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McLeod CJ, Haycraft E. "A good way to start the day": UK-based parents' views about offering vegetables to children for breakfast. Appetite 2024; 195:107239. [PMID: 38301866 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Children in the UK do not eat enough vegetables for optimal health and development; therefore, considering methods to increase children's vegetable intake is critical. Currently, if UK children are offered vegetables to eat, this typically occurs at midday/evening meals, and/or for snacks - children are seldom offered vegetables at breakfast time, even though there is no medical, nutritional, or physiological reason not to. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the views and experiences of parents in relation to offering children (aged 18 months to four years) vegetables to eat at breakfast time. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 parents (aged 27-51 years) who were asked for their opinions about offering vegetables to children at breakfast time, and about their perceptions of their child(ren)'s behaviours in relation to vegetables at breakfast. A thematic analysis of the data identified the following themes/sub-themes relating to parents' views and experiences: 1) willingness - there was widespread willingness amongst parents to offer their chid(ren) vegetables at breakfast time; 2) barriers - relating to social/behavioural norms (parent/family and societal), practical challenges, and vegetables being commonly disliked by children; 3) facilitators - relating to young children not yet having developed social norms around foods, various practical solutions, and the need for information and awareness campaigns to highlight how and why vegetables can be incorporated into children's breakfasts. These encouraging findings for optimising children's health via this novel approach suggest that further research and dissemination around the value of offering children vegetables for breakfast is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J McLeod
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK; Centre for Lifestyle Medicine and Behaviour (CLiMB), School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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Johnson SL, Moding KJ, Flesher A, Boenig R, Campain J. I'll Never Give Up: A Qualitative Study of Caregivers' Perceptions and Decisional Processes When Feeding Infants and Toddlers Novel and Disliked Foods. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2024:S1499-4046(24)00008-3. [PMID: 38493374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better understand caregivers' decisional processes related to offering novel and disliked foods to their infants and toddlers. DESIGN As part of a parent study on young children's food acceptance that took place in Denver, CO, this secondary analysis used a basic qualitative approach to explore caregivers' decisional processes related to repeated exposure and children's food rejection. PARTICIPANTS English-speaking caregivers of infants and toddlers (aged 6-24 months; n = 106) were recruited via flyers and social media and interviewed (from July, 2017 to January, 2018) during a laboratory visit focused on introducing a novel food. PHENOMENON OF INTEREST Factors influencing caregiver decisions to (dis)continue offering novel or disliked foods. ANALYSIS Using a combined deductive and inductive coding approach, trained researchers coded transcripts and codes, which were reviewed and discussed by all investigators to identify themes. RESULTS Three major themes (and 2 subthemes) were generated regarding caregivers' decisions about re-offering rejected foods: 1) Caregivers understand that multiple experiences with new foods are needed because children's reactions can be unpredictable and depend upon time, developmental stage, and child traits; 2) Caregivers vary in their persistence and decisions to keep offering foods depending on responsiveness to child cues (sub-theme) and adult-centered beliefs, needs, and decisions (sub-theme); 3) Child food acceptance will change with time, circumstances, and development if you keep trying. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Although caregivers are aware of repeated exposure, additional implementation research focused on translating theory into effective home practices could assist caregivers to persist in offering novel or disliked foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
| | - Kameron J Moding
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Abigail Flesher
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Rebecca Boenig
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Joseph Campain
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Porter L, Chater AM, Haycraft E, Farrow C, Holley CE. Role-model, reoffer, reward: A thematic analysis and TDF mapping of influences on families' use of evidence-based vegetable feeding practices. Appetite 2023; 189:106764. [PMID: 37442525 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Children's vegetable intake is low, despite benefits for immediate and long-term health. Repeatedly reoffering vegetables, role-modelling consumption, and offering non-food rewards effectively increase children's vegetable acceptance and intake. However, a number of barriers prevent families from reoffering previously-rejected vegetables. This study used the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and the COM-B model of behaviour to explore barriers and enablers to reoffering, role-modelling and offering non-food rewards among parents of 2-4-year-old children. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted, from which eleven core inductive themes were generated: 'Child factors', 'Eating beliefs', 'Effectiveness beliefs', 'Past experience', 'Current family behaviours', 'Harms', 'Knowledge', 'Need for change', 'Parent effort', 'Parent values' and 'Practical issues'. The codes underpinning these themes were inductively mapped to 11 of the 14 TDF domains, and five of the six COM-B components. Previously-reported influences on families' vegetable feeding practices were confirmed, including concerns about child rejection of foods/meals, cost of vegetables, and food waste. Novel findings included some parents' perceptions that these practices are pressurising, and that certain beliefs/knowledge about children's eating behaviour can provide a "protective mindset" that supports families' perseverance with reoffering over time. Future interventions should be tailored to better reflect the diversity of needs and previous experiences of feeding that families have, with some families likely to find that troubleshooting and further signposting is appropriate for their needs while others might benefit from more persuasive and educational approaches. The mapping of codes to the TDF and COM-B will facilitate the identification of appropriate intervention functions and behaviour change techniques when designing new interventions to support families with increasing their children's vegetable intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Porter
