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Santos-Ballardo CL, Montes-Ávila J, Rendon-Maldonado JG, Ramos-Payan R, Montaño S, Sarmiento-Sánchez JI, Acosta-Cota SDJ, Ochoa-Terán A, Bastidas-Bastidas PDJ, Osuna-Martínez U. Design, synthesis, in silico, and in vitro evaluation of benzylbenzimidazolone derivatives as potential drugs on α-glucosidase and glucokinase as pharmacological targets. RSC Adv 2023; 13:21153-21162. [PMID: 37449031 PMCID: PMC10337652 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02916f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazolones have shown biological activities, including antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic, by inhibiting or activating of α-glu and GK. The aim of this study is the rational design of compounds using in silico assays to delimitate the selection of structures to synthesize and the in vitro evaluation of benzimidazolone derivatives in blood glucose control. A docking of 23 benzimidazolone derivatives was performed; selecting the compounds with better in silico profiles to synthesize by microwave-irradiation/conventional heat and evaluate in enzymatic in vitro evaluation. Compounds 2k, 2m, 2r, and 2s presented the best in silico profiles, showing good affinity energy (-10.9 to -8.6 kcal mol-1) and binding with catalytic-amino acids. They were synthesized at 70 °C and 24 h using DMF as the solvent and potassium carbonate (yield: 22-38%). The results with α-glu showed moderate inhibition of 2k (14 ± 1.23-29 ± 0.45), 2m (12 ± 2.21-36 ± 0.30), 2r (7 ± 2.21-13 ± 1.34), and 2s (11 ± 0.74-35 ± 2.95) at evaluated concentrations (0.1 to 100 μg mL-1). The GK activation assay showed an enzymatic activity increase; compound 2k increased 1.31 and 2.83 more than normal activity, 2m (2.13-fold), 2s (2.86 and 3.74-fold) at 100 and 200 μg mL-1 respectively. The present study showed that the 2s derivative presents moderate potential as an α-glu inhibitor and a good activator potential of GK, suggesting that this compound is a good candidate for blood glucose control through antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio Montes-Ávila
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa México
| | | | - Rosalio Ramos-Payan
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa México
| | - Sarita Montaño
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa México
| | | | | | - Adrián Ochoa-Terán
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana México
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Targeting human Glucokinase for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: an overview of allosteric Glucokinase activators. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022; 21:1129-1137. [PMID: 35673438 PMCID: PMC9167346 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide impacting disorder and the ratio through which the number of diabetic patients had increased worldwide, puts medical professionals to serious stress for its effective management. Due to its polygenic origin and involvement of multiple genes to its pathophysiology, leads to understanding of this ailment more complex. It seems that current interventions, such as dietary changes, life style changes and drug therapy such as oral hypoglycaemics and insulin, are unable to halt the trend. There are various novel and emerging targets on which the researchers are paying attention to combat with this ailment successfully. Human glucokinase (GK) enzyme is one of these novel and emerging targets for management of diabetes. Its availability in the pancreas and liver cells makes this target more lucrative. GK's presence in the pancreatic and hepatic cells plays a very important function for the management of glucose homoeostasis. Small molecules that activate GK allosterically provide an alternative strategy for restoring/improving glycaemic regulation, especially in type 2 diabetic patients. Although after enduring many setbacks in the development of the GK activators, interest has been renewed especially due to introduction of novel dual acting GK activator dorzagliatin, and a novel hepato-selective GK activator, TTP399. This review article has been formulated to discuss importance of GK in glucose homeostasis, recent updates on small molecules of GK activators, clinical status of GK activators and challenges in development of GK activators.
