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Nishibu H, Ikeda Y, Inoue T, Himuro N. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Visual Function Classification System for children with cerebral palsy. Child Care Health Dev 2024; 50:e13175. [PMID: 37723844 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often experience visual dysfunction that affects motor function and activities of daily living, but no 'gold standard' classification of visual function has been established. In recent years, however, a valid and reliable Visual Function Classification System (VFCS) for children with CP has been developed. AIMS To examine the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the VFCS in individuals with CP. METHODS The translation of the VFCS was performed according to international standards for the translation of measurements. We conducted questionnaires of professionals (three physicians, eight physical therapists, five occupational therapists, six speech-language-hearing therapists and a certified orthoptist) regarding the content validity of the Japanese version of the VFCS. For reliability and concurrent validity, 148 individuals with CP were classified twice by professionals using the Japanese version of the VFCS, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), Communication Function Classification System (CFCS) and Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS), with several weeks between each evaluation. RESULTS The content validity of the Japanese version of the VFCS almost met the criteria set. The percentage of positive and neutral opinions given by the professionals with regard to the four items ranged from 74% to 92%. The intra-rater reliability was 0.86 (95% CI 0.75-0.96) by Cohen's kappa and 0.93 (95% CI 0.88-0.96) by intraclass correlation coefficient. The inter-rater reliability was 0.67 (95% CI 0.56-0.78) by Cohen's kappa and 0.79 (95% CI 0.69-0.86) by intraclass correlation coefficient. The Spearman correlation coefficients between the VFCS and the GMFCS, MACS, CFCS and EDACS were 0.783, 0.764, 0.738, 0.738 and 0.830, respectively. The concurrent validity was confirmed by the correlations observed with other classification systems. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated good reliability and validity for the Japanese version of the VFCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Nishibu
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hokkaido Medical Center for Child Health and Rehabilitation, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yousuke Ikeda
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hokkaido Medical Center for Child Health and Rehabilitation, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahito Inoue
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hokkaido Medical Center for Child Health and Rehabilitation, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Himuro
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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Seyhan-Biyik K, Esen-AydinlI F, Sel SA, Incebay Ö, Özcebe E, Kerem-Günel M, Anlar FB, Pennington L. Psychometric properties of the Viking Speech Scale-Turkish version for children with cerebral palsy aged 4-18 years based on live and video-based observation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2023; 58:687-703. [PMID: 36426770 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Speech is the most common method of communication. Video-based clinical communication evaluation is a requirement for children with speech-language impairments living in rural areas, and those who have limited mobility. AIMS To determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Viking Speech Scale (VSS-T) via live and video-based observation for children with cerebral palsy (CP) aged 4-18 years. METHODS & PROCEDURES A total of 142 children (mean age 8.18 ± 3.98 years; 68 female) with CP were included in this study. Their motor, communication, visual and eating-drinking function levels and comorbidities (dental, swallowing, cognitive impairments and epilepsy) were recorded. The Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS), the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-Social Function (PEDI-SF), and the Functional Independence Measure for Children-Communication (WeeFIM-C) were assessed to examine the concurrent validity of the VSS-T. The interrater reliability of the VSS-T was analysed between parents, physical therapists, and speech and language therapists from live and video-based observation. Intra-rater reliability was calculated from ratings made from live and video-based observations taken 3 weeks apart. OUTCOMES & RESULTS The VSS-T was strongly related to the ICS (r = -0.830), PEDI-SF (r = -0.819), WeeFIM-C (r = -0.643), other functional classifications (r > 0.432), and the comorbidities (Cramer's V > 0.284, p < 0.001). Good to excellent interrater reliability (κw ≥ 0.838) and intra-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.848-0.995) were found between parents and therapists. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS Speech and language therapists, physical therapists, and parents can use the VSS-T as a valid and reliable classification system to describe speech intelligibility of 4-18-year-old children with CP. Both live and video-based observations can be used to administer the VSS-T. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on the subject The English version of the VSS has been shown to be a valid and reliable tool used to classify the speech of children with CP aged 4-13 years. The scale can be administered by means of live observation of the child or based on clinicians' notes on the case by parents, SLTs, physiotherapists and paediatricians. What this paper adds to existing knowledge The VSS-T is valid and reliable for children with CP aged 4-18 years. Video-based observation is a suitable method for evaluating the VSS-T levels. The VSS-T has a moderate association with the CFCS. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The VSS-T is a valid and reliable method of categorizing the severity of motor speech impairment for Turkish children with CP in clinical research studies, registry systems or epidemiological studies. Both experienced and inexperienced therapists can use either live or video-based observation methods to administer the VSS-T. This study extended the validity and reliability of the scale in children with CP aged up to 18 years. The VSS-T is also associated with the Visual Functional Classification System (VFCS), which has been recently developed for describing the visual abilities of children with CP in daily life. In addition, the VSS-T is associated with the presence of dental, swallowing, cognitive problems and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Seyhan-Biyik
