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Wong ST, Ng CKC. What drives food security for wildlife in logged and intact forests of tropical Borneo? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:753-767. [PMID: 35059819 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Timber extraction is often cited as detrimental to wildlife ecology. Little information, however, in particular from the Southeast Asian tropics, is available on how exactly logging affects wildlife food security. To address the gap, this paper presents the first high-resolution comparison of fruit production between logged and intact forests in lowland Borneo. In the period of 2004-2008, dry weight of fruit litter was assessed as a proxy for food security of wildlife. The pheno-phases of 1,054 trees in 14 sampling plots were monitored for 54 months. A total of 143,184 fruits from 50 tree families were collected from six sampling transects totalling 810 km in 34 months. Surprisingly, logged forest (mean = 23.3 kg ha-1, SD = 48.9) produced more fruit litter than intact forest (mean = 16.7 kg ha-1, SD = 23.3), although the difference is not significant based on Student's t test; t(66) = 0.702, p = 0.485. Pheno-phases could not be entirely explained by rainfall and temperature variables. Some evidence, however, indicates tree species composition, stand structure and sunlight exposure were likely determinants of flowering and fruit litter intensity. All things being equal, results imply selective logging if considerately practiced may increase food security for wildlife. The findings, however, should be interpreted with caution since tropical forest phenology and fruit productivity are also driven by a suite of small-scale edaphic attributes and large-scale spatio-temporal meteorological forcing. Although this research deals mainly with Borneo, the principles discussed and insights offered herein are valuable for furthering conversation around sustainable forestry in tropical Asia and elsewhere globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Te Wong
- Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre, PPM 219, Elopura, 90000, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Casey Keat-Chuan Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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2
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Thompson C, Cahyaningrum E, Birot H, Aziz A, Cheyne SM. A case of polygyny in the Bornean white-bearded gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis). Folia Primatol (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20200801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gibbons (family Hylobatidae) typically form groups that encompass a single breeding pair. Here, we present the first evidence of polygyny (where a single male has more than one female mate) in the Bornean white-bearded gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis). In July 2014, an adult female yet to have emigrated from her natal group gave birth to an infant, bringing the total group size to six individuals (one adult male, two adult females, one subadult female, and two infant females). Forty months later in November 2017, the same female gave birth to a second infant. Between July 2014 and April 2018, the two breeding females within the group remained mutually tolerant of each other, often singing the characteristic female vocalisation, the great call, in unison, until the eldest adult female dispersed in November 2018. We explore possible reasons behind this group’s mating system flexibility by examining dispersal limitation due to environmental constraints, factors associated with a large home range size, mutual tolerance between females, and a lack of mating opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Thompson
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
- Genetics Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Eka Cahyaningrum
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
| | - Hélène Birot
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Aziz
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
- Centre for International Cooperation in the Management of Tropical Peatlands (CIMTROP), University of Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
| | - Susan M. Cheyne
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
- Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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3
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Chappell J, Thorpe SKS. The role of great ape behavioral ecology in One Health: Implications for captive welfare and re-habilitation success. Am J Primatol 2021; 84:e23328. [PMID: 34516685 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Behavior is the interface through which animals interact with their environments, and therefore has potentially cascading impacts on the health of individuals, populations, their habitats, and the humans that share them. Evolution has shaped the interaction between species and their environments. Thus, alterations to the species-typical "wild-type" behavioral repertoire (and the ability of the individual to adapt flexibly which elements of the repertoire it employs) may disrupt the relationship between the organism and its environment, creating cascading One Health effects. A good example is rehabilitant orangutans where, for example, seemingly minor differences from wild conspecifics in the time spent traveling on the ground rather than in the forest canopy can affect an individual's musculoskeletal