1
|
Decker SH, Aguilera F, Saadi AJ, Schwaha T. First soft body morphological data on the tracemaker of the endolithic bryozoan trace fossil Terebripora ramosa d'Orbigny, 1842. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21770. [PMID: 39185764 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Terebriporidae is one of the four extant endolithic ctenostome bryozoan families, with colonies immersed into carbonate substrates like molluscan shells. This monogeneric family comprises 17 species, with 11 extant and 6 fossil species. It is currently considered closely related to vesicularioid ctenostomes, a group characterized by colonies interconnected by polymorphic stolons and a distinct gizzard as part of their digestive systems. However, confusion persists regarding the correct species identities and affiliations of many terebriporid species, and even the description of the entire family is based solely on a few external features of their boring traces, rendering the family an ichnotaxon (trace fossil). Our molecular analysis does not support a vesicularioid affinity, but corroborate a close relationship to Immergentia, another genus of boring bryozoans. Consequently, this study aims to untangle the systematic confusion surrounding Terebriporidae by examining the tracemaker of the type species of the family, Terebripora ramosa from Chile, and investigating its morphology and histology using modern techniques. The current analysis could not confirm typical vesicularioid characters such as a gizzard or true polymorphic stolons. Instead, all characters point towards a closer relationship to Immergentiidae as suggested by a recent molecular phylogeny. In fact, these two taxa share several characters such as cystid appendages and duplicature bands, and appear closely related, with the only difference being a characteristic vane with tubulets present in the tracemaker of T. ramosa. The sister-group relationship of the tracemaker and the genus Immergentia infers that these borers share a common boring ancestor, but also emphasizes that additional species from the ichnogenus Terebripora need to be studied for more clarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian H Decker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felipe Aguilera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ahmed J Saadi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grenier C, Griesshaber E, Schmahl W, Berning B, Checa AG. Skeletal microstructures of cheilostome bryozoans (phylum Bryozoa, class Gymnolaemata): crystallography and secretion patterns. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 6:405-424. [PMID: 39219676 PMCID: PMC11358562 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-024-00233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Gymnolaemata bryozoans produce CaCO3 skeletons of either calcite, aragonite, or both. Despite extensive research, their crystallography and biomineralization patterns remain unclear. We present a detailed study of the microstructures, mineralogy, and crystallography of eight extant cheilostome species using scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and micro-computed tomography. We distinguished five basic microstructures, three calcitic (tabular, irregularly platy, and granular), and two aragonitic (granular-platy and fibrous). The calcitic microstructures consist of crystal aggregates that transition from tabular or irregularly platy to granular assemblies. Fibrous aragonite consists of fibers arranged into spherulites. In all cases, the crystallographic textures are axial, and stronger in aragonite than in calcite, with the c-axis as the fiber axis. We reconstruct the biomineralization sequence in the different species by considering the distribution and morphology of the growth fronts of crystals and the location of the secretory epithelium. In bimineralic species, calcite formation always predates aragonite formation. In interior compound walls, growth proceeds from the cuticle toward the zooecium interior. We conclude that, with the exception of tabular calcite, biomineralization is remote and occurs within a relatively wide extrapallial space, which is consistent with the inorganic-like appearance of the microstructures. This biomineralization mode is rare among invertebrates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-024-00233-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Grenier
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Björn Berning
- Institute for Geology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonio G. Checa
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de La Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Decker SH, Lemer S, Decker S, Hirose M, Johnson MJ, Schwaha T. Boring life: early colony formation and growth in the endolithic bryozoan genus Penetrantia Silén, 1946. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2024; 10:10. [PMID: 38877577 PMCID: PMC11179354 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-024-00234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
As in most colonial and sessile marine invertebrates, bryozoan life history is characterized by asexual propagation of zooids for colonial growth and by sexual production of larvae for dispersal. However, comprehensive life histories, particularly in cryptic species such as endolithic (boring) bryozoans, remain poorly understood. The ctenostome family Penetrantiidae is widespread from temperate to tropical waters and often found in molluscan shells, offering an opportunity to study the boring lifestyle and its potential impact on bioerosion through growth and settlement experiments. Our research focused on Penetrantia clionoides from Guam in the Pacific Ocean, Penetrantia japonica from Japan, and a Penetrantia species from France in the Atlantic Ocean. We found distinct life histories and reproductive patterns potentially influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and food availability. The tropical P. clionoides displayed higher rates of larval production and growth compared to its temperate counterpart. For instance, the mean stolon extension was 335.2 μm/week in P. clionoides versus 232.1 μm/week in Penetrantia sp. Autozooid development took 13 days in P. clionoides and 31 days in Penetrantia sp. Anatomical features like apertural rims aided in species identification and in understanding larval settlement preferences, suggesting a tendency for philopatric settlement behavior. The bioerosional impact of penetrantiids remains little understood, but we generated first projections of bioerosion rates and a protocol for keeping Penetrantia under laboratory conditions, laying a foundation for further research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian H Decker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Schlachthausgasse 43, Vienna, 1030, Austria.
