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Eurtivong C, Leung E, Sharma N, Leung IKH, Reynisson J. Phosphatidylcholine-Specific Phospholipase C as a Promising Drug Target. Molecules 2023; 28:5637. [PMID: 37570610 PMCID: PMC10420013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the important secondary messengers phosphocholine and diacylglycerol (DAG) from phosphatidylcholine. Although PC-PLC has been linked to the progression of many pathological conditions, including cancer, atherosclerosis, inflammation and neuronal cell death, studies of PC-PLC on the protein level have been somewhat neglected with relatively scarce data. To date, the human gene expressing PC-PLC has not yet been found, and the only protein structure of PC-PLC that has been solved was from Bacillus cereus (PC-PLCBc). Nonetheless, there is evidence for PC-PLC activity as a human functional equivalent of its prokaryotic counterpart. Additionally, inhibitors of PC-PLCBc have been developed as potential therapeutic agents. The most notable classes include 2-aminohydroxamic acids, xanthates, N,N'-hydroxyureas, phospholipid analogues, 1,4-oxazepines, pyrido[3,4-b]indoles, morpholinobenzoic acids and univalent ions. However, many medicinal chemistry studies lack evidence for their cellular and in vivo effects, which hampers the progression of the inhibitors towards the clinic. This review outlines the pathological implications of PC-PLC and highlights current progress and future challenges in the development of PC-PLC inhibitors from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchakorn Eurtivong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Si Ayutthaya Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Nabangshu Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, 49 Sala Street, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Ivanhoe K. H. Leung
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme ST5 5BG, UK;
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Litwin A, Mironenka J, Bernat P, Soboń A, Różalska S. Accumulation of pyrethroids induces changes in metabolism of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana-Proteomic and lipidomic background. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114418. [PMID: 36527849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the agrochemical industry, such as using plant protection products e.g. pyrethroid insecticides, lead to environmental pollution via the accumulation of toxic compounds in soil. An interesting approach to overcoming this threat is using biopreparations based on entomopathogenic fungi that come into contact with the residues of the insecticides in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine whether the soil-dwelling entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana ARSEF 2860 is capable of accumulating pyrethroids (λ-cyhalothrin, α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin) and to identify the metabolomics and proteomic implications of this process. In this work, we demonstrated for the first time that the tested fungus accumulated pyrethroids as early as on day 2 of incubation with an average efficiency of 90%. Pyrethroids accumulated in large quantities in the mycelium of B. bassiana induced oxidative stress and interacted differently with the enzymes of the basic metabolic pathways, enzymes associated with the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and cell walls, as well as extracellular enzymes responsible for the infectious abilities (α-cypermethrin caused a 61% decrease in PR1, λ-cyhalothrin - a 31% decrease in PR2, which are proteolytic enzymes with a confirmed role in the infectious process). This study also revealed that the accumulated pyrethroids decreased the activity of phospholipase C, which increased the triacylglycerols/diacylglycerols (TAG/DAG) ratio, especially in mycelium in which α-cypermethrin was accumulated. It should be emphasized that the accumulation of pyrethroids in the environment is not fully understood, and current research suggests that entomopathogenic fungi may be part of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Litwin
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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Jovanovic J, Ornelis VFM, Madder A, Rajkovic A. Bacillus cereus food intoxication and toxicoinfection. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3719-3761. [PMID: 34160120 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is one of the leading etiological agents of toxin-induced foodborne diseases. Its omnipresence in different environments, spore formation, and its ability to adapt to varying conditions and produce harmful toxins make this pathogen a health hazard that should not be underestimated. Food poisoning by B. cereus can manifest itself as an emetic or diarrheal syndrome. The former is caused by the release of the potent peptide toxin cereulide, whereas the latter is the result of proteinaceous enterotoxins (e.g., hemolysin BL, nonhemolytic enterotoxin, and cytotoxin K). The final harmful effect is not only toxin and strain dependent, but is also affected by the stress responses, accessory virulence factors, and phenotypic properties under extrinsic, intrinsic, and explicit food conditions and host-related environment. Infamous portrait of B. cereus as a foodborne pathogen, as well as a causative agent of nongastrointestinal infections and even nosocomial complications, has inspired vast volumes of multidisciplinary research in food and clinical domains. As a result, extensive original data became available asking for a new, both broad and deep, multifaceted look into the current state-of-the art regarding the role of B. cereus in food safety. In this review, we first provide an overview of the latest knowledge on B. cereus toxins and accessory virulence factors. Second, we describe the novel taxonomy and some of the most pertinent phenotypic characteristics of B. cereus related to food safety. We link these aspects to toxin production, overall pathogenesis, and interactions with its human host. Then we reflect on the prevalence of different toxinotypes in foods opening the scene for epidemiological aspects of B. cereus foodborne diseases and methods available to prevent food poisoning including overview of the different available methods to detect B. cereus and its toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Jovanovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent F M Ornelis
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Bacillus cereus: Epidemiology, Virulence Factors, and Host-Pathogen Interactions. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:458-471. [PMID: 33004259 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The toxin-producing bacterium Bacillus cereus is an important and neglected human pathogen and a common cause of food poisoning. Several toxins have been implicated in disease, including the pore-forming toxins hemolysin BL (HBL) and nonhemolytic enterotoxin (NHE). Recent work revealed that HBL binds to the mammalian surface receptors LITAF and CDIP1 and that both HBL and NHE induce potassium efflux and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to pyroptosis. These mammalian receptors, in part, contribute to inflammation and pathology. Other putative virulence factors of B. cereus include cytotoxin K, cereulide, metalloproteases, sphingomyelinase, and phospholipases. In this review, we highlight the latest progress in our understanding of B. cereus biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis, and discuss potential new directions for research in this field.
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Lingelem ABD, Kavaliauskiene S, Halsne R, Klokk TI, Surma MA, Klose C, Skotland T, Sandvig K. Diacylglycerol kinase and phospholipase D inhibitors alter the cellular lipidome and endosomal sorting towards the Golgi apparatus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:985-1009. [PMID: 32447426 PMCID: PMC7897626 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The membrane lipids diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA) are important second messengers that can regulate membrane transport by recruiting proteins to the membrane and by altering biophysical membrane properties. DAG and PA are involved in the transport from the Golgi apparatus to endosomes, and we have here investigated whether changes in these lipids might be important for regulation of transport to the Golgi using the protein toxin ricin. Modulation of DAG and PA levels using DAG kinase (DGK) and phospholipase D (PLD) inhibitors gave a strong increase in retrograde ricin transport, but had little impact on ricin recycling or degradation. Inhibitor treatment strongly affected the endosome morphology, increasing endosomal tubulation and size. Furthermore, ricin was present in these tubular structures together with proteins known to regulate retrograde transport. Using siRNA to knock down different isoforms of PLD and DGK, we found that several isoforms of PLD and DGK are involved in regulating ricin transport to the Golgi. Finally, by performing lipidomic analysis we found that the DGK inhibitor gave a weak, but expected, increase in DAG levels, while the PLD inhibitor gave a strong and unexpected increase in DAG levels, showing that it is important to perform lipidomic analysis when using inhibitors of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berit Dyve Lingelem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Forensic Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ruth Halsne
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Forensic Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tove Irene Klokk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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