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Benner AD, Alers-Rojas F, López BA, Chen S. "Some people will tell jokes to you; some people be racist:" A mixed-method examination of racist jokes and adolescents' well-being. Child Dev 2024. [PMID: 38533602 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
This study examined how adolescents make meaning of racist jokes and their impact on daily well-being using a sequential mixed-methods research design with interview (N = 20; 60% girls, 5% gender-nonconforming; 45% Asian American, 40% Latina/o/x, 10% Black, 5% biracial/multiethnic) and daily diary data (N = 168; 54% girls; 57% Latina/o/x, 21% biracial/multiethnic, 10% Asian American, 9% White, 4% Black). Qualitative results revealed that racist jokes were common, distinct from other overt forms of discrimination, and perceived as harmless when perpetrated by friends. Quantitatively, approximately half of adolescents reported hearing at least one racist joke during the study period, and racist jokes by friends were associated with higher daily angry, anxious, and depressed moods and stress. Racist jokes by known others and strangers were also significantly associated with poorer well-being, although less consistently. Findings highlight the hidden harmful effects of racist jokes on adolescents' daily mood and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aprile D Benner
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Francheska Alers-Rojas
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Briana A López
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Shanting Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Chen S, Benner A, Kim SY. Peer-based discrimination and adolescent emotional and sleep health: A daily examination of direct and buffering associations. Child Dev 2024; 95:574-592. [PMID: 37908138 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Using 10-day daily diary data collected in 2019 from 10th grade students in southern U.S. (N = 161, 57% Latina/x/o, 21% Biracial, 10% Asian, 9% White, 4% Black; 55% female, Mage = 15.51), this study examined various forms of peer-based discrimination in adolescents' everyday lives. Results showed that personally experienced discrimination, peer racial teasing, and vicarious discrimination were frequent and impactful events. Results also provided strong evidence for the protective role of psychological resilience and some evidence for the protective-reactive roles of peer support and school climate in moderating the link between peer-based discrimination and daily well-being. The findings highlight the necessity to eliminate peer-based discrimination and shed light on interventions to reduce the harmful effects of peer-based discrimination on adolescents' daily well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanting Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Aprile Benner
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Wang Y, Huang Q, Lin S, Chen M, Zhang Y. Daily ethnic-racial support from family and peers: Changes from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Dev 2024; 95:559-573. [PMID: 37794738 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Limited research has investigated the changes in ethnic-racial support that adolescents received during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study collected 2-week, daily data from 185 Midwest U.S. ethnic-racial minority adolescents (14.60 years old; 52% female) at two waves, spanning about 1 year apart. For the Pandemic Cohort (936 days of data, 41 participants; 2019-2020), peer cultural socialization declined significantly from before to during the pandemic; family cultural socialization, as well as family and peer support against discrimination, became more positively associated with same-day ethnic-racial identity over the pandemic (β = .13-.16). No significant changes emerged for the pre-Pandemic Cohort (3304 days of data, 144 participants; 2017-2019). Findings highlight the importance of ethnic-racial support during the pandemic when ethnic-racial issues were amplified in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Qi Huang
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sylvia Lin
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Racial Discrimination Experiences and Friendship Network Dynamics Among Black and Latinx Youth. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:685-700. [PMID: 36807230 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite a robust volume of evidence documenting adverse effects of racial discrimination experiences on adolescent adjustment outcomes, relatively little is known about the relational consequences of racial discrimination experiences for adolescent friendship networks. To address this gap, this study examines how racial discrimination experiences shape and are shaped by friendship network dynamics in early and middle adolescence. The current study's goals were to explicate whether relational consequences of racial discrimination experiences for friendship network selection differed between interracial and intraracial friendships among Black and Latinx youth, and how these adolescents were influenced by their friends' racial discrimination experiences. Longitudinal social network analysis was used among a sample of predominantly Latinx and Black middle school students from the southwestern U.S. (n = 1034; 50.1% boys, Mage = 12.1, 13.8% White, 18.6% Black, 53.1% Latinx, 14.4% Other race and multiracial). The results showed that Black and Latinx youth preferred intraracial friends. Above and beyond that, Black youth were more likely to have intraracial friendships when the focal individual reported lower levels of general racial discrimination experiences and higher levels of adult-perpetrated racial discrimination experiences. Black and Latinx adolescents reported increases in general racial discrimination experiences over time, as a function of their friends reporting higher levels of racial discrimination (e.g., peer influence). These findings advance developmental research by showing that racial discrimination experiences are consequential for friendship network dynamics by increasing the likelihood of intraracial friend selection among Black youth and through peer influence processes.
