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Xiao Q, Jones ZB, Hatfield SC, Ashton DS, Dalley NA, Dyer CD, Evangelista JL, Price JL. Structural guidelines for stabilization of α-helical coiled coils via PEG stapling. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1096-1104. [PMID: 36128502 PMCID: PMC9428657 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclization or stapling is one of the most well-known and generally applicable strategies for enhancing peptide/protein conformational stability and target binding affinity. However, there are limited structure- or sequence-based guidelines for the incorporation of optimal interhelical staples within coiled coils: the location and length of an interhelical staple is either arbitrarily chosen or requires significant optimization. Here we explore the impact of interhelical PEG stapling on the conformational stability and proteolytic resistance of a model disulfide-bound heterodimeric coiled coil. We demonstrate that (1) interhelical PEG staples are more stabilizing when placed farther from an existing disulfide crosslink; (2) e/g′ staples are more stabilizing than f/b′ or b/c′ staples; (3) PEG staples between different positions have different optimal staple lengths; (4) PEG stapling tolerates variation in the structure of the PEG linker and in the mode of conjugation; and (5) the guidelines developed here enable the rational design of a stabilized PEG-stapled HER-2 affibody with enhanced conformational stability and proteolytic resistance. Here we identify key criteria for designing PEG-stapled coiled coils with increased conformational and proteolytic stability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Zachary B. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Samantha C. Hatfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Dallin S. Ashton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Dalley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Cody D. Dyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Judah L. Evangelista
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Joshua L. Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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2
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Nolan MD, Scanlan EM. Applications of Thiol-Ene Chemistry for Peptide Science. Front Chem 2020; 8:583272. [PMID: 33282831 PMCID: PMC7689097 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.583272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical thiol-ene chemistry has been demonstrated for a range of applications in peptide science, including macrocyclization, glycosylation and lipidation amongst a myriad of others. The thiol-ene reaction offers a number of advantages in this area, primarily those characteristic of "click" reactions. This provides a chemical approach to peptide modification that is compatible with aqueous conditions with high orthogonality and functional group tolerance. Additionally, the use of a chemical approach for peptide modification affords homogeneous peptides, compared to heterogeneous mixtures often obtained through biological methods. In addition to peptide modification, thiol-ene chemistry has been applied in novel approaches to biological studies through synthesis of mimetics and use in development of probes. This review will cover the range of applications of the radical-mediated thiol-ene reaction in peptide and protein science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Nolan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin M Scanlan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Sato K, Tanaka S, Yamamoto K, Tashiro Y, Narumi T, Mase N. Direct synthesis of N-terminal thiazolidine-containing peptide thioesters from peptide hydrazides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9127-9130. [PMID: 29882948 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03591a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and promising synthetic method to oxidize peptide hydrazides containing N-terminal thiazolidine as a protected cysteine. This yields the corresponding thioester via a peptide azide without decomposition of the thiazolidine ring. The newly developed protocol was validated by the synthesis of the bioactive peptide LacZα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sato
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan.