and nutritional health, as well as social integration. It can also increase two-way transmission of infectious diseases and/or pathogens with local human populations, or potentially with neighboring wild populations if there are no geographical barriers and rehabilitants travel far enough to leave their release area. Primates are well known ecosystem engineers, reshaping plant communities and maintaining biodiversity through seed dispersal, consuming plants, and creating canopy gaps and trails. From the habitat perspective, a rehabilitant orangutan which does not behave like a wild orangutan is unlikely to fulfill these same ecosystem services. Despite the importance of the diversity of an ape's behavioral repertoire, how it compares to that of wild conspecifics and how it alters in response to habitat variation, behavior is an often under-appreciated aspect of One Health. In this review, focusing on orangutans as an example of the kinds of problems faced by all captive great apes, we examine the ways in which understanding and facilitating the expression of wild-type behavior can improve their health, their ability to thrive, and the robustness of local One Health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Chappell
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Houlihan PR, Stone M, Clem SE, Owen M, Emmel TC. Pollination ecology of the ghost orchid (Dendrophylax lindenii): A first description with new hypotheses for Darwin's orchids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12850. [PMID: 31492938 PMCID: PMC6731287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural variation of orchids enables myriad fascinating symbiotic relationships with organisms across kingdoms. Orchids are frequently known for having elaborate arms races with their pollinators that result in intricate morphologies in both parties, and flowers with long corollas hypothesized to be pollinated only by individual species of long tongued hawkmoths are of particular concern for conservation. Florida’s endangered ghost orchid, Dendrophylax lindenii, has long been confidently assumed to be pollinated by one species (Cocytius antaeus), despite the presence of a resident community of multiple suitable long-tongued candidates. Here we present the first description of ghost orchid pollination, and describe novel remote camera trapping methods. Pollination of D. lindenii by Pachylia ficus disproves long-standing hypotheses concerning the pollination ecology of long-spurred orchids, and new multiple pollinator hypotheses are proposed. We discuss the broader implications for the conservation of an endangered species, orchids globally, and the importance of Everglades restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Houlihan
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,International League of Conservation Photographers (iLCP), Washington D.C., USA.
| | - Mac Stone
- International League of Conservation Photographers (iLCP), Washington D.C., USA
| | - Shawn E Clem
- Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary, Audubon Florida, Naples, FL, USA
| | - Mike Owen
- Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park, Copeland, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C Emmel
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Florida Biodiversity Foundation, Gainesville, FL, USA
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5
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Cheyne SM, Capilla BR, K. A, Supiansyah, Adul, Cahyaningrum E, Smith DE. Home range variation and site fidelity of Bornean southern gibbons [Hylobates albibarbis] from 2010-2018. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217784. [PMID: 31365525 PMCID: PMC6668788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gibbons are highly territorial and have two key areas within these territories. The core area in which we find all sleeping trees and the trees from which the gibbons duet and the wider home range (HR) which has varying levels of overlap with neighbouring gibbon groups. The core area is strenously defended, with the wider HR being more of a shared area for neighbouring groups. We present ranging and movement data on four wild gibbon groups from January 2010 to July 2018. Global Positioning System (GPS) data were collected every 5 mins on habitauted groups in Sebangau, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia resulting in 35,521 waypoints. Gibbon home- and corerange sizes were calculated using 95%, and 50%, volume contours of kernel density estimates. Home-ranges ranged from 58.74-147.75 ha with a mean of 95.7 ± SD 37.75 ha, the highest of comparable Hylobates species. Core-range size ranged from 20.7-51.31 ha with a mean size of 31.7 ± SD 13.76 ha. Gibbons had consistant site fidelity for their home- and core ranges; percentage overlap ranged from 4.3 23.97% with a mean 16.5 ± SD 8.65% overlap in home-range area. Core ranges did not overlap with the exception of two groups, in which a 0.64 ha (2.69%) overlap occurred. Unsurprisingly forest loss from fire does affect the location of the HR of the impacted group, but does not appear to affect adjacent groups, though more data are needed on this. Understanding the complex use of space of these territorial animals is important in assessing both carrying capacity for wild populations and understading how reintroduced gibbon pairs will establish their core and HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Cheyne
- Borneo Nature Foundation, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abdulaziz K.