| | - Sarah Lemer
- Marine Laboratory, UOG Station, Mangilao Guam, 96923, USA
| | - Simone Decker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Schlachthausgasse 43, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Masato Hirose
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Mildred J Johnson
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Schlachthausgasse 43, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Schlachthausgasse 43, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Decker SH, Saadi AJ, Baranyi C, Hirose M, Lemer S, Sombke A, Aguilera F, Vieira LM, Smith AM, Waeschenbach A, Schwaha T. Boring systematics: A genome skimmed phylogeny of ctenostome bryozoans and their endolithic family Penetrantiidae with the description of one new species. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11276. [PMID: 38638369 PMCID: PMC11024686 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ctenostomes are a group of gymnolaemate bryozoans with an uncalcified chitinous body wall having few external, skeletal characters. Hence, species identification is challenging and their systematics remain poorly understood, even more so when they exhibit an endolithic (boring) lifestyle. Currently, there are four Recent families of endolithic bryozoans that live inside mineralized substrates like mollusk shells. In particular, Penetrantiidae Silén, 1946 has received considerable attention and its systematic affinity to either cheilostomes or ctenostomes has been debated. Species delimitation of penetrantiids remains difficult, owing to a high degree of colonial and zooidal plasticity. Consequently, an additional molecular approach is essential to unravel the systematics of penetrantiids, their phylogenetic placement and their species diversity. We therefore sequenced the mitochondrial (mt) genomes and two nuclear markers of 27 ctenostome species including nine penetrantiids. Our phylogeny supports the Penetrantiidae as a monophyletic group placed as sister taxon to the remaining ctenostomes alongside paludicellids, arachnidioids and terebriporids. The boring family Terebriporidae d'Orbigny, 1847 were previously considered to be among vesicularioids, but our results suggest an arachnidioid affinity instead. Ctenostome paraphyly is supported by our data, as the cheilostomes nest within them. A Multiporata clade is also well supported, including the former victorelloid genus Sundanella. Altogether, this study provides new insights into ctenostome systematics, assists with species delimitation and contributes to our understanding of the bryozoan tree of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed J. Saadi
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Masato Hirose
- School of Marine BiosciencesKitasato UniversityMinato‐kuJapan
| | | | - Andy Sombke
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental BiologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Felipe Aguilera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
| | - Leandro M. Vieira
- Laboratório de Estudos de Bryozoa—LAEBry, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de BiociênciasUniversidade Federal de PernambucoRecifePEBrazil
- Department of Life ScienceNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - Abigail M. Smith
- Department of Marine ScienceUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | | | - Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schwaha T, Decker SH, Baranyi C, Saadi AJ. Rediscovering the unusual, solitary bryozoan Monobryozoon ambulans Remane, 1936: first molecular and new morphological data clarify its phylogenetic position. Front Zool 2024; 21:5. [PMID: 38443908 PMCID: PMC10913646 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-024-00527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most peculiar groups of the mostly colonial phylum Bryozoa is the taxon Monobryozoon, whose name already implies non-colonial members of the phylum. Its peculiarity and highly unusual lifestyle as a meiobenthic clade living on sand grains has fascinated many biologists. In particular its systematic relationship to other bryozoans remains a mystery. Despite numerous searches for M. ambulans in its type locality Helgoland, a locality with a long-lasting marine station and tradition of numerous courses and workshops, it has never been reencountered until today. Here we report the first observations of this almost mythical species, Monobryozoon ambulans. RESULTS For the first time since 1938, we present new modern, morphological analyses of this species as well as the first ever molecular data. Our detailed morphological analysis confirms most previous descriptions, but also ascertains the presence of special ambulatory polymorphic zooids. We consider these as bud anlagen that ultimately consecutively separate from the animal rendering it pseudo-colonial. The remaining morphological data show strong ties to alcyonidioidean ctenostome bryozoans. Our morphological data is in accordance with the phylogenomic analysis, which clusters it with species of Alcyonidium as a sister group to multiporate ctenostomes. Divergence time estimation and ancestral state reconstruction recover the solitary state of M. ambulans as a derived character that probably evolved in the Late Cretaceous. In this study, we also provide the entire mitogenome of M. ambulans, which-despite the momentary lack of comparable data-provides important data of a unique and rare species for comparative aspects in the future. CONCLUSIONS We were able to provide first sequence data and modern morphological data for the unique bryozoan, M. ambulans, which are both supporting an alcyonidioidean relationship within ctenostome bryozoans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Schlachthausgasse 43, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sebastian H Decker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Schlachthausgasse 43, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Baranyi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Schlachthausgasse 43, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmed J Saadi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Schlachthausgasse 43, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shunatova N. To be a transit link: Similarity in the structure of colonial system of integration and communication pores in autozooids and avicularia of Terminoflustra membranaceotruncata (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata). J Morphol 2024; 285:e21679. [PMID: 38329427 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Bryozoan colonies consist of zooids, which can differ in structure and function. Most heteromorphic zooids are unable to feed and autozooids supply them with nutrients. The structure of the tissues providing nutrient transfer is poorly investigated. Here, I present a detailed description of the colonial system of integration (CSI) and communication pores in autozooids and avicularia of the cheilosome bryozoan Terminoflustra membranaceotruncata. The CSI is the nutrient transport and distribution system in the colony. In both autozooids and avicularia it consists of a single cell type, that is, elongated cells, and has a variable branching pattern, except for the presence of a peripheral cord. The general similarity in the CSI structure in avicularia and autozooids is probably due to the interzooidal type of the avicularium. Interzooidal avicularia are likely to consume only a part of the nutrients delivered to them by the CSI, and they transit the rest of the nutrients further. The variability and irregularity of branching pattern of the CSI may be explained by the presence of single communication pores and their varying number. The structure of communication pores is similar regardless of their location (in the transverse or lateral wall) and the type of zooid in contact. Rosette complexes include a cincture cell, a few special cells, and a few limiting cells. Along each zooidal wall, there are communication pores with both unidirectional and bidirectional polarity of special cells. However, the total number of nucleus-containing lobes of special cells is approximately the same on each side of any zooidal wall. Supposing the polarity of special cells reflects the direction of nutrient transport, the pattern of special cells polarity is probably related to the need for bidirectional transport through each zooidal wall. The possibility for such transport is important in large perennial colonies with wide zones of autozooids undergoing polypide degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shunatova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Grant HE, Ostrovsky AN, Jenkins HL, Vieira LM, Gordon DP, Foster PG, Kotenko ON, Smith AM, Berning B, Porter JS, Souto J, Florence WK, Tilbrook KJ, Waeschenbach A. Multiple evolutionary transitions of reproductive strategies in a phylum of aquatic colonial invertebrates. