squamish, BC, Canada
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Center, Bamfield, BC, Canada
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25
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Olito C, Marshall DJ. Releasing small ejaculates slowly increases per-gamete fertilization success in an external fertilizer: Galeolaria caespitosa (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). J Evol Biol 2018; 32:177-186. [PMID: 30461107 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The idea that male reproductive strategies evolve primarily in response to sperm competition is almost axiomatic in evolutionary biology. However, externally fertilizing species, especially broadcast spawners, represent a large and taxonomically diverse group that have long challenged predictions from sperm competition theory-broadcast spawning males often release sperm slowly, with weak resource-dependent allocation to ejaculates despite massive investment in gonads. One possible explanation for these counter-intuitive patterns is that male broadcast spawners experience strong natural selection from the external environment during sperm dispersal. Using a manipulative experiment, we examine how male reproductive success in the absence of sperm competition varies with ejaculate size and rate of sperm release, in the broadcast spawning marine invertebrate Galeolaria caespitosa (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). We find that the benefits of Fast or Slow sperm release depend strongly on ejaculate size, but also that the per-gamete fertilization rate decreases precipitously with ejaculate size. Overall, these results suggest that, if males can facultatively adjust ejaculate size, they should slowly release small amounts of sperm. Recent theory for broadcast spawners predicts that sperm competition can also select for Slow release rates. Taken together, our results and theory suggest that selection often favours Slow ejaculate release rates whether males experience sperm competition or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Olito
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Have We Outgrown the Existing Models of Growth? Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 34:102-111. [PMID: 30396685 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Theories of growth have a long history in biology. Two major branches of theory (mechanistic and phenomenological) describe the dynamics of growth and explain variation in the size of organisms. Both theory branches usually assume that reproductive output scales proportionately with body size, in other words that reproductive output is isometric. A meta-analysis of hundreds of marine fishes contradicts this assumption, larger mothers reproduce disproportionately more in 95% of species studied, and patterns in other taxa suggest that reproductive hyperallometry is widespread. We argue here that reproductive hyperallometry represents a profound challenge to mechanistic theories of growth in particular, and that they should be revised accordingly. We suspect that hyperallometric reproduction drives growth trajectories in ways that are largely unanticipated by current theories.
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27
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Abadia-Chanona QY, Avila-Poveda OH, Arellano-Martinez M, Ceballos-Vazquez BP, Benitez-Villalobos F, Parker GA, Rodriguez-Dominguez G, Garcia-Ibañez S. Reproductive traits and relative gonad expenditure of the sexes of the free spawning Chiton articulatus(Mollusca: Polyplacophora). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2018.1514670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quetzalli Yasu Abadia-Chanona
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR), Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN), La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar (FACIMAR), Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Omar Hernando Avila-Poveda
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar (FACIMAR), Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Direccion de Catedras-CONACYT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Marcial Arellano-Martinez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR), Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN), La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Bertha Patricia Ceballos-Vazquez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR), Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN), La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | | | - Geoff A. Parker
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Sergio Garcia-Ibañez
- Unidad Academica de Ecologia Marina, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero (UAGro), Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
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28
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Bayer SR, Wahle RA, Brady DC, Jumars PA, Stokesbury KDE, Carey JD. Fertilization success in scallop aggregations: reconciling model predictions and field measurements of density effects. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Bayer
- Darling Marine Center University of Maine Walpole Maine 04573 USA
| | - R. A. Wahle
- Darling Marine Center University of Maine Walpole Maine 04573 USA
| | - D. C. Brady
- Darling Marine Center University of Maine Walpole Maine 04573 USA
| | - P. A. Jumars
- Darling Marine Center University of Maine Walpole Maine 04573 USA
| | - K. D. E. Stokesbury
- Department of Fisheries Oceanography School for Marine Science and Technology University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Fairhaven Massachusetts 02719 USA
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