1
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Dartois V, Dick T. Therapeutic developments for tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:381-403. [PMID: 38418662 PMCID: PMC11078618 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) drug discovery and development has undergone nothing short of a revolution over the past 20 years. Successful public-private partnerships and sustained funding have delivered a much-improved understanding of mycobacterial disease biology and pharmacology and a healthy pipeline that can tolerate inevitable attrition. Preclinical and clinical development has evolved from decade-old concepts to adaptive designs that permit rapid evaluation of regimens that might greatly shorten treatment duration over the next decade. But the past 20 years also saw the rise of a fatal and difficult-to-cure lung disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), for which the drug development pipeline is nearly empty. Here, we discuss the similarities and differences between TB and NTM lung diseases, compare the preclinical and clinical advances, and identify major knowledge gaps and areas of cross-fertilization. We argue that applying paradigms and networks that have proved successful for TB, from basic research to clinical trials, will help to populate the pipeline and accelerate curative regimen development for NTM disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA.
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA.
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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2
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Vasudevan N, Motiwala Z, Ramesh R, Wagh SB, Shingare RD, Katte R, Anand A, Choudhary S, Kumar A, Gokhale RS, Kulkarni KA, Reddy DS. Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies of silicon incorporated diarylpyrroles as MmpL3 inhibitors: An effective strategy towards development of potent anti-tubercular agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115633. [PMID: 37524010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Growing global demand for new molecules to treat tuberculosis has created an urgent need to develop novel strategies to combat the menace. BM212 related compounds were found to be potent anti-TB agents and they inhibit mycolic acid transporter, MmpL3, a known potent drug target from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In order to enhance their inhibitory potency, several silicon analogues of diarylpyrroles related to BM212 were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-tubercular activities. In Alamar blue assay, most of the silicon-incorporated compounds were found to be more potent than the parent compound (BM212), against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC = 1.7 μM, H37Rv). Docking results from the crystal structure of MmpL3 and silicon analogues as pharmacophore model also strongly correlate with the biological assays and suggest that the incorporation of silicon in the inhibitor scaffold could enhance their potency by stabilizing the hydrophobic residues at the binding pocket. The best docking hit, compound 12 showed an MIC of 0.1 μM against H37Rv with an acceptable in vitro ADME profile and excellent selectivity index. Overall, the present study indicates that, the designed silicon analogues, especially compound 12 could be a good inhibitor for an intrinsically flexible drug-binding pocket of MmpL3 and has potential for further development as anti-tubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vasudevan
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Zenia Motiwala
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Remya Ramesh
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sachin B Wagh
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Rahul D Shingare
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Revansiddha Katte
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Amitesh Anand
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sushil Choudhary
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Post Bag No. 3, Canal Rd, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Post Bag No. 3, Canal Rd, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rajesh S Gokhale
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India; Immunometabolism Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kiran A Kulkarni
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - D Srinivasa Reddy
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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3
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Eckhardt E, Li Y, Mamerow S, Schinköthe J, Sehl-Ewert J, Dreisbach J, Corleis B, Dorhoi A, Teifke J, Menge C, Kloss F, Bastian M. Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of the Benzothiazinone BTZ-043 against Tuberculous Mycobacteria inside Granulomas in the Guinea Pig Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0143822. [PMID: 36975792 PMCID: PMC10112198 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01438-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the world's leading cause of mortality from a single bacterial pathogen. With increasing frequency, emergence of drug-resistant mycobacteria leads to failures of standard TB treatment regimens. Therefore, new anti-TB drugs are urgently required. BTZ-043 belongs to a novel class of nitrobenzothiazinones, which inhibit mycobacterial cell wall formation by covalent binding of an essential cysteine in the catalytic pocket of decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose oxidase (DprE1). Thus, the compound blocks the formation of decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-arabinose, a precursor for the synthesis of arabinans. An excellent in vitro efficacy against M. tuberculosis has been demonstrated. Guinea pigs are an important small-animal model to study anti-TB drugs, as they are naturally susceptible to M. tuberculosis and develop human-like granulomas after infection. In the current study, dose-finding experiments were conducted to establish the appropriate oral dose of BTZ-043 for the guinea pig. Subsequently, it could be shown that the active compound was present at high concentrations in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-induced granulomas. To evaluate its therapeutic effect, guinea pigs were subcutaneously infected with virulent M. tuberculosis and treated with BTZ-043 for 4 weeks. BTZ-043-treated guinea pigs had reduced and less necrotic granulomas than vehicle-treated controls. In comparison to the vehicle controls a highly significant reduction of the bacterial burden was observed after BTZ-043 treatment at the site of infection and in the draining lymph node and spleen. Together, these findings indicate that BTZ-043 holds great promise as a new antimycobacterial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmelie Eckhardt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yan Li