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231458. [PMID: 37909081 PMCID: PMC10618858 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parental care is considered crucial for the enhanced survival of offspring and evolutionary success of many metazoan groups. Most bryozoans incubate their young in brood chambers or intracoelomically. Based on the drastic morphological differences in incubation chambers across members of the order Cheilostomatida (class Gymnolaemata), multiple origins of incubation were predicted in this group. This hypothesis was tested by constructing a molecular phylogeny based on mitogenome data and nuclear rRNA genes 18S and 28S with the most complete sampling of taxa with various incubation devices to date. Ancestral character estimation suggested that distinct types of brood chambers evolved at least 10 times in Cheilostomatida. In Eucratea loricata and Aetea spp. brooding evolved unambiguously from a zygote-spawning ancestral state, as it probably did in Tendra zostericola, Neocheilostomata, and 'Carbasea' indivisa. In two further instances, brooders with different incubation chamber types, skeletal and non-skeletal, formed clades (Scruparia spp., Leiosalpinx australis) and (Catenicula corbulifera (Steginoporella spp. (Labioporella spp., Thalamoporella californica))), each also probably evolved from a zygote-spawning ancestral state. The modular nature of bryozoans probably contributed to the evolution of such a diverse array of embryonic incubation chambers, which included complex constructions made of polymorphic heterozooids, and maternal zooidal invaginations and outgrowths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. Grant
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Andrew N. Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helen L. Jenkins
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Leandro M. Vieira
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Laboratório de Estudos de Bryozoa, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Recife, PE 50670–810, Brazil
| | - Dennis P. Gordon
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand
| | - Peter G. Foster
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Olga N. Kotenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Abigail M. Smith
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Björn Berning
- Institute for Geology, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, Campus de Ponta Delgada Apartado 1422, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
| | - Joanne S. Porter
- International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot Watt University, Orkney Campus, Robert Rendall Building, Franklin Road, Stromness, Orkney KW16 3AW, UK
| | - Javier Souto
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wayne K. Florence
- Research and Exhibitions Department, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Kevin J. Tilbrook
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Andrea Waeschenbach
- Department of Science, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shunatova N, Denisova S, Shchenkov S, Filippov A. Colonial system of integration and communication pores in a polymorphic bryozoan Dendrobeania fruticosa (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata). J Morphol 2023; 284:e21601. [PMID: 37313765 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bryozoan colonies are composed of zooids, which can differ in structure and function. Autozooids supply heteromorphic zooids with nutrients, which are usually unable to feed. To date, the ultrastructure of the tissues providing nutrient transfer is almost unexplored. Here, we present a detailed description of the colonial system of integration (CSI) and the different types of pore plates in Dendrobeania fruticosa. All cells of the CSI are joined by tight junctions that isolate its lumen. The lumen of the CSI is not a single structure, but a dense network of small interstices filled with a heterogeneous matrix. In autozooids, the CSI is composed of two types of cells: elongated and stellate. Elongated cells form the central part of the CSI, including two main longitudinal cords and several main branches to the gut and pore plates. Stellate cells compose the peripheral part of the CSI, which is a delicate mesh starting from the central part and reaching various structures of autozooids. Autozooids have two tiny muscular funiculi, which start from the caecum apex and run to the basal wall. Each funiculus includes a central cord of extracellular matrix and two longitudinal muscle cells; together they are enveloped with a layer of cells. The rosette complexes of all types of pore plates in D. fruticosa display a similar cellular composition: a cincture cell and a few special cells; limiting cells are absent. Special cells have bidirectional polarity in interautozooidal and avicularian pore plates. This is probably due to the need for bidirectional transport of nutrients during degeneration-regeneration cycles. Cincture cells and epidermal cells of pore plates contain microtubules and inclusions resembling dense-cored vesicles, which are typical of neurons. Probably, cincture cells are involved in the signal transduction from one zooid to another and can be a part of the colony-wide nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shunatova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., St. Peterburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sofia Denisova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., St. Peterburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Shchenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., St. Peterburg, Russian Federation
| | - Artem Filippov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., St. Peterburg, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Decker SH, Hirose M, Lemer S, Kuklinski P, Spencer HG, Smith AM, Schwaha T. Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2023; 23:743-785. [PMID: 38046835 PMCID: PMC10689564 DOI: 10.1007/s13127-023-00612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
An endolithic lifestyle in mineralized substrates has evolved multiple times in various phyla including Bryozoa. The family Penetrantiidae includes one genus with ten extant and two fossil species. They predominantly colonize the shells of molluscs and establish colonies by chemical dissolution of calcium carbonate. Based on several morphological characters, they were described to be either cheilostome or ctenostome bryozoans. For more than 40 years, neither the characters of species identity and systematics nor the problem of their phylogeny was approached. Consequently, the aim of this study is to reevaluate species identities and the systematic position of the genus Penetrantia by analyzing at least six different species from eight regions with the aid of modern methods such as confocal laser scanning microscopy and 3D-reconstruction techniques. This study demonstrates that the musculature associated with the operculum and brood chamber shows significant differences from the cheilostome counterparts and seems to have evolved independently. Together with the presence of other ctenostome-like features such as true polymorphic stolons and uncalcified body wall, this finding supports a ctenostome affinity. Operculum morphology reveals many new species-specific characters, which, together with information about gonozooid morphology, tentacle number, and zooid size ranges, will enhance species identification. It also revealed a probable new species in Japan as well as potential cryptic species in France and New Zealand. In addition, this study increases the known distribution range of the family and its substrate diversity. Altogether, the new information collated here provides the basis for future work on a neglected taxon. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13127-023-00612-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian H. Decker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Schlachthausgasse 43, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Masato Hirose