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Esen-AydinlI
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinem Asena Sel
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Önal Incebay
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Özcebe
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mintaze Kerem-Günel
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Banu Anlar
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lindsay Pennington
- Population Health Sciences, Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Nishibu H, Seino TH, Himuro N. Psychometric evaluation and distribution of classification systems in children with cerebral palsy in Japan. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2022; 16:223-233. [PMID: 36373301 DOI: 10.3233/prm-210098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study sought to examine the content validity, the intra- and inter-rater reliability, and concurrent validity of the Japanese versions of the Manual Ability Classification System, the Communication Function Classification System, and the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System, and representation of the distribution of the levels of each classification systems in comparison to the Gross Motor Function Classification System levels for children with cerebral palsy. METHODS The Japanese versions were developed using the back-translation method. For content validity, professionals were asked to complete a questionnaire including items on the appropriateness of the translation, its validity, and distinctions among levels. For reliability, professionals used the three classification systems twice in children with cerebral palsy. For concurrent validity, relationships among the four classification systems were examined by correlation analyses. RESULTS Participants included twenty-one professionals and 290 children with cerebral palsy (mean age: 12 years two months, female: 132, male: 158). The content validity was generally good. For reliability, the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval for the intraclass correlation coefficients was greater than 0.89, and the correlation coefficients were high. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed good reliability and validity of the functional classification systems in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Nishibu
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hokkaido Medical Center for Child Health and Rehabilitation, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tsugumi Hosokawa Seino
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tomakomai City Hospital, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Himuro
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Spaans IEM, Geytenbeek JJM, Vaillant E, de Kleijn MAMC, Buizer AI, Pennington L. Reliability and validity of the Dutch-language version of the Viking Speech Scale in children with cerebral palsy. Child Care Health Dev 2022; 49:605-616. [PMID: 36327098 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Viking Speech Scale is used to classify speech performance in children with cerebral palsy (CP). A Dutch-language version (VSS-NL) has recently become available. This study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the VSS-NL and the association with motor type of CP, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) and Communication Function Classification System (CFCS). METHODS A total of 90 children with CP, recruited throughout the Netherlands, took part in the study. VSS-NL classifications by speech and language therapists unfamiliar (SLT1) and familiar (SLT2) with the child, parents and physicians were compared. Convergent and discriminant validity were determined with the Intelligibility in Context Scale-Dutch (ICS-NL) and the Computer Based Instrument for Low Motor Language Testing (C-BiLLT). Inter- and intrarater reliability were determined by weighted Kappa (ƙw ). Validity and associations between VSS-NL and GMFCS, MACS and CFCS were determined with Spearman's coefficient. Association between VSS-NL and motor type of CP was determined with Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Interrater reliability was excellent between SLT1-SLT2 (ƙw = 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-0.99), good between SLT1-parent (ƙw = 0.71, 95% CI 0.60-0.83), SLT1-physician (ƙw = 0.70, 95% CI 0.58-0.81), SLT2-parent (ƙw = 0.71, 95% CI 0.57-0.84), SLT2-physician (ƙw = 0.73, 95% CI 0.62-0.85) and parent-physician (ƙ = 0.72, 95% CI 0.60-0.85). Intrarater reliability was excellent for SLTs familiar and unfamiliar to the child (ƙw = 1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.00), and very good for physicians (ƙw = 0.89, 95% CI 0.75-1.00) and parents (ƙw = 0.72, 95% CI 0.62-1.00). Convergent validity was very strong (r = -0.81, p < 0.001) and discriminant validity moderate (r = -0.56, p < 0.001). Association with motor type of CP was significant (χ2 = 27.558, p < 0.001) and strong with GMFCS (r = 0.62, p < 0.001), MACS (r = 0.63, p < 0.01) and CFCS (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The VSS-NL is a reliable and valid system to classify speech performance in children with cerebral palsy. Classifications can be performed by SLTs, parents and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene E M Spaans
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dijklander Ziekenhuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Joke J M Geytenbeek
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Vaillant
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Annemieke I Buizer
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsay Pennington
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Unes S, Tuncdemir M, Ozal C, Cankaya O, Seyhan Biyik K, Delioglu K, Gunbey C, Kerem Gunel M, Anlar B. Relationship among four functional classification systems and parent interpredicted intelligence level in children with different clinical types of cerebral palsy. Dev Neurorehabil 2022; 25:410-416. [PMID: 35301928 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2022.2051629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships between four functional classification systems in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and parent-interpredicted intelligence level, and the functional status in clinical types of CP. METHODS Two hundred and twenty-five children with CP ages between 2 and 18 (mean age 6.5 ± 4.4) years included using the Surveillance of CP in Europe (SCPE) database in Turkey. Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), Communication Function Classification System (CFCS) and Eating and Drinking Classification System (EDACS) levels were classified by clinical observation, and intelligence quotient (IQ) was determined by parent reports. RESULTS Correlations were found between all functional levels; the strongest were between GMFCS-MACS (r = 0.784, p < .001), CFCS-EDACS (r = 0.772, p < .001). Strong correlations were found for the IQ-CFCS (r = 0.762, p < .001) and IQ-EDACS (r = 0.634, p < .001). Correlations were stronger in children with bilateral CP and IQ level <70. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these four classification systems and reported IQ levels can adequately describe overall functioning for children with CP. Our results can guide clinicians in the rehabilitation of children with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Unes