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Supiansyah
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adul
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eka Cahyaningrum
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Smith TM, Austin C, Hinde K, Vogel ER, Arora M. Cyclical nursing patterns in wild orangutans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601517. [PMID: 28560319 PMCID: PMC5435413 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nursing behavior is notoriously difficult to study in arboreal primates, particularly when offspring suckle inconspicuously in nests. Orangutans have the most prolonged nursing period of any mammal, with the cessation of suckling (weaning) estimated to occur at 6 to 8 years of age in the wild. Milk consumption is hypothesized to be relatively constant over this period, but direct evidence is limited. We previously demonstrated that trace element analysis of bioavailable elements from milk, such as barium, provides accurate estimates of early-life diet transitions and developmental stress when coupled with growth lines in the teeth of humans and nonhuman primates. We provide the first detailed nursing histories of wild, unprovisioned orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) using chemical and histological analyses. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine barium distributions across the teeth of four wild-shot individuals aged from postnatal biological rhythms. Barium levels rose during the first year of life in all individuals and began to decline shortly after, consistent with behavioral observations of intensive nursing followed by solid food supplementation. Subsequent barium levels show large sustained fluctuations on an approximately annual basis. These patterns appear to be due to cycles of varying milk consumption, continuing until death in an 8.8-year-old Sumatran individual. A female Bornean orangutan ceased suckling at 8.1 years of age. These individuals exceed the maximum weaning age reported for any nonhuman primate. Orangutan nursing may reflect cycles of infant demand that relate to fluctuating resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M. Smith
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christine Austin
- The Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Katie Hinde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Erin R. Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901–1414, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- The Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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7
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Confrontational assessment in the roving male promiscuity mating system of the Bornean orangutan. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Vogel ER, Alavi SE, Utami-Atmoko SS, van Noordwijk MA, Bransford TD, Erb WM, Zulfa A, Sulistyo F, Farida WR, Rothman JM. Nutritional ecology of wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in a peat swamp habitat: Effects of age, sex, and season. Am J Primatol 2016; 79:1-20. [PMID: 27889926 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal variation in food abundance has strong effects on wildlife feeding and nutrition. This variation is exemplified by the peatland forests of Central Kalimantan, which are characterized by unpredictable fruiting fluctuations, relatively low levels of fruit availability, and low fruit periods (<3% of trees fruiting) that can last nearly a year. Challenged by these environments, large, arboreal frugivores like orangutans must periodically rely on non-preferred, lower-quality foods to meet their nutritional needs. We examined variation in nutrient intake among age-sex classes and seasons over a 7-year period at the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station in Central Kalimantan. We conducted 2,316 full-day focal follows on 62 habituated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). We found differences in total energy and macronutrient intake across age-sex classes, controlling for metabolic body mass. Intake of both total energy and macronutrients varied with fruit availability, and preference of dietary items increased with their nutritional quality. Foraging-related variables, such as day journey length, travel time, and feeding time, also varied among age-sex classes and with fruit availability. Our results add to the growing body of literature suggesting that great variation in foraging strategies exists among species, populations, and age-sex classes and in response to periods of resource scarcity. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The spatial and temporal variation in food abundance has strong effects on wildlife feeding and nutrition. Here we present the first long term study of the effects of variation in fruit availability and age/sex class on nutritional ecology of wild Bornean orangutans. We examined variation in nutrient intake of wild orangutans in living in a peat swamp habitat over a 7-year period at the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station in Central Kalimantan. We conducted 2,316 full-day focal follows on 62 habituated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). We found differences in total energy and macronutrient intake across age-sex classes, controlling for metabolic body mass. Intake of both total energy and macronutrients varied with fruit availability, and preference of dietary items increased with their nutritional quality. Foraging-related variables, such as day journey length, travel time, and feeding time, also varied among age-sex classes and with fruit availability. Our results add to the growing body of literature suggesting that great variation in foraging strategies exists among species, populations, and age-sex classes and in response to periods of resource scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Shauhin E Alavi
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Timothy D Bransford
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Wendy M Erb
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Astri Zulfa
- Falkutas Biologi, Universitas Nasional Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Wartika Rosa Farida
- Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong-Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
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