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Sagamihara-Minami, Kanagawa, 252-0373 Japan
| | - Sarah Lemer
- Marine Laboratory, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam 96923 USA
| | - Piotr Kuklinski
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | | | - Abigail M. Smith
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Schlachthausgasse 43, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
AbstractEvolvability is best addressed from a multi-level, macroevolutionary perspective through a comparative approach that tests for among-clade differences in phenotypic diversification in response to an opportunity, such as encountered after a mass extinction, entering a new adaptive zone, or entering a new geographic area. Analyzing the dynamics of clades under similar environmental conditions can (partially) factor out shared external drivers to recognize intrinsic differences in evolvability, aiming for a macroevolutionary analog of a common-garden experiment. Analyses will be most powerful when integrating neontological and paleontological data: determining differences among extant populations that can be hypothesized to generate large-scale, long-term contrasts in evolvability among clades; or observing large-scale differences among clade histories that can by hypothesized to reflect contrasts in genetics and development observed directly in extant populations. However, many comparative analyses can be informative on their own, as explored in this overview. Differences in clade-level evolvability can be visualized in diversity-disparity plots, which can quantify positive and negative departures of phenotypic productivity from stochastic expectations scaled to taxonomic diversification. Factors that evidently can promote evolvability include modularity—when selection aligns with modular structure or with morphological integration patterns; pronounced ontogenetic changes in morphology, as in allometry or multiphase life cycles; genome size; and a variety of evolutionary novelties, which can also be evaluated using macroevolutionary lags between the acquisition of a trait and phenotypic diversification, and dead-clade-walking patterns that may signal a loss of evolvability when extrinsic factors can be excluded. High speciation rates may indirectly foster phenotypic evolvability, and vice versa. Mechanisms are controversial, but clade evolvability may be higher in the Cambrian, and possibly early in the history of clades at other times; in the tropics; and, for marine organisms, in shallow-water disturbed habitats.
Collapse
|
11
|
Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Minelli A, Valero-Gracia A. Spatially and Temporally Distributed Complexity-A Refreshed Framework for the Study of GRN Evolution. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111790. [PMID: 35681485 PMCID: PMC9179533 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Irrespective of the heuristic value of interpretations of developmental processes in terms of gene regulatory networks (GRNs), larger-angle views often suffer from: (i) an inadequate understanding of the relationship between genotype and phenotype; (ii) a predominantly zoocentric vision; and (iii) overconfidence in a putatively hierarchical organization of animal body plans. Here, we constructively criticize these assumptions. First, developmental biology is pervaded by adultocentrism, but development is not necessarily egg to adult. Second, during development, many unicells undergo transcriptomic profile transitions that are comparable to those recorded in pluricellular organisms; thus, their study should not be neglected from the GRN perspective. Third, the putatively hierarchical nature of the animal body is mirrored in the GRN logic, but in relating genotype to phenotype, independent assessments of the dynamics of the regulatory machinery and the animal’s architecture are required, better served by a combinatorial than by a hierarchical approach. The trade-offs between spatial and temporal aspects of regulation, as well as their evolutionary consequences, are also discussed. Multicellularity may derive from a unicell’s sequential phenotypes turned into different but coexisting, spatially arranged cell types. In turn, polyphenism may have been a crucial mechanism involved in the origin of complex life cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Minelli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35132 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alberto Valero-Gracia
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1172, 0318 Oslo, Norway;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Batson PB, Tamberg Y, Taylor PD. Composite branch construction by dual autozooidal budding modes in hornerids (Bryozoa: Cyclostomatida). J Morphol 2022; 283:783-804. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Batson
- Department of Marine ScienceUniversity of OtagoDunedin9054New Zealand
| | - Y. Tamberg
- Department of Marine ScienceUniversity of OtagoDunedin9054New Zealand
| | - P. D. Taylor
- Department of Earth SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonSW7 5BD
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Orr RJS, Di Martino E, Ramsfjell MH, Gordon DP, Berning B, Chowdhury I, Craig S, Cumming RL, Figuerola B, Florence W, Harmelin JG, Hirose M, Huang D, Jain SS, Jenkins HL, Kotenko ON, Kuklinski P, Lee HE, Madurell T, McCann L, Mello HL, Obst M, Ostrovsky AN, Paulay G, Porter JS, Shunatova NN, Smith AM, Souto-Derungs J, Vieira LM, Voje KL, Waeschenbach A, Zágoršek K, Warnock RCM, Liow LH. Paleozoic origins of cheilostome bryozoans and their parental care inferred by a new genome-skimmed phylogeny. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm7452. [PMID: 35353568 PMCID: PMC8967238 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships and the timing of evolutionary events are essential for understanding evolution on longer time scales. Cheilostome bryozoans are a group of ubiquitous, species-rich, marine colonial organisms with an excellent fossil record but lack phylogenetic relationships inferred from molecular data. We present genome-skimmed data for 395 cheilostomes and combine these with 315 published sequences to infer relationships and the timing of key events among c. 500 cheilostome species. We find that named cheilostome genera and species are phylogenetically coherent, rendering fossil or contemporary specimens readily delimited using only skeletal morphology. Our phylogeny shows that parental care in the form of brooding evolved several times independently but was never lost in cheilostomes. Our fossil calibration, robust to varied assumptions, indicates that the cheilostome lineage and parental care therein could have Paleozoic origins, much older than the first known fossil record of cheilostomes in the Late Jurassic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dennis P. Gordon
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Björn Berning
- Geoscience Collections, Oberösterreichische Landes-Kultur GmbH, Linz, Austria
| | - Ismael Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Sean Craig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Wayne Florence
- Department of Research and Exhibitions, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jean-Georges Harmelin