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4
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Bi S, Liu P, Ling B, Yuan X, Jiang Y. Mechanism of N-to-S acyl transfer of N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) cysteine derivatives and origin of phenol acceleration effect. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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5
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Holub JM. Small Scaffolds, Big Potential: Developing Miniature Proteins as Therapeutic Agents. Drug Dev Res 2017; 78:268-282. [PMID: 28799168 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical Research Miniature proteins are a class of oligopeptide characterized by their short sequence lengths and ability to adopt well-folded, three-dimensional structures. Because of their biomimetic nature and synthetic tractability, miniature proteins have been used to study a range of biochemical processes including fast protein folding, signal transduction, catalysis and molecular transport. Recently, miniature proteins have been gaining traction as potential therapeutic agents because their small size and ability to fold into defined tertiary structures facilitates their development as protein-based drugs. This research overview discusses emerging developments involving the use of miniature proteins as scaffolds to design novel therapeutics for the treatment and study of human disease. Specifically, this review will explore strategies to: (i) stabilize miniature protein tertiary structure; (ii) optimize biomolecular recognition by grafting functional epitopes onto miniature protein scaffolds; and (iii) enhance cytosolic delivery of miniature proteins through the use of cationic motifs that facilitate endosomal escape. These objectives are discussed not only to address challenges in developing effective miniature protein-based drugs, but also to highlight the tremendous potential miniature proteins hold for combating and understanding human disease. Drug Dev Res 78 : 268-282, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Holub
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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6
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Corpuz N, Schwans JP. Generation of a cysteine sulfinic acid analog for incorporation in peptides using solid phase peptide synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2410-2414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Burke HM, McSweeney L, Scanlan EM. Exploring chemoselective S-to-N acyl transfer reactions in synthesis and chemical biology. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15655. [PMID: 28537277 PMCID: PMC5458133 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
S -to-N acyl transfer is a high-yielding chemoselective process for amide bond formation. It is widely utilized by chemists for synthetic applications, including peptide and protein synthesis, chemical modification of proteins, protein-protein ligation and the development of probes and molecular machines. Recent advances in our understanding of S -to-N acyl transfer processes in biology and innovations in methodology for thioester formation and desulfurization, together with an extension of the size of cyclic transition states, have expanded the boundaries of this process well beyond peptide ligation. As the field develops, this chemistry will play a central role in our molecular understanding of Biology. The conversion of thioesters to amides via acyl transfer has become one of the most important synthetic techniques for the chemical synthesis and modification of proteins. This review discusses this S-to-N acyl transfer process, and highlights some of the key applications across chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Burke
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | | | - Eoin M. Scanlan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
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8
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Schwieter KE, Johnston JN. On-Demand Complex Peptide Synthesis: An Aspirational (and Elusive?) Goal for Peptide Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14160-14169. [PMID: 27740747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide synthesis is a truly interdisciplinary tool, familiar to a broad group of scientists who do not otherwise overlap scientifically. For this reason, some may perceive even complex peptide synthesis to be a "solved problem", while others might argue that immense opportunity remains untapped or simply inaccessible. At the extreme of complexity, what might a concise assessment of the state-of-the-art in peptide synthesis look like? As one of the most practiced forms of synthetic chemistry by chemists and non-chemists alike, what restrictions remain that constrain access to chemical space? Using popular terminology, what forms of peptide synthesis are appropriately termed "on-demand"? The purpose of this Perspective is to appraise synthetic access to complex peptides, particularly those containing unnatural α-amino amides. Several case studies in complex peptide synthesis are summarized here, each selected to characterize the challenges attendant to unnatural α-amino amide synthesis. As peptidic molecules find increasing value in therapeutic development, especially in clinical applications, their impact will ultimately be determined by efficient preparative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Schwieter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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9
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Tsuda S, Mochizuki M, Nishio H, Yoshiya T. Combination of Thiol-Additive-Free Native Chemical Ligation/Desulfurization and Intentional Replacement of Alanine with Cysteine. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2133-2136. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Tsuda
- Peptide Institute, Inc.; Saito asagi Ibaraki-shi Osaka 567-0085 Japan
| | | | - Hideki Nishio
- Peptide Institute, Inc.; Saito asagi Ibaraki-shi Osaka 567-0085 Japan
| | - Taku Yoshiya
- Peptide Institute, Inc.; Saito asagi Ibaraki-shi Osaka 567-0085 Japan
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10