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Kazi A, Chatpalliwar V. Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking and In vitro Biological Evaluation of
Benzamide Derivatives as Novel Glucokinase Activators. CURRENT ENZYME INHIBITION 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573408018666220218093451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Glucokinase (GK) is a cytoplasmic enzyme that metabolises glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and supports adjusting blood glucose levels within the normal range in humans. In pancreatic β-cells, it plays a leading role in governing the glucose-stimulated secretion of insulin, and in liver hepatocyte cells, it controls the metabolism of carbohydrates. GK acts as a promising drug target for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Objectives:
The present work has been designed to discover some novel substituted benzamide derivatives
Method:
This work involved designing novel benzamide derivatives and their screening by docking studies to determine the binding interactions for the best-fit conformations in the binding site of the GK enzyme. Based on the results of docking studies, the selected molecules were synthesized and tested for in vitro GK enzyme assay. The structures of newly synthesized products were confirmed by IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy.
Results:
Amongst the designed derivatives, compounds 4c, 4d, 4e, 5h, 5j, 5l, 5m, 5n, 5p, and 5r have shown better binding energy than the native ligand present in the enzyme structure. The synthesized compounds were subjected to in vitro GK enzyme assay. Out of all, compounds 4c, 4d, 5h, 5l, and 5n showed more GK activation than control.
Conclusion::
From the present results, we have concluded that the synthesized derivatives can activate the human GK enzyme effectively, which can be helpful in the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.N.J.B’s S.S.D.J. College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik,
Maharashtra, 423101, India
| | - V.A. Chatpalliwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.N.J.B’s S.S.D.J. College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik,
Maharashtra, 423101, India
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Investigation of phytoconstituents of Enicostemma littorale as potential glucokinase activators through molecular docking for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 10:1. [PMID: 34926125 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is an enzyme involved in synthesising glucose into glucose-6 phosphate and serves a crucial function in glucose sensing. Therefore, agents that induce GK activation could be used to treat T2DM. The present work has been carried out to investigate the GK activation potential of phytoconstituents of Enicostemma littorale through molecular docking. All the phytoconstituents have been screened through the Lipinski rule of 5, Veber's rule, and ADMET properties. From these initial screening, only Apigenin, Ferulic acid, Genkwanin, p-coumaric acid, Protocatechuic acid, Syringic acid, and Vanillic acid have been selected to perform molecular docking studies. The binding free energy and binding mode of the native ligand in the allosteric site of the enzyme have been considered the reference for the other molecules' validation. The native ligand has exhibited - 7.2 kcal/mol binding free energy, whereas; it has formed four hydrogen bonds with THR-228, LYS-169, ASP-78, and GLY-81. Based on these findings, the interactions of phytoconstituents have been justified. Apigenin, genkwanin, and swertiamarin exhibited - 8.7, - 7.5, and - 8.3 kcal/mol binding free energy, respectively, which indicates better enzyme activation than the native ligand. Swertiamarin has formed 08 hydrogen bonds with allosteric amino acid residues, which confirms the excellent enzyme activation by these phytoconstituents. We concluded that if we can isolate and consume the exact active phytoconstituents (GK activators) from this plant, we can use them effectively to treat T2DM. More GK activators can be developed by considering them as a natural lead moiety.