- Transfer Group Anti-infectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Leibniz-HKI, Jena, Germany
| | - Svenja Mamerow
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Dreisbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Björn Corleis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens Teifke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Kloss
- Transfer Group Anti-infectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Leibniz-HKI, Jena, Germany
| | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
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4
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Dartois VA, Rubin EJ. Anti-tuberculosis treatment strategies and drug development: challenges and priorities. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:685-701. [PMID: 35478222 PMCID: PMC9045034 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite two decades of intensified research to understand and cure tuberculosis disease, biological uncertainties remain and hamper progress. However, owing to collaborative initiatives including academia, the pharmaceutical industry and non-for-profit organizations, the drug candidate pipeline is promising. This exceptional success comes with the inherent challenge of prioritizing multidrug regimens for clinical trials and revamping trial designs to accelerate regimen development and capitalize on drug discovery breakthroughs. Most wanted are markers of progression from latent infection to active pulmonary disease, markers of drug response and predictors of relapse, in vitro tools to uncover synergies that translate clinically and animal models to reliably assess the treatment shortening potential of new regimens. In this Review, we highlight the benefits and challenges of 'one-size-fits-all' regimens and treatment duration versus individualized therapy based on disease severity and host and pathogen characteristics, considering scientific and operational perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique A Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, and Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA.
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Perveen S, Kumari D, Singh K, Sharma R. Tuberculosis drug discovery: Progression and future interventions in the wake of emerging resistance. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 229:114066. [PMID: 34973508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistance continues to afflict TB control where drug resistant strains have become a global health concern. Contrary to drug-sensitive TB, the treatment of MDR/XDR-TB is more complicated requiring the administration of second-line drugs that are inefficient than the first line drugs and are associated with greater side effects. The emergence of drug resistant Mtb strains had coincided with an innovation void in the field of drug discovery of anti-mycobacterials. However, the approval of bedaquiline and delamanid recently for use in MDR/XDR-TB has given an impetus to the TB drug discovery. The review discusses the drug discovery efforts in the field of tuberculosis with a focus on the strategies adopted and challenges confronted by TB research community. Here, we discuss the diverse clinical candidates in the current TB drug discovery pipeline. There is an urgent need to combat the current TB menace through multidisciplinary approaches and strategies making use of the recent advances in understanding the molecular biology and pathogenesis of Mtb. The review highlights the recent advances in drug discovery, with the host directed therapeutics and nanoparticles-drug delivery coming up as important tools to fight tuberculosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summaya Perveen
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Diksha Kumari
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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6
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Perveen S, Sharma R. Screening approaches and therapeutic targets: The two driving wheels of tuberculosis drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114906. [PMID: 34990594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, infecting a quarter of world's population. Drug resistant TB further exacerbates the grim scenario of the drying TB drug discovery pipeline. The limited arsenal to fight TB presses the need for thorough efforts for identifying promising hits to combat the disease. The review highlights the efforts in the field of tuberculosis drug discovery, with an emphasis on massive drug screening campaigns for identifying novel hits against Mtb in both industry and academia. As an intracellular pathogen, mycobacteria reside in a complicated intracellular environment with multiple factors at play. Here, we outline various strategies employed in an effort to mimic the intracellular milieu for bringing the screening models closer to the actual settings. The review also focuses on the novel targets and pathways that could aid in target-based drug discovery in TB. The recent high throughput screening efforts resulting in the identification of potent hits against Mtb has been summarized in this article. There is a pressing need for effective screening strategies and approaches employing innovative tools and recent technologies; including nanotechnology, gene-editing tools such as CRISPR-cas system, host-directed bacterial killing and high content screening to augment the TB drug discovery pipeline with safer and shorter drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summaya Perveen
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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7