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Tuncdemir
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemil Ozal
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cankaya
- Departmant of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Kübra Seyhan Biyik
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kıvanc Delioglu
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceren Gunbey
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mintaze Kerem Gunel
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Anlar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Hu J, Zhang J, Yang Y, Liang T, Huang T, He C, Wang F, Liu H, Zhang T. Prediction of Communication Impairment in Children With Bilateral Cerebral Palsy Using Multivariate Lesion- and Connectome-Based Approaches: Protocol for a Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:788037. [PMID: 35173593 PMCID: PMC8841608 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.788037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilateral cerebral palsy (BCP) is the most common type of CP in children and is often accompanied by different degrees of communication impairment. Several studies have attempted to identify children at high risk for communication impairment. However, most prediction factors are qualitative and subjective and may be influenced by rater bias. Individualized objective diagnostic and/or prediction methods are still lacking, and an effective method is urgently needed to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study is to develop and validate an objective, individual-based model for the prediction of communication impairment in children with BCP by the time they enter school. METHODS A multicenter prospective cohort study will be conducted in four Chinese hospitals. A total of 178 children with BCP will undergo advanced brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline (corrected age, before the age of 2 years). At school entry, communication performance will be assessed by a communication function classification system (CFCS). Three-quarters of children with BCP will be allocated as a training cohort, whereas the remaining children will be allocated as a test cohort. Multivariate lesion- and connectome-based approaches, which have shown good predictive ability of language performance in stroke patients, will be applied to extract features from MR images for each child with BCP. Multiple machine learning models using extracted features to predict communication impairment for each child with BCP will be constructed using data from the training cohort and externally validated using data from the test cohort. Prediction accuracy across models in the test cohort will be statistically compared. DISCUSSION The findings of the study may lead to the development of several translational tools that can individually predict communication impairment in children newly diagnosed with BCP to ensure that these children receive early, targeted therapeutic intervention before they begin school. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study has been registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100049497).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yanli Yang
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ting Liang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Fuqin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tijiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Piscitelli D, Ferrarello F, Ugolini A, Verola S, Pellicciari L. Measurement properties of the Gross Motor Function Classification System, Gross Motor Function Classification System-Expanded & Revised, Manual Ability Classification System, and Communication Function Classification System in cerebral palsy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2021; 63:1251-1261. [PMID: 34028793 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM To systematically review and meta-analyse the measurement properties of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Gross Motor Function Classification System-Expanded & Revised (GMFCS-E&R), Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), and Communication Function Classification System (CFCS) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD Six databases were searched. Articles on the measurement properties of the GMFCS, GMFCS-E&R, MACS, and CFCS administered to children with CP were included. Quality was assessed by means of the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) Risk of Bias checklist. The level and grading of evidence were defined for each measurement property. RESULTS Forty-four articles were included in the systematic review and 37 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The level (grading) of evidence was strong (positive) for reliability and construct validity. Content validity displayed an unknown level of evidence for the GMFCS, limited evidence (positive) for the MACS, and moderate evidence (positive) for the CFCS. There was moderate (positive) evidence for measurement error in the GMFCS and MACS. The level of evidence for responsiveness was unknown. No studies investigated cross-cultural validity. INTERPRETATION These instruments can be used by health care professionals and caregivers to quantify the constructs needed to measure ability in children with CP. Current high-quality evidence supports the use of these tools to classify ability in children with CP. Adopting the COSMIN guidelines, content, and cross-cultural validity should be investigated further. What this paper adds Strong evidence supports the reliability and construct validity of the GMFCS, GMFCS-E&R, MACS, and CFCS as functional classification systems in children with cerebral palsy. The GMFCS, GMFCS-E&R, MACS, and CFCS can be used by both health care professionals and caregivers. The GMFCS, GMFCS-E&R, MACS, and CFCS should not be used to detect change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piscitelli
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Sofia Verola
- Program in Physical Therapy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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