- Station marine d’Endoume, OSU Pytheas, MIO, GIS Posidonie, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Masato Hirose
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sudhanshi S. Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Helen L. Jenkins
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Plymouth, UK
- Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Olga N. Kotenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Piotr Kuklinski
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Hannah E. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA
| | | | - Linda McCann
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, TIburon, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthias Obst
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew N. Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gustav Paulay
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joanne S. Porter
- International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Stromness, UK
| | - Natalia N. Shunatova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Javier Souto-Derungs
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leandro M. Vieira
- Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Kjetil L. Voje
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kamil Zágoršek
- Department of Geography, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Rachel C. M. Warnock
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lee Hsiang Liow
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Understanding of superorganisms: collective behavior, differentiation and social organization. ARTIFICIAL LIFE AND ROBOTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10015-022-00754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Smith AM, Batson PB, Achilleos K, Tamberg Y. Collecting and Culturing Bryozoans for Regenerative Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2450:151-177. [PMID: 35359307 PMCID: PMC9761509 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2172-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Among marine invertebrates, bryozoans are small, not well known, and complex to identify. Nevertheless, they offer unique opportunities for whole-body generation research, because of their colonial, modular mode of growth. Here, we describe detailed methods for collection of bryozoans from a range of environments, sample preparation and identification, culture and feeding, spawning and breeding, marking colonies for growth studies, and histological preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Smith
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Peter B Batson
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Yuta Tamberg
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shunatova N, Serova K, Denisova S, Shchenkov S, Ostrovsky A. Small, but smart: Fine structure of an avicularium in Dendrobeania fruticosa (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata). J Morphol 2021; 283:174-206. [PMID: 34897770 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bryozoans are small benthic suspension-feeding colonial animals. Among this phylum, there are representatives showing a lesser or greater degree of polymorphism, and the most common type of polymorphic zooids is the avicularium. Here we present a detailed description of the bird's-head shaped avicularium in Dendrobeania fruticosa. The body cavity of the avicularium demonstrates an acoelomate condition: along the cystid walls, there is neither the layer of extracellular matrix toward the epidermis, nor coelomic lining. However, a layer of extracellular matrix and epithelialized cells lie under the epidermis of the tentacle sheath. Probably, such construction helps the tentacle sheath to acquire some rigidity-it is the only region of the body wall without an ectocyst. We did not find typical funicular strands in the avicularium, but there is a delicate mesh composed of stellate cells with thin and long projections, which sometimes isolate the spaces filled with a heterogeneous matrix. The proximal ends of the adductors, abductors, and polypide retractors are attached to the body wall via typical epidermal tendon cells, which possess numerous bundles of tonofilaments. The distal ends of the abductors and adductors attach to the frontal membrane or upper vestibular membrane, respectively. The inner organic layer of the ectocyst in these regions forms large protrusions, from which numerous thin outgrowths branch off. We suggest them to be a functional analogue of apodemes and apodemal filaments in arthropods. "Apodemal" tendon cells have long and thin projections that line the outgrowths of the ectocyst and surround the distal ends of the muscle cells. At these sites, "apodemal" tendon cells possess numerous tonofilaments. The vestigial polypide includes the tentacle sheath, rudimentary lophophore, cerebral ganglion, and polypide retractors. The sensory part of 5HT-positive cells of the frontal membrane is dendrite-shaped and embedded in the inner organic layer of the ectocyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shunatova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ksenia Serova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of Evolutionary Morphology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sofia Denisova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergei Shchenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrew Ostrovsky
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, Geozentrum, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yamaguchi H, Hirose M, Nakamura M, Udagawa S, Oguchi K, Shinji J, Kohtsuka H, Miura T. Developmental Process of a Heterozooid: Avicularium Formation in a Bryozoan, Bugulina californica. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:203-212. [PMID: 34057344 DOI: 10.2108/zs200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In bryozoans (phylum Bryozoa), representative colonial animals mostly found in marine environments, some species possess different types of individuals (heterozooids) specialized in different functions such as defense or structural support for their colonies. Among them, the best-known heterozooids are the avicularia, known to function as defenders. The differentiation processes of heterozooids, including avicularia, should be important keys to understand the evolutionary significance of bryozoans. However, the developmental process of avicularium formation remains to be fully understood. In this study, therefore, in order to understand the detailed developmental process and timing of avicularium formation, extensive observations were carried out in a bryozoan species, Bugulina californica (Cheilostomata, Bugulidae), that possesses adventitious avicularia, by performing stereomicroscopy on live materials, in addition to scanning electron microscopy and histological observations. The whole process can be divided into seven stages based on developmental events. Especially notably, at the earlier stages, there are three major budding events that produce proliferating cell masses corresponding to primordial tissues: (1) budding of the peduncle cushion at the outer margin of the distal part of a young autozooid, (2) budding of the head-part primordium from the peduncle cushion, and (3) budding of the polypide inside the head part. Experimental control of temperature showed that 20°C would be the best to maintain B. californica colonies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yamaguchi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Masato Hirose
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nakamura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Sumio Udagawa
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Kohei Oguchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Junpei Shinji
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Hisanori Kohtsuka