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Angel M Chater
- Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK; Centre for Health, Wellbeing and Behaviour Change, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Claire Farrow
- School of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Clare E Holley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Violant-Holz V, Rodríguez-Silva C, Carol M, Rodríguez MJ. Impact of cocreation training capsules for preschool teachers on children's healthy habits: a pilot study conducted in Barcelona, Spain. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2089. [PMID: 34774028 PMCID: PMC8590630 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Healthy habits are essential for preschoolers to have a healthy lifestyle. The promotion of these healthy habits from a holistic approach by preschool teachers guarantees a better quality of life and a healthier society. Using cocreation, we designed training for healthy habit promotion for preschool teachers (all@once). Then, we implemented the training and evaluated its impact on classroom teaching strategies. Methods This study presents the all@once training design and its implementation and evaluation during 2019. The cocreation process involved 8 parents, 9 preschool teachers and 9 health professionals (selected by a nonprobabilistic sampling system according to quotas) to design training from a holistic perspective. To evaluate the all@once impact in classroom practice, a pilot study was undertaken in four public schools in Barcelona (Spain). All@once was implemented with 16 volunteer teachers selected by convenience sampling and 328 children. A mixed methods approach was chosen to collect data based on direct nonparticipating naturalist systematic observations in June and October 2019. After qualitative data categorization, changes in health routines and actions at school were assessed by either contingency table analysis of frequency distributions or nonparametric comparisons of two related samples. Results The cocreation process provided training organized into online capsules with a holistic view of health in four main dimensions (nutrition, hygiene, physical activity and emotional health). Of these dimensions, the emotional health dimension comprised half of the training content. Pilot testing of the impact of all@once on classroom health-related activities evidenced an increase in the likelihood of observing fruit consumption by children, healthy habit promotion and hand washing. The most significant all@once-induced changes that we observed were related to teaching strategies concerning the emotional health dimension of the training. Conclusions This pilot study provides evidence of cocreation being a productive way to design training for preschool teachers regarding inclusive education in integral health. This approach collects the needs of the school community, provides training with a holistic concept of health and effectively impacts classroom routines and family health habits in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Violant-Holz
- Department of Didactic and Educational Organization, Faculty of Education, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,International Observatory in Hospital Pedagogy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Rodríguez-Silva
- Department of Didactic and Educational Organization, Faculty of Education, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Carol
- Institute for Lifelong Learning Foundation (IL3-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Current address: Academic Area, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel J Rodríguez
- Department Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, c/Casanova 143, E-08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. .,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
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Johnson SL, Moding KJ, Grimm KJ, Flesher AE, Bakke AJ, Hayes JE. Infant and Toddler Responses to Bitter-Tasting Novel Vegetables: Findings from the Good Tastes Study. J Nutr 2021; 151:3240-3252. [PMID: 34191021 PMCID: PMC8485907 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants are born with the biological predisposition to reject bitterness. Dark green vegetables contain essential nutrients but also bitter compounds, making them more difficult to like. OBJECTIVE The Good Tastes Study was designed to determine whether reducing bitterness by adding small amounts of sugar or salt would alter infant acceptance of kale purées. METHODS Caregivers (n = 106, 94% mothers, 82% Non-Hispanic White) and children (53% male, aged 6-24 mo) participated in a videorecorded laboratory visit during which infants were offered 4 versions of puréed kale: plain, 1.2% or 1.8% added sugar, or 0.2% added salt. Caregivers rated their children's liking for each kale version. Videos were coded for the number of tastes accepted and for children's behaviors and acceptance of each kale version. A multilevel ordered logistic model was fit for the number of accepted tastes and caregiver ratings of child liking of kale versions with age, breastfeeding history, order effects, and kale version as predictors. RESULTS Infants 6 to <12 mo accepted more tastes (b = 2.911, P < 0.001) and were rated by caregivers as liking the kale more than older toddlers (≥18 mo; b = 1.874, P = 0.014). The plain kale was more likely to be accepted (P < 0.001); also, the first version offered was more likely to be rejected (b = -0.586, P < 0.007). Older infants (≥18 mo) exhibited more avoidant behaviors (b = 1.279, P < 0.001), more playing (b = 2.918, P < 0.001), and more self-feeding (b = 1.786, P = 0.005) than younger infants (6 to <12 mo). Children who were reported to have been breastfed more in the last 7 d were more likely to self-feed (b = 0.246, P < 0.001) and play with food (b = 0.207, P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that there may be a sensitive period, during the early phase of complementary feeding, to improve success of introducing a novel, bitter, more difficult-to-like food. When low levels of sugar or salt were added, no advantage of bitterness reduction was observed. This study has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT04549233.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kameron J Moding
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kevin J Grimm
