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Yu P, Li Y, Fang W, Feng XQ, Li B. Mechanochemical dynamics of collective cells and hierarchical topological defects in multicellular lumens. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0172. [PMID: 38691595 PMCID: PMC11062584 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Collective cell dynamics is essential for tissue morphogenesis and various biological functions. However, it remains incompletely understood how mechanical forces and chemical signaling are integrated to direct collective cell behaviors underlying tissue morphogenesis. Here, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) mechanochemical theory accounting for biochemical reaction-diffusion and cellular mechanotransduction to investigate the dynamics of multicellular lumens. We show that the interplay between biochemical signaling and mechanics can trigger either pitchfork or Hopf bifurcation to induce diverse static mechanochemical patterns or generate oscillations with multiple modes both involving marked mechanical deformations in lumens. We uncover the crucial role of mechanochemical feedback in emerging morphodynamics and identify the evolution and morphogenetic functions of hierarchical topological defects including cell-level hexatic defects and tissue-level orientational defects. Our theory captures the common mechanochemical traits of collective dynamics observed in experiments and could provide a mechanistic context for understanding morphological symmetry breaking in 3D lumen-like tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Yu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Happel L, Voigt A. Coordinated Motion of Epithelial Layers on Curved Surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:078401. [PMID: 38427891 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.078401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Coordinated cellular movements are key processes in tissue morphogenesis. Using a cell-based modeling approach we study the dynamics of epithelial layers lining surfaces with constant and varying curvature. We demonstrate that extrinsic curvature effects can explain the alignment of cell elongation with the principal directions of curvature. Together with specific self-propulsion mechanisms and cell-cell interactions this effect gets enhanced and can explain observed large-scale, persistent, and circumferential rotation on cylindrical surfaces. On toroidal surfaces the resulting curvature coupling is an interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic curvature effects. These findings unveil the role of curvature and postulate its importance for tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Happel
- Institute of Scientific Computing, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - A Voigt
- Institute of Scientific Computing, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Arnoldstr. 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Live imaging of delamination in Drosophila shows epithelial cell motility and invasiveness are independently regulated. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16210. [PMID: 36171357 PMCID: PMC9519887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Delaminating cells undergo complex, precisely regulated changes in cell–cell adhesion, motility, polarity, invasiveness, and other cellular properties. Delamination occurs during development and in pathogenic conditions such as cancer metastasis. We analyzed the requirements for epithelial delamination in Drosophila ovary border cells, which detach from the structured epithelial layer and begin to migrate collectively. We used live imaging to examine cellular dynamics, particularly epithelial cells’ acquisition of motility and invasiveness, in delamination-defective mutants during the time period in which delamination occurs in the wild-type ovary. We found that border cells in slow border cells (slbo), a delamination-defective mutant, lacked invasive cellular protrusions but acquired basic cellular motility, while JAK/STAT-inhibited border cells lost both invasiveness and motility. Our results indicate that invasiveness and motility, which are cooperatively required for delamination, are regulated independently. Our reconstruction experiments also showed that motility is not a prerequisite for acquiring invasiveness.
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Peterson RJ, Koval M. Above the Matrix: Functional Roles for Apically Localized Integrins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:699407. [PMID: 34485286 PMCID: PMC8414885 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.699407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane proteins that are most typically thought of as integrating adhesion to the extracellular matrix with intracellular signaling and cell regulation. Traditionally, integrins are found at basolateral and lateral cell surfaces where they facilitate binding to the ECM and intercellular adhesion through cytosolic binding partners that regulate organization of actin microfilaments. However, evidence is accumulating that integrins also are apically localized, either endogenously or due to an exogenous stimulus. Apically localized integrins have been shown to regulate several processes by interacting with proteins such as connexins, tight junction proteins, and polarity complex proteins. Integrins can also act as receptors to mediate endocytosis. Here we review these newly appreciated roles for integrins localized to the apical cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven J Peterson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Hof L, Moreth T, Koch M, Liebisch T, Kurtz M, Tarnick J, Lissek SM, Verstegen MMA, van der Laan LJW, Huch M, Matthäus F, Stelzer EHK, Pampaloni F. Long-term live imaging and multiscale analysis identify heterogeneity and core principles of epithelial organoid morphogenesis. BMC Biol 2021; 19:37. [PMID: 