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Semenya D, Touitou M, Ribeiro CM, Pavan FR, Pisano L, Singh V, Chibale K, Bano G, Toscani A, Manetti F, Gianibbi B, Castagnolo D. Structural Rigidification of N-Aryl-pyrroles into Indoles Active against Intracellular and Drug-Resistant Mycobacteria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 13:63-69. [PMID: 35059125 PMCID: PMC8762742 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of indolyl-3-methyleneamines incorporating lipophilic side chains were designed through a structural rigidification approach and synthesized for investigation as new chemical entities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The screening led to the identification of a 6-chloroindole analogue 7j bearing an N-octyl chain and a cycloheptyl moiety, which displayed potent in vitro activity against laboratory and clinical Mtb strains, including a pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) isolate. 7j also demonstrated a marked ability to restrict the intracellular growth of Mtb in murine macrophages. Further assays geared toward mechanism of action elucidation have thus far ruled out the involvement of various known promiscuous targets, thereby suggesting that the new indole 7j may inhibit Mtb via a unique mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Semenya
- School
of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s
College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Meir Touitou
- School
of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s
College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Maringolo Ribeiro
- Tuberculosis
Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km1, 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogerio Pavan
- Tuberculosis
Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km1, 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Luca Pisano
- School
of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s
College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Vinayak Singh
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa,South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa,South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Georg Bano
- School
of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s
College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Toscani
- School
of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s
College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
di Siena, via Aldo Moro
2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gianibbi
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
di Siena, via Aldo Moro
2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- School
of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s
College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom,
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8
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Makarov V, Salina E, Reynolds RC, Kyaw Zin PP, Ekins S. Molecule Property Analyses of Active Compounds for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8917-8955. [PMID: 32259446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to claim the lives of around 1.7 million people per year. Most concerning are the reports of multidrug drug resistance. Paradoxically, this global health pandemic is demanding new therapies when resources and interest are waning. However, continued tuberculosis drug discovery is critical to address the global health need and burgeoning multidrug resistance. Many diverse classes of antitubercular compounds have been identified with activity in vitro and in vivo. Our analyses of over 100 active leads are representative of thousands of active compounds generated over the past decade, suggests that they come from few chemical classes or natural product sources. We are therefore repeatedly identifying compounds that are similar to those that preceded them. Our molecule-centered cheminformatics analyses point to the need to dramatically increase the diversity of chemical libraries tested and get outside of the historic Mtb property space if we are to generate novel improved antitubercular leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Makarov
- FRC Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Elena Salina
- FRC Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Robert C Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NP 2540 J, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-3300, United States
| | - Phyo Phyo Kyaw Zin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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9
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Huigens RW, Abouelhassan Y, Yang H. Phenazine Antibiotic-Inspired Discovery of Bacterial Biofilm-Eradicating Agents. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2885-2902. [PMID: 30811834 PMCID: PMC7325843 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are surface-attached communities of slow-growing and non-replicating persister cells that demonstrate high levels of antibiotic tolerance. Biofilms occur in nearly 80 % of infections and present unique challenges to our current arsenal of antibiotic therapies, all of which were initially discovered for their abilities to target rapidly dividing, free-floating planktonic bacteria. Bacterial biofilms are credited as the underlying cause of chronic and recurring bacterial infections. Innovative approaches are required to identify new small molecules that operate through bacterial growth-independent mechanisms to effectively eradicate biofilms. One source of inspiration comes from within the lungs of young cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, who often endure persistent Staphylococcus aureus infections. As these CF patients age, Pseudomonas aeruginosa co-infects the lungs and utilizes phenazine antibiotics to eradicate the established S. aureus infection. Our group has taken a special interest in this microbial competition strategy and we are investigating the potential of phenazine antibiotic-inspired compounds and synthetic analogues thereof to eradicate persistent bacterial biofilms. To discover new biofilm-eradicating agents, we have established an interdisciplinary research program involving synthetic medicinal chemistry, microbiology and molecular biology. From these efforts, we have identified a series of halogenated phenazines (HPs) that potently eradicate bacterial biofilms, and future work aims to translate these preliminary findings into ground-breaking clinical advances for the treatment of persistent biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Huigens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Center for Natural Products Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3); University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yasmeen Abouelhassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Center for Natural Products Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3); University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hongfen Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Center for Natural Products Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3); University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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10