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Abigail E Flesher
- Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alyssa J Bakke
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - John E Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Karagiannaki K, Ritz C, Andreasen DS, Achtelik R, Møller P, Hausner H, Olsen A. Optimising Repeated Exposure: Determining Optimal Stimulus Shape for Introducing a Novel Vegetable among Children. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050909. [PMID: 33919238 PMCID: PMC8143140 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well evident that a healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables could prevent a number of major chronic diseases, national and international guidelines concerning their intake are not being reached by a large percentage of the population, including children. Thus, it is of interest to investigate how the consumption of this food group by children could be increased. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of serving style on the consumption of a raw snack vegetable (daikon) and the influence of its exposure on liking and intake of the vegetable. A group of 185 children 3–5 years old participated in the study. Two kindergartens served as intervention groups, while the third was assigned to be the control group of the study (n = 50). The intervention groups were repeatedly exposed to one of three different serving styles of daikon: sticks (n = 42), triangles (n = 46) or grated (n = 47), and they were all visited 7 times during the exposure period, on the same frequency (twice per week). Familiarity and liking of the target vegetable, daikon, and six other vegetables (cucumber, celery, celeriac, broccoli, cauliflower and beetroot) were measured at baseline, post-intervention and two follow up sessions (3- and 6-month) to investigate the likelihood of generalisation effects. Intake of daikon was measured at all control sessions and exposures. Moreover, children were asked to rank their favourite serving style of daikon and beetroot, among triangle, stick and grated, towards understanding the influence of shape on the efficacy of the exposure. The results revealed significant changes between liking and intake of daikon for the groups of triangles and sticks and the control group (p < 0.05). The group that received grated daikon did not show significant differences in liking and at intake levels during the exposures but performed well in the long-term. Throughout the exposure period, intake levels followed an overall increasing pattern, with all the groups to demonstrate a decrease of their intake at the last session, which was not found significant for the triangle group. Mere exposure was efficient towards increasing liking and intake of the novel vegetable with all the shapes to deliver positive results, but based on this study no particular serving style can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klelia Karagiannaki
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.K.); (D.S.A.); (R.A.); (P.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - Ditte Søbye Andreasen
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.K.); (D.S.A.); (R.A.); (P.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Raphaela Achtelik
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.K.); (D.S.A.); (R.A.); (P.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Per Møller
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.K.); (D.S.A.); (R.A.); (P.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Helene Hausner
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.K.); (D.S.A.); (R.A.); (P.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Annemarie Olsen
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (K.K.); (D.S.A.); (R.A.); (P.M.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-33-10-18
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Reale S, Simpson RM, Marr C, Carstairs SA, Cecil JE, Hetherington MM, Caton SJ. Snack Portion Sizes for Preschool Children Are Predicted by Caregiver Portion Size, Caregiver Feeding Practices and Children's Eating Traits. Nutrients 2019; 11:E3020. [PMID: 31835571 PMCID: PMC6950396 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caregivers are mostly responsible for the foods young children consume; however, it is unknown how caregivers determine what portion sizes to serve. This study examined factors which predict smaller or larger than recommended snack portion sizes in an online survey. Caregivers of children aged 2 to 4 years were presented with 10 snack images, each photographed in six portion sizes. Caregivers (n = 659) selected the portion they would usually serve themselves and their child for an afternoon snack. Information on child eating traits, parental feeding practices and demographics were provided by caregivers. Most caregivers selected portions in line with recommended amounts for preschool children, demonstrating their ability to match portion sizes to their child's energy requirements. However, 16% of caregivers selected smaller than recommended low energy-dense (LED, e.g., fruits and vegetables) snacks for their child which was associated with smaller caregiver's own portion size, reduced child food liking and increased satiety responsiveness. In contrast, 28% of caregivers selected larger than recommended amounts of high energy-dense (HED, e.g., cookies, crisps) snacks for their child which were associated with larger caregiver's own portion size, greater frequency of consumption, higher child body mass index (BMI), greater pressure to eat and lower child food liking. These findings suggest that most caregivers in this study select portions adjusted to suit their child's age and stage of development. Future interventions could provide support to caregivers regarding the energy and nutrient density of foods given the relatively small portion sizes of LED and large portions of HED snacks offered to some children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Reale
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK; (S.R.); (R.M.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Rebecca M. Simpson
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK; (S.R.); (R.M.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Colette Marr
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK; (S.R.); (R.M.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Sharon A. Carstairs
- Population and Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK; (S.A.C.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Joanne E. Cecil
- Population and Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK; (S.A.C.); (J.E.C.)
| | | | - Samantha J. Caton
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK; (S.R.); (R.M.S.); (C.M.)