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Thilagavathi R, Hosseini-Zare MS, Malini M, Selvam C. A comprehensive review on glucokinase activators: Promising agents for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:247-263. [PMID: 34714587 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase is a key enzyme which converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate in the liver and pancreatic cells of the human. In the liver, glucokinase promotes the synthesis of glycogen, and in the pancreas, it helps in glucose-sensitive insulin release. It serves as a "glucose sensor" and thereby plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Due to this activity, glucokinase is considered as an attractive drug target for type 2 diabetes. It created a lot of interest among the researchers, and several small molecules were discovered. The research work was initiated in 1990. However, the hypoglycemic effect, increased liver burden, and loss of efficacy over time were faced during clinical development. Dorzagliatin, a novel glucokinase activator that acts on both the liver and pancreas, is in the late-stage clinical development. TTP399, a promising hepatoselective GK activator, showed a clinically significant and sustained reduction in glycated hemoglobin with a low risk of adverse effects. The successful findings generated immense interest to continue further research in finding small molecule GK activators for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The article covers different series of GK activators reported over the past decade and the structural insights into the GK-GK activator binding which, we believe will stimulate the discovery of novel GK activators to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Thilagavathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Maryam Sadat Hosseini-Zare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manokaran Malini
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Chelliah Selvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Design and synthesis of newer N-benzimidazol-2yl benzamide analogues as allosteric activators of human glucokinase. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Singh D, Tali JA, Kumar G, Shankar R. Metal-free oxidative decarbonylative halogenation of fused imidazoles. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04440k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An efficient strategy has been developed for the deformylative halogenation of carbaldehyde imidazo-fused heterocycles in the presence of TBHP controlled by temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Singh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad Tali
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Grewal AS, Lather V, Charaya N, Sharma N, Singh S, Kairys V. Recent Developments in Medicinal Chemistry of Allosteric Activators of Human Glucokinase for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Therapeutics. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2510-2552. [PMID: 32286938 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200414163148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucokinase (GK), a cytoplasmic enzyme catalyzes the metabolism of glucose to glucose- 6-phosphate with the help of ATP and aids in the controlling of blood glucose levels within the normal range in humans. In pancreatic β-cells, it plays a chief role by controlling the glucose-stimulated secretion of insulin and in liver hepatocyte cells, it controls the metabolism of carbohydrates. GK acts as a promising drug target for the pharmacological treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as it plays an important role in the control of carbohydrate metabolism. METHODS Data used for this review was based on the search from several science databases as well as various patent databases. The main data search terms used were allosteric GK activators, diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, glucokinase, glucokinase activators and human glucokinase. RESULTS This article discusses an overview of T2DM, the biology of GK, the role of GK in T2DM, recent updates in the development of small molecule GK activators reported in recent literature, mechanism of action of GK activators and their clinical status. CONCLUSION GK activators are the novel class of pharmacological agents that enhance the catalytic activity of GK enzyme and display their antihyperglycemic effects. Broad diversity of chemical entities including benzamide analogues, carboxamides, acrylamides, benzimidazoles, quinazolines, thiazoles, pyrimidines, pyridines, orotic acid amides, amino acid derivatives, amino phosphates and urea derivatives have been synthesized in past two decades as potent allosteric activators of GK. Presently, the pharmaceutical companies and researchers are focusing on the design and development of liver-selective GK activators for preventing the possible adverse effects associated with GK activators for the long-term treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmer S Grewal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Viney Lather
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Charaya
- Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Thakral S, Narang R, Kumar M, Singh V. Synthesis, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies of 2-chloro-5-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfamoyl]- N-(alkyl/aryl)-4-nitrobenzamide derivatives as antidiabetic agents. BMC Chem 2020; 14:49. [PMID: 32789301 PMCID: PMC7416410 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-020-00703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 2-chloro-5-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfamoyl]-N-(alkyl/aryl)-4-nitrobenzamide derivatives (5a-5v) has been synthesized and confirmed by physicochemical(Rf, melting point) and spectral means (IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR). The results of in vitro antidiabetic study against α-glucosidase indicated that compound 5o bearing 2-CH3-5-NO2 substituent on phenyl ring was found to be the most active compound against both enzymes. The electron donating (CH3) group and electron withdrawing (NO2) group on a phenyl ring highly favoured the inhibitory activity against these enzymes. The docking simulations study revealed that these synthesized compounds displayed hydrogen bonding, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with active site residues. The structure activity relationship studies of these compounds were also corroborated with the help of molecular modeling studies. Molecular dynamic simulations have been done for top most active compound for validating its α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory potential, RMSD analysis of ligand protein complex suggested the stability of top most active compound 5o in binding site of target proteins. In silico ADMET results showed that synthesized compounds were found to have negligible toxicity, good solubility and absorption profile as the synthesized compounds fulfilled Lipinski's rule of 5 and Veber's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Thakral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001 India
| | - Rakesh Narang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136118 Haryana India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001 India
| | - Vikramjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001 India
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