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Mashabela GT, de Wet TJ, Warner DF. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Metabolism. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0067-2019. [PMID: 31350832 PMCID: PMC10957194 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0067-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of tuberculosis (TB), a disease which continues to overwhelm health systems in endemic regions despite the existence of effective combination chemotherapy and the widespread use of a neonatal anti-TB vaccine. For a professional pathogen, M. tuberculosis retains a surprisingly large proportion of the metabolic repertoire found in nonpathogenic mycobacteria with very different lifestyles. Moreover, evidence that additional functions were acquired during the early evolution of the M. tuberculosis complex suggests the organism has adapted (and augmented) the metabolic pathways of its environmental ancestor to persistence and propagation within its obligate human host. A better understanding of M. tuberculosis pathogenicity, however, requires the elucidation of metabolic functions under disease-relevant conditions, a challenge complicated by limited knowledge of the microenvironments occupied and nutrients accessed by bacilli during host infection, as well as the reliance in experimental mycobacteriology on a restricted number of experimental models with variable relevance to clinical disease. Here, we consider M. tuberculosis metabolism within the framework of an intimate host-pathogen coevolution. Focusing on recent advances in our understanding of mycobacterial metabolic function, we highlight unusual adaptations or departures from the better-characterized model intracellular pathogens. We also discuss the impact of these mycobacterial "innovations" on the susceptibility of M. tuberculosis to existing and experimental anti-TB drugs, as well as strategies for targeting metabolic pathways. Finally, we offer some perspectives on the key gaps in the current knowledge of fundamental mycobacterial metabolism and the lessons which might be learned from other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel T Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Current address: Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Timothy J de Wet
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Digby F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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11
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Garrison AT, Abouelhassan Y, Kallifidas D, Tan H, Kim YS, Jin S, Luesch H, Huigens RW. An Efficient Buchwald-Hartwig/Reductive Cyclization for the Scaffold Diversification of Halogenated Phenazines: Potent Antibacterial Targeting, Biofilm Eradication, and Prodrug Exploration. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3962-3983. [PMID: 29638121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are surface-attached communities comprised of nonreplicating persister cells housed within a protective extracellular matrix. Biofilms display tolerance toward conventional antibiotics, occur in ∼80% of infections, and lead to >500000 deaths annually. We recently identified halogenated phenazine (HP) analogues which demonstrate biofilm-eradicating activities against priority pathogens; however, the synthesis of phenazines presents limitations. Herein, we report a refined HP synthesis which expedited the identification of improved biofilm-eradicating agents. 1-Methoxyphenazine scaffolds were generated through a Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling (70% average yield) and subsequent reductive cyclization (68% average yield), expediting the discovery of potent biofilm-eradicating HPs (e.g., 61: MRSA BAA-1707 MBEC = 4.69 μM). We also developed bacterial-selective prodrugs (reductively activated quinone-alkyloxycarbonyloxymethyl moiety) to afford HP 87, which demonstrated excellent antibacterial and biofilm eradication activities against MRSA BAA-1707 (MIC = 0.15 μM, MBEC = 12.5 μM). Furthermore, active HPs herein exhibit negligible cytotoxic or hemolytic effects, highlighting their potential to target biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Garrison
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Yasmeen Abouelhassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Dimitris Kallifidas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Hao Tan
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Young S Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Shouguang Jin
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
| | - Robert W Huigens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32610 , United States
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12
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Reiche MA, Warner DF, Mizrahi V. Targeting DNA Replication and Repair for the Development of Novel Therapeutics against Tuberculosis. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:75. [PMID: 29184888 PMCID: PMC5694481 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease which results in approximately 10 million incident cases and 1.4 million deaths globally each year, making it the leading cause of mortality from infection. An effective frontline combination chemotherapy exists for TB; however, this regimen requires the administration of four drugs in a 2 month long intensive phase followed by a continuation phase of a further 4 months with two of the original drugs, and is only effective for the treatment of drug-sensitive TB. The emergence and global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) as well as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis, and the complications posed by co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other co-morbidities such as diabetes, have prompted urgent efforts to develop shorter regimens comprising new compounds with novel mechanisms of action. This demands that researchers re-visit cellular pathways and functions that are essential to M. tuberculosis survival and replication in the host but which are inadequately represented amongst the targets of current anti-mycobacterial agents. Here, we consider the DNA replication and repair machinery as a source of new targets for anti-TB drug development. Like most bacteria, M. tuberculosis encodes a complex array of proteins which ensure faithful and accurate replication and repair of the chromosomal DNA. Many of these are essential; so, too, are enzymes in the ancillary pathways of nucleotide biosynthesis, salvage, and re-cycling, suggesting the potential to inhibit replication and repair functions at multiple stages. To this end, we provide an update on the state of chemotherapeutic inhibition of DNA synthesis and related pathways in M. tuberculosis. Given the established links between genotoxicity and mutagenesis, we also consider the potential implications of targeting DNA metabolic pathways implicated in the development of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis, an organism which is unusual in relying exclusively on de novo mutations and chromosomal rearrangements for evolution, including the acquisition of drug resistance. In that context, we conclude by discussing the feasibility of targeting mutagenic pathways in an ancillary, “anti-evolution” strategy aimed at protecting existing and future TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Reiche
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Digby F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Liu F, Dawadi S, Maize KM, Dai R, Park SW, Schnappinger D, Finzel BC, Aldrich CC. Structure-Based Optimization of Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate-Dependent Transaminase Enzyme (BioA) Inhibitors that Target Biotin Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5507-5520. [PMID: 28594172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent transaminase BioA catalyzes the second step in the biosynthesis of biotin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and is an essential enzyme for bacterial survival and persistence in vivo. A promising BioA inhibitor 6 containing an N-aryl, N'-benzoylpiperazine scaffold was previously identified by target-based whole-cell screening. Here, we explore the structure-activity relationships (SAR) through the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a systematic series of analogues of the original hit using a structure-based drug design strategy, which was enabled by cocrystallization of several analogues with BioA. To confirm target engagement and discern analogues with off-target activity, each compound was evaluated against wild-type (WT) Mtb in biotin-free and -containing medium as well as BioA under- and overexpressing Mtb strains. Conformationally constrained derivative 36 emerged as the most potent analogue with a KD of 76 nM against BioA and a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.7 μM (0.6 μg/mL) against Mtb in biotin-free medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Surendra Dawadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kimberly M Maize
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ran Dai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sae Woong Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Barry C Finzel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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14
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A Highly Potent Class of Halogenated Phenazine Antibacterial and Biofilm-Eradicating Agents Accessed Through a Modular Wohl-Aue Synthesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2003. [PMID: 28515440 PMCID: PMC5435703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike individual, free-floating planktonic bacteria, biofilms are surface-attached communities of slow- or non-replicating bacteria encased within a protective extracellular polymeric matrix enabling persistent bacterial populations to tolerate high concentrations of antimicrobials. Our current antibacterial arsenal is composed of growth-inhibiting agents that target rapidly-dividing planktonic bacteria but not metabolically dormant biofilm cells. We report the first modular synthesis of a library of 20 halogenated phenazines (HP), utilizing the Wohl-Aue reaction, that targets both planktonic and biofilm cells. New HPs, including 6-substituted analogues, demonstrate potent antibacterial activities against MRSA, MRSE and VRE (MIC = 0.003-0.78 µM). HPs bind metal(II) cations and demonstrate interesting activity profiles when co-treated in a panel of metal(II) cations in MIC assays. HP 1 inhibited RNA and protein biosynthesis while not inhibiting DNA biosynthesis using 3H-radiolabeled precursors in macromolecular synthesis inhibition assays against MRSA. New HPs reported here demonstrate potent eradication activities (MBEC = 0.59-9.38 µM) against MRSA, MRSE and VRE biofilms while showing minimal red blood cell lysis or cytotoxicity against HeLa cells. PEG-carbonate HPs 24 and 25 were found to have potent antibacterial activities with significantly improved water solubility. HP small molecules could have a dramatic impact on persistent, biofilm-associated bacterial infection treatments.
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15
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global threat with more than 9 million new infections. Treatment remains difficult and there has been no change in the duration of the standard regimen since the early 1980s. Moreover, many patients are unable to tolerate this treatment and discontinue therapy, increasing the risk of resistance. There is a growing tide of multidrug resistance and few effective antibiotics to tackle the problem. Since the turn of the millennium there has been a surge in interest in developing new therapies for TB and a number of new drugs have been developed. In this review the repurposing of moxifloxacin, an 8-methoxy-fluoroquinolone, for TB treatment is discussed. The evidence that underpins the development of this agent is reviewed. The results of the recently completed phase III trials are summarised and the reasons for the unexpected outcome are explored. Finally, the design of new trials that incorporate moxifloxacin, and that address both susceptible disease and multidrug resistance, is described.
