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Lewis-Whelan B, Ardiansyah A, Roberts PD, Nijman V, Damianou E, Morcatty TQ, Birot H, Imron MA, Nekaris KAI. Welfare and Management of Civets in Civet Coffee Tourism Plantations. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37853780 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2023.2270414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Civet coffee is produced with coffee beans that have passed through the digestive tract of civets which are then processed for drinking. Outlets, known as civet coffee tourism plantations are popular tourist attractions in Bali, Indonesia. These outlets keep caged civets for public viewing and sell civet coffee. We assessed civet welfare in 29 civet coffee tourism plantations to assess husbandry factors, the five freedoms and body condition scores. We also assessed civet welfare in eight wildlife markets where civets are sourced for civet coffee tourism and calculated turnover of civets. We found 99 civets in civet coffee tourism plantations and 136 in markets, where. Annually between 400 and 800 civets are sold. Welfare standards do not meet the Indonesian laws and regulations. Diet, hygiene, presence of water and mobility affected body condition scores and no civet met all of the five freedoms. Enforcement of welfare and trade laws is needed to improve civet welfare, and to curb the illegal civet trade. Tourists frequenting civet coffee tourism plantations should be made aware of the low welfare standards to inform their choice about supporting this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Lewis-Whelan
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ahmad Ardiansyah
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter D Roberts
- Department of Animal and Agriculture, Hartpury University, Gloucester, UK
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Evros Damianou
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Thais Q Morcatty
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - K A I Nekaris
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gajah Madah, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Thompson C, Cahyaningrum E, Birot H, Aziz A, Cheyne SM. A case of polygyny in the Bornean white-bearded gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis). Folia Primatol (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20200801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gibbons (family Hylobatidae) typically form groups that encompass a single breeding pair. Here, we present the first evidence of polygyny (where a single male has more than one female mate) in the Bornean white-bearded gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis). In July 2014, an adult female yet to have emigrated from her natal group gave birth to an infant, bringing the total group size to six individuals (one adult male, two adult females, one subadult female, and two infant females). Forty months later in November 2017, the same female gave birth to a second infant. Between July 2014 and April 2018, the two breeding females within the group remained mutually tolerant of each other, often singing the characteristic female vocalisation, the great call, in unison, until the eldest adult female dispersed in November 2018. We explore possible reasons behind this group’s mating system flexibility by examining dispersal limitation due to environmental constraints, factors associated with a large home range size, mutual tolerance between females, and a lack of mating opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Thompson
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
- Genetics Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Eka Cahyaningrum
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
| | - Hélène Birot
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Aziz
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
- Centre for International Cooperation in the Management of Tropical Peatlands (CIMTROP), University of Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
| | - Susan M. Cheyne
- The Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Jalan Bukit Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 74874, Indonesia
- Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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Nekaris KAI, Campera M, Nijman V, Birot H, Rode-Margono EJ, Fry BG, Weldon A, Wirdateti W, Imron MA. Slow lorises use venom as a weapon in intraspecific competition. Curr Biol 2021; 30:R1252-R1253. [PMID: 33080192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Animals have evolved an array of spectacular weapons, including antlers, forceps, proboscises, stingers, tusks and horns [1]. Weapons can be present in males and females of species needing to defend critical limiting resources, including food (rhinoceros beetles, Trypoxylus) and territories (fang blennies, Meiacanthus) [1-3]. Chemicals, including sprays, ointments and injected venoms, are another defence system used by animals. As with morphological weapons, venom can serve multiple purposes, including to facilitate feeding, in predation, and in defence when attacked [4]. Although rare, several taxa use venom for agonistic intraspecific competition (e.g. ghost shrimp, Caprella spp.; sea anemones, Actinia equina; cone snails, Conidae; male platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus) [4-6]. Another group of venomous mammals are the nocturnal slow lorises (Nycticebus) [7]. Slow loris bites often result in dramatic diagnostic wounds characterised by necrotic gashes to the head and extremities. Although these bites are the major cause of death of lorises in captivity, the function of this aggressive behaviour has never been studied in the wild [7]. Here, through an 8-year study of wounding patterns, territorial behaviour, and agonistic encounters of a wild population of Javan slow lorises (Nycticebus javanicus), we provide strong evidence that venom is used differentially by both sexes to defend territories and mates. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A I Nekaris
- Oxford Brookes University, Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford, UK.
| | - Marco Campera
- Oxford Brookes University, Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Brookes University, Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Hélène Birot
- Oxford Brookes University, Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Eva Johanna Rode-Margono
- Oxford Brookes University, Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford, UK; Species Conservation Foundation (Stiftung Artenschutz), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bryan Grieg Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ariana Weldon
- Oxford Brookes University, Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Wirdateti Wirdateti
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, LIPI, Gedung Widyasatwaloka, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ali Imron
- Forest Resources Conservation Department, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Birot H, Campera M, Imron MA, Nekaris K. Artificial canopy bridges improve connectivity in fragmented landscapes: The case of Javan slow lorises in an agroforest environment. Am J Primatol 2019; 82:e23076. [PMID: 31808189 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Birot
- Little Fireface Project Cipaganti West Java Indonesia
| | - Marco Campera
- Little Fireface Project Cipaganti West Java Indonesia
- Department of Social Sciences Oxford Brookes University Oxford UK
| | - Muhammad Ali Imron
- Department of Forest Resources Conservation Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta Indonesia
| | - K.A.I. Nekaris
- Little Fireface Project Cipaganti West Java Indonesia
- Department of Social Sciences Oxford Brookes University Oxford UK
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Nijman V, Langgeng A, Birot H, Imron MA, Nekaris K. Wildlife trade, captive breeding and the imminent extinction of a songbird. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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