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hiebert LS, Vieira LM, Tiozzo S, Simpson C, Grosberg RK, Migotto AE, Morandini AC, Brown FD. From the individual to the colony: Marine invertebrates as models to understand levels of biological organization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:191-197. [PMID: 33819384 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The developmental and evolutionary principles of coloniality in marine animals remain largely unexplored. Although many common traits have evolved independently in different groups of colonial animals, questions about their significance for colonial life histories remain unanswered. In 2018 (Nov. 25 - Dec. 8), the inaugural course on the Evolution of Coloniality and Modularity took place at the Center for Marine Biology of the University of São Paulo (CEBIMAR-USP), Brazil. During the intensive two-week graduate-level course, we addressed some of the historical ideas about animal coloniality by focal studies in bryozoans, tunicates, cnidarians, and sponges. We discussed many historical hypotheses and ways to test these using both extant and paleontological data, and we carried direct observations of animal colonies in the different phyla to address questions about coloniality. We covered topics related to multi-level selection theory and studied colonial traits, including modular miniaturization, polymorphism, brooding, and allorecognition. Course participants carried out short research projects using local species of animals to address questions on allorecognition and regeneration in ascidians and sponges, fusion and chimerism in anthoathecate hydrozoans, and evolution of polymorphism in bryozoans. Although many questions remain unanswered, this course served as a foundation to continue to develop a developmental and evolutionary synthesis of clonal and modular development in colonial marine organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurel S Hiebert
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
| | - Leandro M Vieira
- Laboratório de Estudos de Bryozoa (LAEBry), Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Paris, France
| | - Carl Simpson
- Department of Geological Sciences and Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alvaro E Migotto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
| | - Andre C Morandini
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
| | - Federico D Brown
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Estudos Interdisciplinares e Transdisciplinares em Ecologia e Evolução (IN-TREE), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Orr RJS, Di Martino E, Gordon DP, Ramsfjell MH, Mello HL, Smith AM, Liow LH. A broadly resolved molecular phylogeny of New Zealand cheilostome bryozoans as a framework for hypotheses of morphological evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 161:107172. [PMID: 33813020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Larger molecular phylogenies based on ever more genes are becoming commonplace with the advent of cheaper and more streamlined sequencing and bioinformatics pipelines. However, many groups of inconspicuous but no less evolutionarily or ecologically important marine invertebrates are still neglected in the quest for understanding species- and higher-level phylogenetic relationships. Here, we alleviate this issue by presenting the molecular sequences of 165 cheilostome bryozoan species from New Zealand waters. New Zealand is our geographic region of choice as its cheilostome fauna is taxonomically, functionally and ecologically diverse, and better characterized than many other such faunas in the world. Using this most taxonomically broadly-sampled and statistically-supported cheilostome phylogeny comprising 214 species, when including previously published sequences, and 17 genes (2 nuclear and 15 mitochondrial) we tested several existing systematic hypotheses based solely on morphological observations. We find that lower taxonomic level hypotheses (species and genera) are robust while our inferred trees did not reflect current higher-level systematics (family and above), illustrating a general need for the rethinking of current hypotheses. To illustrate the utility of our new phylogeny, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of frontal shields (i.e., a calcified body-wall layer in ascus-bearing cheilostomes) and ask if its presence has any bearing on the diversification rates of cheilostomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J S Orr
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - E Di Martino
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - D P Gordon
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - M H Ramsfjell
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - H L Mello
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A M Smith
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - L H Liow
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Simpson C. An ecological driver for the macroevolution of morphological polymorphism within colonial invertebrates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:231-238. [PMID: 32445547 PMCID: PMC8247048 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Colonial marine invertebrates, such as corals and bryozoans, have modular growth. Individual modules within a colony are homologous to an individual solitary animal body. But in contrast to the predominately sexual origin of solitary animal bodies, modules within a colony are always produced asexually. The repetition of modules and the indeterminism of their organization gives colonies the ability to grow in ways solitary animals cannot. Colonial invertebrates consequently grow in such a way as to resemble weeds, bushes, or trees. The multitude of growth forms of colonial invertebrates arise from differences how individual colonies within a species tend to invest their energy into modular growth, persistence, asexual propagation, and sexual reproduction. Moreover, many colonial invertebrates possess several body types, morphological polymorphism among modules, where modules qualitatively differ in shape, size, and function. In this paper, I propose a mechanism that links the origin of novel body types to the evolution of life-history strategies among species. When colonies first evolve from solitary ancestors, the life-history strategy of the colony remains constrained by the life-history strategies of the individual modules within the colony until a new polymorph type evolves. The addition of novel body types within a colony introduces potential variation in life-history strategies. Colonies can then change strategies by regulating the frequencies of body types within the colony. This, along with the ability of body types to simplify their structure permits colonies to evolve more complex life-histories. Each new polymorph type that evolves permits more variation in colonial life-histories to exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Simpson
- Department of Geological Sciences and Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of ColoradoColorado