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Bacchi M, Jullian M, Sirigu S, Fould B, Huet T, Bruyand L, Antoine M, Vuillard L, Ronga L, Chavas LMG, Nosjean O, Ferry G, Puget K, Boutin JA. Total chemical synthesis, refolding, and crystallographic structure of fully active immunophilin calstabin 2 (FKBP12.6). Protein Sci 2016; 25:2225-2242. [PMID: 27670942 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology (or chemical biology) is a growing field to which the chemical synthesis of proteins, particularly enzymes, makes a fundamental contribution. However, the chemical synthesis of catalytically active proteins (enzymes) remains poorly documented because it is difficult to obtain enough material for biochemical experiments. We chose calstabin, a 107-amino-acid proline isomerase, as a model. We synthesized the enzyme using the native chemical ligation approach and obtained several tens of milligrams. The polypeptide was refolded properly, and we characterized its biophysical properties, measured its catalytic activity, and then crystallized it in order to obtain its tridimensional structure after X-ray diffraction. The refolded enzyme was compared to the recombinant, wild-type enzyme. In addition, as a first step of validating the whole process, we incorporated exotic amino acids into the N-terminus. Surprisingly, none of the changes altered the catalytic activities of the corresponding mutants. Using this body of techniques, avenues are now open to further obtain enzymes modified with exotic amino acids in a way that is only barely accessible by molecular biology, obtaining detailed information on the structure-function relationship of enzymes reachable by complete chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Bacchi
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie and Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, Croissy-sur-Seine, 78290, France
| | - Magali Jullian
- Genepep, 12 Rue du Fer à Cheval, Saint-Jean-de-Védas, 34430, France
| | - Serena Sirigu
- PROXIMA-1, Division Expériences, Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, 91192, France
| | - Benjamin Fould
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie and Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, Croissy-sur-Seine, 78290, France
| | - Tiphaine Huet
- PROXIMA-1, Division Expériences, Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, 91192, France
| | - Lisa Bruyand
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie and Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, Croissy-sur-Seine, 78290, France
| | - Mathias Antoine
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie and Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, Croissy-sur-Seine, 78290, France
| | - Laurent Vuillard
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie and Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, Croissy-sur-Seine, 78290, France
| | - Luisa Ronga
- Genepep, 12 Rue du Fer à Cheval, Saint-Jean-de-Védas, 34430, France
| | - Leonard M G Chavas
- PROXIMA-1, Division Expériences, Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, 91192, France
| | - Olivier Nosjean
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie and Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, Croissy-sur-Seine, 78290, France
| | - Gilles Ferry
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie and Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, Croissy-sur-Seine, 78290, France
| | - Karine Puget
- Genepep, 12 Rue du Fer à Cheval, Saint-Jean-de-Védas, 34430, France
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie and Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, Croissy-sur-Seine, 78290, France
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11
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Funder ED, Trads JB, Gothelf KV. Oxidative activation of dihydropyridine amides to reactive acyl donors. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:185-98. [PMID: 25358438 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01931h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amides of 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) are activated by oxidation for acyl transfer to amines, alcohols and thiols. In the reduced form the DHP amide is stable towards reaction with amines at room temperature. However, upon oxidation with DDQ the acyl donor is activated via a proposed pyridinium intermediate. The activated intermediate reacts with various nucleophiles to give amides, esters, and thio-esters in moderate to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Daa Funder
- Danish National Research Foundation, Center for DNA Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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12
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Labala S, Mandapalli PK, Bhatnagar S, Venuganti VVK. Encapsulation of albumin in self-assembled layer-by-layer microcapsules: comparison of co-precipitation and adsorption techniques. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1302-10. [PMID: 25104114 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.947509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to prepare and characterize polymeric self-assembled layer-by-layer microcapsules (LbL-MC) to deliver a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). The aim is to compare the BSA encapsulation in LbL-MC using co-precipitation and adsorption methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS In co-precipitation method, BSA was co-precipitated with growing calcium carbonate particles to form a core template. Later, poly(styrene sulfonate) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) were sequentially adsorbed onto the CaCO3 templates. In adsorption method, preformed LbL-MC were incubated with BSA and encapsulation efficiency is optimized for pH and salt concentration. Free and BSA-encapsulated LbL-MC were characterized using Zetasizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimeter. Later, in vitro release studies were performed using dialysis membrane method at pH 4, 7.4 and 9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results from Zetasizer and SEM showed free LbL-MC with an average size and zeta-potential of 2.0 ± 0.6 μm and 8.1 ± 1.9 mV, respectively. Zeta-potential of BSA-loaded LbL-MC was (-)7.4 ± 0.7 mV and (-)5.7 ± 1.0 mV for co-precipitation and adsorption methods, respectively. In adsorption method, BSA encapsulation in LbL-MC was found to be greater at pH 6.0 and 0.2 M NaCl. Co-precipitation method provided four-fold greater encapsulation efficiency (%) of BSA in LbL-MC compared with adsorption method. At pH 4, the BSA release from LbL-MC was extended up to 120 h. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that BSA encapsulated in LBL-MC through co-precipitation is stable toward trypsin treatment. CONCLUSION In conclusion, co-precipitation method provided greater encapsulation of BSA in LbL-MC. Furthermore, LbL-MC can be developed as carriers for pH-controlled protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Labala