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Nurturing Children's Healthy Eating: Position statement. Appetite 2019; 137:124-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Clustering and correlates of screen-time and eating behaviours among young children. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:753. [PMID: 29914455 PMCID: PMC6006584 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Screen-time and unhealthy dietary behaviours are highly pervasive in young children and evidence suggests that these behaviours often co-occur and are associated. Identifying clusters of unhealthy behaviours, and their influences early in childhood, can assist in the development of targeted preventive interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine the sociodemographic, behavioural, and home physical environmental correlates of co-occurring screen-time and unhealthy eating behaviours and to assess the clustering of screen-time and unhealthy dietary behaviours in young children. Methods Parents of 126 children, from the UK, aged 5–6 years (49% boys) completed a questionnaire which assessed their child’s screen-time (ST), fruit and vegetable (FV), and energy-dense (ED) snack consumption. Categories of health behaviours were created based on frequencies of children meeting recommendations for FV and ST and median splits of frequencies for ED snacks. Parents reported on their own behaviours (ST, FV, and ED snack consumption), how often they ate meals and watched TV with their child, and on the availability and accessibility of foods within the home. An observed over expected ratio (O/E) was used to assess behavioural clustering. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression was used to examine correlates of behaviour patterns. Results Approximately 25% of children had two or three health risk behaviours. Correlates consistently associated with clusters included parental income, eating meals at the TV, parental ST and ED snack food consumption, and home availability of ED snack foods. Observed over expected ratios were close to 1 and ranged from 0.78 to 1.43. The three-risk behaviour combination of insufficient FV consumption, high ED snack consumption, and excessive ST occurred more frequently than expected (1.23 (95% CI 0.89, 1.58)). Conclusions ST and unhealthy dietary behaviours cluster in children as young as 5 years of age and parents’ own behaviours appear to be important influencing factors. Further research into the development of behavioural clustering in young children to identify and further understand the mechanisms underlying the synergy among health behaviours is needed. Feasibility interventions promoting reductions in both screen-time and unhealthy dietary behaviours reciprocally, while simultaneously focusing on changing parental behaviours, are warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5698-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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If at first you don't succeed: Assessing influences associated with mothers' reoffering of vegetables to preschool age children. Appetite 2018; 123:249-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Purpose of Review This study aims to synthesise the body of research investigating methods for increasing vegetable consumption in 2- to 5-year-old children, while offering advice for practitioners. Recent Findings Repeated exposure is a well-supported method for increasing vegetable consumption in early childhood and may be enhanced with the inclusion of non-food rewards to incentivise tasting. Peer models appear particularly effective for increasing 2–5-year-olds’ vegetable consumption. There is little evidence for the effectiveness of food adaptations (e.g. flavour-nutrient learning) for increasing general vegetable intake among this age group, although they show some promise with bitter vegetables. Summary This review suggests that practitioners may want to focus their advice to parents around strategies such as repeated exposure, as well as the potential benefits of modelling and incentivising tasting with non-food rewards. Intervention duration varies greatly, and considerations need to be made for how this impacts on success.
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Holley CE, Haycraft E, Farrow C. Predicting children's fussiness with vegetables: The role of feeding practices. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2017; 14. [PMID: 28247493 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables are commonly rejected by children, making it is important to consider factors that are associated with children's fussiness with vegetables. The current study aimed to investigate whether fussiness with vegetables is associated with a number of factors including caregiver and child vegetable consumption; caregivers' general feeding practices; and caregivers' vegetable-specific feeding practices. Caregivers (N = 297) of preschool children completed questionnaire measures of their child's fussiness with vegetables, as well as several caregiver and child factors hypothesised to be associated with children's fussiness with vegetables. Findings indicate that children who are fussier with vegetables consume a smaller quantity of vegetables and that almost all have caregivers who eat a smaller quantity of vegetables. Children's fussiness with vegetables was not significantly related to any general feeding practices used by caregivers. However, children's fussiness with vegetables was significantly associated with the use of several vegetable specific feeding practices. Caregivers of fussier children used more encouragement/pressure to eat with vegetables (r = 0.14, p = .01), hid vegetables within other foods more often (r = 0.30, p = <.01), used more food rewards for vegetable consumption (r = 0.19, p <.01), more other rewards for vegetable consumption (r = 0.21, p < .01), and compromised more when feeding vegetables (r = 0.14, p = .01). These findings suggest that rather than caregivers' general feeding practices being related to children's fussiness with vegetables, the specific feeding practices used when vegetables are rejected are more significant. It may therefore be helpful to develop advice for caregivers about which feeding practices to avoid when faced with a child who is fussy about eating vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Holley
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Claire Farrow
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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