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shunatova N, Denisova S, Shchenkov S. Ultrastructure of rhizoids in the marine bryozoan Dendrobeania fruticosa (Gymnolaemata: Cheilostomata). J Morphol 2021; 282:847-862. [PMID: 33759196 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bryozoans form colonies of iterated modules, termed zooids, and display varying degrees of polymorphism. Polymorphic colonies comprise autozooids (or feeding zooids) and heteromorphic zooids, among which the most common types are avicularia and kenozooids. Kenozooids differ in shape, size, and presumed function. Among this diversity, there are rhizoids, which serve to attach colonies to the substrate or to lift them above it. To date, only general data on anatomy of kenozooids at light microscopy level are available. Here, we present the first description of the ultrastructure of the holdfast-like rhizoids of the cheilostome bryozoan Dendrobeania fruticosa. The rhizoid wall is composed of a single-layered epidermis, which produces the ectocyst. The voluminous cavity is acoelomate: it has no special cellular lining, nor any signs of an extracellular matrix toward the epidermis. It is traversed by delicate branching funicular strands that originate from the pore plate. The only cells in contact with the epidermis are the cells of the funicular system and the storage cells. The pore plate between the rhizoid and autozooid includes a variable number of communication pores. Each pore is plugged with a rosette complex, which includes a cincture cell and four special cells extending through the pore. The limiting cells are absent, and the special cells are in direct contact with the funicular strands. Cell contacts between special cells are absent; moreover, there are spaces between their proximal lobes filled with a heterogeneous matrix similar to that in the lumen of the funicular strands. Such matrix is also found outside of the extracellular matrix surrounding the special cells. These findings allow us to suggest that nutrient transport most likely occurs between, rather than through, the special cells. However, further studies are needed to understand how the rosette complex functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shunatova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sofia Denisova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Shchenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Treibergs KA, Giribet G. Differential Gene Expression Between Polymorphic Zooids of the Marine Bryozoan Bugulina stolonifera. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:3843-3857. [PMID: 32859685 PMCID: PMC7534450 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bryozoans are a diverse phylum of marine and freshwater colonial invertebrates containing approximately 6,300 described living species. Bryozoans grow by budding new physiologically connected colony members (zooids) from a founding individual that forms from a metamorphosed larva. In some species these zooids come in different shapes and sizes and are specialized to serve different tasks within the colony. A complex interaction of genotype, environment, and developmental pathway shapes zooid fate, however, the specific mechanisms underlying the establishment of this division of labor remain unknown. Here, the first characterization of differential gene expression between polymorphic zooids of a bryozoan colony is presented. The development of different zooid types of lab-cultured Bugulina stolonifera colonies including feeding autozooids, avicularia (derived non-feeding zooids that are homologous to feeding autozooids but shaped like a bird's beak), and rhizoids (a branching network of non-feeding anchoring zooids) was explored using RNA sequencing, de novo transcriptome assembly, and differential gene expression analyses. High throughput sequencing of cDNA libraries yielded an average of 14.9 ± 1.3 (SE) million high-quality paired-end reads per sample. Data for the first de novo transcriptome assemblies of B. stolonifera and the first characterization of genes involved in the formation and maintenance of zooid types within a bryozoan colony are presented. In a comparison between autozooid and avicularium tissues, 1,097 significant differentially expressed genes were uncovered. This work provides a much-needed foundation for understanding the mechanisms involved in the development of polymorphic zooids and the establishment of division of labor in bryozoans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kira A Treibergs
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schack CR, Gordon DP, Ryan KG. Community assembly in a modular organism: the impact of environmental filtering on bryozoan colony form and polymorphism. Ecology 2020; 101:e03106. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolann R. Schack
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Kelburn Wellington 6012 New Zealand
- New Zealand Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Science 301 Evans Bay Parade Hataitai Wellington 6021 New Zealand
| | - Dennis P. Gordon
- New Zealand Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Science 301 Evans Bay Parade Hataitai Wellington 6021 New Zealand
| | - Ken G. Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Kelburn Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Batson PB, Tamberg Y, Taylor PD, Gordon DP, Smith AM. Skeletal resorption in bryozoans: occurrence, function and recognition. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1341-1371. [PMID: 32558290 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal resorption - the physiological removal of mineralised parts by an organism - is an important morphogenetic process in bryozoans. Reports of its occurrence and function across the phylum are patchy, however, and have not previously been synthesised. Here we show that resorption occurs routinely across a wide range of bryozoan clades, colony sizes, growth forms, ontogenetic stages, body wall types, skeletal ultrastructures and mineralogies. Beginning in the early Paleozoic, different modes and functions of resorption have evolved convergently among disparate groups, highlighting its utility as a morphogenetic mode in this phylum. Its functions include branch renovation, formation of branch articulations, excavation of reproductive chambers, part-shedding, and creation of access portals for budding beyond previously formed skeletal walls. Bryozoan skeletons can be altered by resorption at microscopic, zooidal and colony-wide scales, typically with a fine degree of control and coordination. We classified resorption patterns in bryozoans according to the morphology and function of the resorption zone (window formation, abscission or excavation), timing within the life of the skeletal element resorbed (primary or secondary), and scale of operation (zooidal or multizooidal). Skeletal resorption is probably greatly underestimated in terms of its utility and role in bryozoan life history, and its prevalence across taxa, especially in fossil forms. It is reported proportionally more frequently in stenolaemates than in gymnolaemates. Some modes of resorption potentially alter or remove the spatial-temporal record of calcification preserved within a skeleton. Consequently, knowledge that resorption has occurred can be relevant for some common applications of skeletal analysis, such as palaeoenvironmental interpretation, or growth and ageing studies. To aid recognition we provide scanning electron microscopy, backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy examples of skeletal ultrastuctures modified by resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Batson
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Yuta Tamberg
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Paul D Taylor
- Departments of Earth & Life Sciences , Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K
| | - Dennis P Gordon
- NIWA, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, 6241, New Zealand
| | - Abigail M Smith