- Department of Pharmacy, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus , Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh , India
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13
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Verzele D, Madder A. Patchwork protein chemistry: a practitioner's treatise on the advances in synthetic peptide stitchery. Chembiochem 2014; 14:1032-48. [PMID: 23775826 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the study of peptides and proteins at the heart of many scientific endeavors, the omics era heralded a multitude of opportunities for chemists and biologists alike. Across the interface with life sciences, peptide chemistry plays an indispensable role, and progress made over the past decades now allows proteins to be treated as molecular patchworks stitched together through synthetic tailoring. The continuous elaboration of sophisticated strategies notwithstanding, Merrifield's solid-phase methodology remains a cornerstone of chemical protein design. Although the non-practitioner might misjudge peptide synthesis as trivial, routine, or dull given its long history, we comment here on its many advances, obstacles, and prospects from a practitioner's point of view. While sharing our perspectives through thematic highlights across the literature, this treatise provides an interpretive overview as a guide to novices, and a recap for specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Verzele
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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14
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Ma J, Zeng J, Wan Q. Postligation-Desulfurization: A General Approach for Chemical Protein Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 363:57-101. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Modern Extensions of Native Chemical Ligation for Chemical Protein Synthesis. PROTEIN LIGATION AND TOTAL SYNTHESIS I 2014; 362:27-87. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Adamo R, Nilo A, Castagner B, Boutureira O, Berti F, Bernardes GJL. Synthetically defined glycoprotein vaccines: current status and future directions. Chem Sci 2013; 4:2995-3008. [PMID: 25893089 PMCID: PMC4396375 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50862e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary examples in vaccine design have shown good levels of carbohydrate-specific antibody generation when raised using extracted or fully synthetic capsular polysaccharide glycans covalently coupled to a protein carrier. Herein, we cover recent clinical developments of carbohydrate-based vaccines and describe how novel cutting-edge methodology for the total synthesis of oligosaccharides and for the precise placement of carbohydrates at pre-determined sites within a protein may be used to further improve the safety and efficacy of glycovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Adamo
- Research Center , Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy .
| | - Alberto Nilo
- Research Center , Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy .
| | - Bastien Castagner
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Omar Boutureira
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Francesco Berti
- Research Center , Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy .
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ; Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
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Abstract
Recent advances in the fields of molecular biology and biotechnology have allowed for the large-scale production and subsequent exploitation of the therapeutic potential of protein- and peptide-based drugs. The facilitation of delivery of this class of drugs must be tailored to meet the requirements and often the limitations dictated by the route of delivery chosen. The aim of this review is to comprehensively discuss several routes of drug delivery, detailing the uses and exploitation of each, from origins to present day approaches. Specific reference is made to the compatibility or incompatibility of each approach in the facilitation of the delivery of drugs of protein origin. Additionally, the physiological nature of the delivery route and the inherent physiological obstacles that must be considered when determining the most suitable approach to drug design and delivery enhancement are also addressed. Examples of novel protein-based drug designs and delivery methodologies that illustrate such enhancement strategies are explored.
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18
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Markey L, Giordani S, Scanlan EM. Native Chemical Ligation,Thiol–Ene Click: A Methodology for the Synthesis of Functionalized Peptides. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4270-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4001542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lyn Markey
- Trinity Biomedical
Sciences Institute, Trinity College, 152-160
Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Silvia Giordani
- Trinity Biomedical
Sciences Institute, Trinity College, 152-160
Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin M. Scanlan
- Trinity Biomedical
Sciences Institute, Trinity College, 152-160
Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Abstract
The advent of silicon chip based technologies for genome sequencing promises continuing exponential falls in the reagent costs of sequencing. When every patient has a full genome sequence as part of their medical records the science of drug discovery and drug design must adapt and improve to meet this challenge. This series covers computational, and experimental approaches for small molecules and biologics. From the virtual patient - a computational model of a complete human being, through in silico screening to RNA editing and antibody directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Selwood
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK.
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