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16
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Raviglione M, Sulis G. Tuberculosis 2015: Burden, Challenges and Strategy for Control and Elimination. Infect Dis Rep 2016; 8:6570. [PMID: 27403269 PMCID: PMC4927938 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2016.6570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for about 9.6 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths annually. The poorest and socially excluded groups carry the largest burden of disease, which makes it essential to properly address the social determinants of health through poverty reduction measures and targeted interventions on high-risk populations. The spread of multidrug-resistance TB requires special attention and highlights the need to foster research on TB diagnostics, new drugs and vaccines. Although many advances have been made in the fight against TB over the last twenty years, a lot is still needed to achieve global elimination. The new end-TB strategy that was first launched in 2014 by the World Health Organization, is fully in line with the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals that came into effect since January 2016 and sets ambitious goals for the post-2015 agenda. A 90% reduction in TB-related mortality and an 80% decline in TB incidence within 2030 as well as the abolition of catastrophic expenditures for TB-affected people are the main targets of this strategy. Strong government commitment and adequate financing from all countries together with community engagement and appropriate investments in research are necessary in order to reach these objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Raviglione
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Sulis
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for TB/HIV coinfection and for TB Elimination, University of Brescia , Italy
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17
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Garrison AT, Abouelhassan Y, Norwood VM, Kallifidas D, Bai F, Nguyen MT, Rolfe M, Burch GM, Jin S, Luesch H, Huigens RW. Structure-Activity Relationships of a Diverse Class of Halogenated Phenazines That Targets Persistent, Antibiotic-Tolerant Bacterial Biofilms and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3808-25. [PMID: 27018907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Persistent bacteria, including persister cells within surface-attached biofilms and slow-growing pathogens lead to chronic infections that are tolerant to antibiotics. Here, we describe the structure-activity relationships of a series of halogenated phenazines (HP) inspired by 2-bromo-1-hydroxyphenazine 1. Using multiple synthetic pathways, we probed diverse substitutions of the HP scaffold in the 2-, 4-, 7-, and 8-positions, providing critical information regarding their antibacterial and bacterial eradication profiles. Halogenated phenazine 14 proved to be the most potent biofilm-eradicating agent (≥99.9% persister cell killing) against MRSA (MBEC < 10 μM), MRSE (MBEC = 2.35 μM), and VRE (MBEC = 0.20 μM) biofilms while 11 and 12 demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against M. tuberculosis (MIC = 3.13 μM). Unlike antimicrobial peptide mimics that eradicate biofilms through the general lysing of membranes, HPs do not lyse red blood cells. HPs are promising agents that effectively target persistent bacteria while demonstrating negligible toxicity against mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Garrison
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Yasmeen Abouelhassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Dimitris Kallifidas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Fang Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Minh Thu Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Melanie Rolfe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Gena M Burch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Shouguang Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Robert W Huigens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, and ⊥Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610
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18
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Calder B, Albeldas C, Blackburn JM, Soares NC. Mass Spectrometry Offers Insight into the Role of Ser/Thr/Tyr Phosphorylation in the Mycobacteria. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:141. [PMID: 26904014 PMCID: PMC4751927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a post translational modification which can rapidly regulate biochemical pathways by altering protein function, and has been associated with pathogenicity in bacteria. Once engulfed by host macrophages, pathogenic bacteria are exposed to harsh conditions and must respond rapidly in order to survive. The causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is unusual amongst the bacteria because it can survive within the host macrophage for decades in a latent state, demonstrating a remarkable capacity to successfully evade the host immune response. This ability may be mediated in part by regulatory mechanisms such as ser/thr/tyr phosphorylation. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has afforded us the capacity to identify hundreds of phosphorylation sites in the bacterial proteome, allowing for comparative phosphoproteomic studies in the mycobacteria. There remains an urgent need to validate the reported phosphosites, and to elucidate their biological function in the context of pathogenicity. However, given the sheer number of putative phosphorylation events in the mycobacterial proteome, and the technical difficulty of assigning biological function to a phosphorylation event, it will not be trivial to do so. There are currently six published phosphoproteomic investigations of a member of mycobacteria. Here, we combine the datasets from these studies in order to identify commonly detected phosphopeptides and phosphosites in order to present high confidence candidates for further validation. By applying modern mass spectrometry-based techniques to improve our understanding of phosphorylation and other PTMs in pathogenic bacteria, we may identify candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Calder
- Applied and Chemical Proteomics Group, Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claudia Albeldas
- Applied and Chemical Proteomics Group, Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M Blackburn
- Applied and Chemical Proteomics Group, Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelson C Soares
- Applied and Chemical Proteomics Group, Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
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19
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Schito M, Dolinger DL. A Collaborative Approach for "ReSeq-ing" Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drug Resistance: Convergence for Drug and Diagnostic Developers. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1262-5. [PMID: 26629499 PMCID: PMC4634747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Schito
- Critical Path Institute, 1730 E River Rd, Suite 200, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - David L Dolinger
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Building B2, Level 0, 9, Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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