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schwaha T. O anus, where art thou? An investigation of ctenostome bryozoans. J Morphol 2020; 281:914-922. [PMID: 32542691 PMCID: PMC7496372 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ctenostome bryozoans are a small group of approximately 350 currently described species that remain inadequately investigated anatomically. Recently, the importance of soft body morphology of zooids including the digestive tract has become more evident for addressing various biological aspects such as systematic, functional, or phylogenetic analyses. Particularly, the position of the anus shows considerable variation in ctenostomes and in its extreme form can either be at the lophophoral base or at the vestibular wall. However, it has never been analysed in a broader systematic, phylogenetic, or functional context. Hence, the purpose of this study is to assess the distribution of anus position among ctenostomes, analyse whether zooidal or colonial morphology affects anus position, and draw first conclusions on its functional effects. The survey shows that a vestibular anus is ubiquitously present in alcyonidioideans and several, probably closely related, walkerioideans. In other groups such as boring forms, it appears more patchily distributed, or in some currently unassignable genera, such as Monobryozoon, supports a closer relationship to alcyonidioideans. Other zooidal or colonial characters such as tentacle number or zooidal density in the colony do not show a distinct correlation to the position of the anus. It appears that the shift of the anus into a vestibular area occurred once or twice among ctenostomes; the reasons and functional effects remain unknown. Future important aspects of defecation research in bryozoans are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schwaha TF, Ostrovsky AN, Wanninger A. Key novelties in the evolution of the aquatic colonial phylum Bryozoa: evidence from soft body morphology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:696-729. [PMID: 32032476 PMCID: PMC7317743 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular techniques are currently the leading tools for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships, but our understanding of ancestral, plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters requires the study of the morphology of extant forms for testing these phylogenies and for reconstructing character evolution. This review highlights the potential of soft body morphology for inferring the evolution and phylogeny of the lophotrochozoan phylum Bryozoa. This colonial taxon comprises aquatic coelomate filter-feeders that dominate many benthic communities, both marine and freshwater. Despite having a similar bauplan, bryozoans are morphologically highly diverse and are represented by three major taxa: Phylactolaemata, Stenolaemata and Gymnolaemata. Recent molecular studies resulted in a comprehensive phylogenetic tree with the Phylactolaemata sister to the remaining two taxa, and Stenolaemata (Cyclostomata) sister to Gymnolaemata. We plotted data of soft tissue morphology onto this phylogeny in order to gain further insights into the origin of morphological novelties and character evolution in the phylum. All three larger clades have morphological apomorphies assignable to the latest molecular phylogeny. Stenolaemata (Cyclostomata) and Gymnolaemata were united as monophyletic Myolaemata because of the apomorphic myoepithelial and triradiate pharynx. One of the main evolutionary changes in bryozoans is a change from a body wall with two well-developed muscular layers and numerous retractor muscles in Phylactolaemata to a body wall with few specialized muscles and few retractors in the remaining bryozoans. Such a shift probably pre-dated a body wall calcification that evolved independently at least twice in Bryozoa and resulted in the evolution of various hydrostatic mechanisms for polypide protrusion. In Cyclostomata, body wall calcification was accompanied by a unique detachment of the peritoneum from the epidermis to form the hydrostatic membraneous sac. The digestive tract of the Myolaemata differs from the phylactolaemate condition by a distinct ciliated pylorus not present in phylactolaemates. All bryozoans have a mesodermal funiculus, which is duplicated in Gymnolaemata. A colonial system of integration (CSI) of additional, sometimes branching, funicular cords connecting neighbouring zooids via pores with pore-cell complexes evolved at least twice in Gymnolaemata. The nervous system in all bryozoans is subepithelial and concentrated at the lophophoral base and the tentacles. Tentacular nerves emerge intertentacularly in Phylactolaemata whereas they partially emanate directly from the cerebral ganglion or the circum-oral nerve ring in myolaemates. Overall, morphological evidence shows that ancestral forms were small, colonial coelomates with a muscular body wall and a U-shaped gut with ciliary tentacle crown, and were capable of asexual budding. Coloniality resulted in many novelties including the origin of zooidal polymorphism, an apomorphic landmark trait of the Myolaemata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Andrew N. Ostrovsky
- Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and AstronomyUniversity of ViennaVienna1090Austria
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of BiologySaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Andreas Wanninger
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hiebert LS, Simpson C, Tiozzo S. Coloniality, clonality, and modularity in animals: The elephant in the room. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 336:198-211. [PMID: 32306502 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nearly half of the animal phyla contain species that propagate asexually via agametic reproduction, often forming colonies of genetically identical modules, that is, ramets, zooids, or polyps. Clonal reproduction, colony formation, and modular organization have important consequences for many aspects of organismal biology. Theories in ecology, evolution, and development are often based on unitary and, mainly, strictly sexually reproducing organisms, and though colonial animals dominate many marine ecosystems and habitats, recognized concepts for the study of clonal species are often lacking. In this review, we present an overview of the study of colonial and clonal animals, from the historic interests in this subject to modern research in a range of topics, including immunology, stem cell biology, aging, biogeography, and ecology. We attempt to portray the fundamental questions lying behind the biology of colonial animals, focusing on how colonial animals challenge several dogmas in biology as well as the remaining puzzles still to be answered, of which there are many.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurel S Hiebert
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Carl Simpson
- Department of Geological Sciences and Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dias GM, Dutra FS, Duarte RC. Artificial habitats induce plasticity in colonies of the marine bryozoan Schizoporella errata. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 336:239-249. [PMID: 32291859 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Modular organization provides flexibility for colonial animals to deal with variable and unpredictable environmental conditions since each module has specific tasks within the colony, such as feeding, defending or reproducing. Depending on the selecting pressures, sessile organisms may phenotypically adjust the morphology of each module or modify their density, increasing individual fitness. Here we used the marine bryozoan Schizoporella errata (Cheilostomata, Schizoporellidae) to test how the divergent conditions between two artificial habitats, the location inside a marina (IM) and the external wall of the breakwater (BW), affect colony size and the density of the distinct modules. The density of avicularia and ovicells, modules related to defense and reproduction, respectively, did not differ between habitats. However, colonies growing in the turbulent waters of BW were, in general, larger and had higher density of feeding autozooids than those at IM. Reciprocal transplants of bryozoan clones indicated that trait variation is genotype-dependent but varies according to the environmental conditions at the assigned location. The occurrence of larger colonies with more zooids in BW is probably linked to the easier feeding opportunity offered by the small diffusive boundary layer around the colony at this location. Since in colonial polymorphic organisms each module (zooid) performs a specific function, the phenotypic response is not uniform across colonies, affecting only those modules that are susceptible to variations in the main selective pressures. Understanding the importance of colony-level plasticity is relevant to predict how modularity will contribute to organisms to deal with human-induced environmental changes in coastal habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo M Dias
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Dutra
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Duarte
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|