33627108 PMCID: PMC7903752 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organoids are morphologically heterogeneous three-dimensional cell culture systems and serve as an ideal model for understanding the principles of collective cell behaviour in mammalian organs during development, homeostasis, regeneration, and pathogenesis. To investigate the underlying cell organisation principles of organoids, we imaged hundreds of pancreas and cholangiocarcinoma organoids in parallel using light sheet and bright-field microscopy for up to 7 days. RESULTS We quantified organoid behaviour at single-cell (microscale), individual-organoid (mesoscale), and entire-culture (macroscale) levels. At single-cell resolution, we monitored formation, monolayer polarisation, and degeneration and identified diverse behaviours, including lumen expansion and decline (size oscillation), migration, rotation, and multi-organoid fusion. Detailed individual organoid quantifications lead to a mechanical 3D agent-based model. A derived scaling law and simulations support the hypotheses that size oscillations depend on organoid properties and cell division dynamics, which is confirmed by bright-field microscopy analysis of entire cultures. CONCLUSION Our multiscale analysis provides a systematic picture of the diversity of cell organisation in organoids by identifying and quantifying the core regulatory principles of organoid morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Hof
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Till Moreth
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tim Liebisch
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies and Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marina Kurtz
- Department of Physics, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Tarnick
- Deanery of Biomedical Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susanna M Lissek
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meritxell Huch
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Present address: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Matthäus
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies and Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Kiyokawa E, Shoji H, Daikoku T. The supression of DOCK family members by their specific inhibitors induces the cell fusion of human trophoblastic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:1173-1179. [PMID: 32819582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Among the members of the DOCK family, DOCK1-5 function as guanine-nucleotide exchange factors for small GTPase Rac1, which regulates the actin cytoskeleton. It has been reported that in model organisms the Dock-Rac axis is required for myoblast fusion. We examined the role of DOCK1-5 in trophoblast fusion herein. METHODS We used a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to examine the mRNA expressions of DOCK1-5 and differentiation-related genes, i.e., fusogenic genes, in human trophoblastic cell lines, BeWo and JEG-3. We treated BeWo cells with TBOPP and C21 to inhibit DOCK1 and DOCK5. Cell dynamics and cell fusion were assessed by live imaging and immunostaining. The signaling pathways induced by DOCK1/5 inhibition were examined by western blotting. RESULTS DOCK1 and DOCK5 were expressed in BeWo cells. The inhibition of DOCK1 or DOCK5 did not prevent the cell fusion induced by forskolin (a common reagent for cell fusion); it induced cell fusion. DOCK1 inhibition induced cell death, as did forskolin. DOCK1 and DOCK5 inhibition for 24 and 48 h increased the expression of the genes ASCT2 and SYNCYTIN2, which code responsive proteins of trophoblast cell fusion, respectively. CONCLUSION DOCK1 and DOCK5 inhibition participates in BeWo cell fusion, probably via pathways independent from forskolin-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Kiyokawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Shoji
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
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Shivji S, Conner JR, Barresi V, Kirsch R. Poorly differentiated clusters in colorectal cancer: a current review and implications for future practice. Histopathology 2020; 77:351-368. [PMID: 32358792 DOI: 10.1111/his.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poorly differentiated clusters (PDC), defined as small groups of ≥5 tumour cells without glandular differentiation, have gained recent attention as a promising prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC). Numerous studies have shown PDC to be significantly associated with other adverse histopathological features and worse clinical outcomes. PDC may hold particular promise in stage II colon cancer, where risk stratification plays a critical role in patient selection for adjuvant chemotherapy. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that PDC can predict lymph node metastasis in endoscopically resected pT1 CRC, potentially helping the selection of patients for oncological resection. In 'head-to-head' comparisons, PDC grade has consistently outperformed conventional histological grading systems both in terms of risk stratification and reproducibility. With a number of large-scale studies now available, this review evaluates the evidence regarding the prognostic significance of PDC, considers its relationship with other emerging invasive front prognostic markers (such as tumour budding and stroma type), assesses its 'practice readiness', addressing issues such as interobserver reproducibility, scoring methodologies and special histological subtypes (e.g. micropapillary and mucinous carcinoma), and draws attention to ongoing challenges and areas in need of further study. Finally, emerging data on the role of PDC in non-colorectal cancers are briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Shivji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James R Conner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Richard Kirsch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Aikawa A, Fujita H, Kosaka T, Minato H, Kiyokawa E. Clinicopathological significance of heterogeneic ezrin expression in poorly differentiated clusters of colorectal cancers. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2667-2675. [PMID: 31175699 PMCID: PMC6676292 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular structures, such as tumor buddings and poorly differentiated clusters (PDC), exist at the invasive front of colorectal cancers (CRC). Although it has been reported that CRC with PDC showed frequent lymph node metastases with a worse prognosis, the molecular markers of PDC that are responsible for prognosis have not been identified. We here noticed for the first time that Ezrin, a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, is expressed in the corner cells of PDC. We then aimed to verify whether heterogeneous Ezrin expression in PDC predicts the prognosis of CRC patients. We immunohistochemically analyzed Ezrin expression in PDC of 184 patients with completely resected stages I-III CRC. We established the Ezrin corner score (ECS), which quantifies the tendency of Ezrin-positive cells to accumulate at the corners of PDC. On the basis of ECS values, 2 indices, the mean ECS and the number of PDC with high ECS, were obtained. Both indices were significantly higher in CRC with lymphatic invasion, higher PDC grade, and presence of micropapillary (MP) PDC. The mean ECS-high group showed shorter recurrence-free survival than the mean ECS-low group but without significance. The other index, the number of ECS-high PDC, was significantly associated with recurrence-free survival. These results suggest that Ezrin is involved in PDC progression and lymphatic invasion, and that ECS may be a marker for aggressive PDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Aikawa
- Department of Oncologic PathologyKanazawa Medical UniversityKahoku‐gunJapan
- Department of Diagnostic PathologyToyama Prefectural Central HospitalToyamaJapan
| | - Hideto Fujita
- Department of SurgeryKanazawa Medical UniversityKahoku‐gunJapan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of SurgeryKanazawa Medical UniversityKahoku‐gunJapan
| | - Hiroshi Minato
- Department of Diagnostic PathologyIshikawa Prefectural Central HospitalKanazawaJapan
| | - Etsuko Kiyokawa
- Department of Oncologic PathologyKanazawa Medical UniversityKahoku‐gunJapan
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ERK Activity Imaging During Migration of Living Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030679. [PMID: 30764494 PMCID: PMC6387119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a major downstream factor of the EGFR-RAS-RAF signalling pathway, and thus the role of ERK in cell growth has been widely examined. The development of biosensors based on fluorescent proteins has enabled us to measure ERK activities in living cells, both after growth factor stimulation and in its absence. Long-term imaging unexpectedly revealed the oscillative activation of ERK in an epithelial sheet or a cyst in vitro. Studies using transgenic mice expressing the ERK biosensor have revealed inhomogeneous ERK activities among various cell species. In vivo Förster (or fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging shed light on a novel role of ERK in cell migration. Neutrophils and epithelial cells in various organs such as intestine, skin, lung and bladder showed spatio-temporally different cell dynamics and ERK activities. Experiments using inhibitors confirmed that ERK activities are required for various pathological responses, including epithelial repair after injuries, inflammation, and niche formation of cancer metastasis. In conclusion, biosensors for ERK will be powerful and valuable tools to investigate the roles of ERK in situ.
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Hirata E, Ichikawa T, Horike SI, Kiyokawa E. Active K-RAS induces the coherent rotation of epithelial cells: A model for collective cell invasion in vitro. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:4045-4055. [PMID: 30281889 PMCID: PMC6272113 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At the invasive front of adenocarcinomas, single cells and multicellular structures exist; the latter include glands and cell clusters, such as tumor buddings and poorly differentiated clusters. Recent reports suggest the importance of collective cell migration in metastasis; however, it is technically difficult to observe the movement of multicellular structures in vivo. We utilized MDCK cells as a model for epithelial cells and established a method to quantify their motility in 3D structures in vitro. A single MDCK cell grows as a cell cluster in the gel and later proliferates and forms a cyst. Active K-RAS expression induced rotation of both the cell clusters and the cysts. The rotation speed of cell clusters was 4 times higher than that of cysts. The screening of inhibitors for their effects on cell clusters and cysts revealed that cyclin B1 and β-catenin were the key molecules for their rotation, respectively. Regulators for cyst rotation, such as vorinostat and β-catenin, were not effective for inducing cell cluster rotation. These results indicate that the signaling pathways of cell dynamics are different between cell clusters and cysts. As cell clusters are related to lymph node involvement and the prognosis of various carcinomas, our in vitro quantitative system may be useful for the screening of drugs to prevent lymphatic invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eishu Hirata
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Tumor Cell Biology and Bioimaging, Cancer Research Institute of Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ichikawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Horike
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kiyokawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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