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Peer ethnic/racial socialization in adolescence: Current knowledge and future directions. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Capturing Hassles and Uplifts in Adolescents' Daily Lives: Links with Physical and Mental Well-Being. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:177-194. [PMID: 36180660 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the salient impacts of daily experiences, scarce research has measured various daily minor experiences and evaluated their influences on adolescent well-being in their daily life. This study assessed the exposure to multiple aspects of daily hassles and uplifts in adolescents' daily lives, and examined the links between the level, types, and diversity of these exposures and adolescents' daily physical and mental well-being. Ninety-nine adolescents (12-17 years old, M = 14.6, 51.5% White, 53.5% female) completed a 30-day daily diary study. Multilevel modeling revealed different associations between the level and types of daily hassles and uplifts and adolescent well-being on the same day. Experiencing diverse daily hassles was linked with more emotional problems, and experiencing diverse daily uplifts was related with lower negative affect. The findings underscore the importance of including level, types, and diversity of both daily hassles and uplifts in research to better characterize adolescents' daily experiences. The findings also highlight the concurrent and potential cumulative effects of daily minor social events and mundane experiences in adolescent development in their daily lives.
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Zhang E, Hyun S, Yip T, Hahm HC, Liu CH. Learning about discrimination during childhood: Implications for racial trauma among Asians and Asian Americans during the pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 77:103250. [PMID: 36116394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a sharp rise in anti-Asian hate crimes, limited data exist on racial trauma and its effects on Asian Americans. The current study investigated how racial discrimination and parental ethnic-racial socialization (cultural socialization, preparation for bias, and promotion of mistrust) were associated with racial trauma among Asian Americans in young adulthood. Increased cultural socialization and preparation for bias in childhood were hypothesized to be associated with lower levels of racial trauma, whereas increased racial discrimination and promotion of mistrust were hypothesized to predict higher levels of racial trauma. METHODS Based on a retrospective report of young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, this longitudinal nationwide study within the United States examined 133 Asian and Asian American young adults ages 18-30 who participated in an online survey regarding ethnic identity, childhood ethnic-racial socialization practices, racial discrimination-related experiences, and racial trauma. RESULTS Lifetime discrimination, but not COVID-19-related discrimination, was associated with higher levels of racial trauma. Greater levels of preparation for bias during childhood predicted lower levels of racial trauma in young adulthood. Contrary to the hypothesis, greater levels of cultural socialization predicted higher levels of racial trauma. Promotion of mistrust was not associated with later racial trauma outcomes. CONCLUSION The current study underscores the long-term impacts of parent-child discussions about racism (i.e., preparation for bias) to address racial trauma in young adulthood. Future research should further examine cultural socialization to determine its effects on racial trauma among Asian Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Zhang
- Boston College Lynch School of Education and Human Development, United States; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States
| | - Sunah Hyun
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Jonathan M. Tisch College of Civic Life, Tufts University, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Tiffany Yip
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, United States
| | | | - Cindy H Liu
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States.
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Rahal D, Kurtz-Costes B, Volpe VV. Ethnic Identity in Arab Americans: Gender, Religious Upbringing, and Age Differences. SOCIAL IDENTITIES 2022; 28:544-569. [PMID: 36935868 PMCID: PMC10021341 DOI: 10.1080/13504630.2022.2110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arab Americans constitute a diverse, sizeable ethnic minority in the United States. However, limited research has examined the content of Arab American ethnic identity and whether this ethnic identity differs by demographic factors. In the present study, we developed measures of Arab American ethnic identity and cultural practice, and assessed differences in those variables by gender, religious affiliation (Muslim, Christian), and age. Arab American adults recruited online from Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 391) completed an adaptation of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity and a measure of cultural practice that was created for this study based on pre-existing scales. Items loaded onto dimensions of identity (ethnic centrality, private regard, public regard), and subscales showed invariance across gender and religious upbringing. When examining group differences in ethnic identity, we found that attitudes regarding being Arab American varied by gender, such that Arab American women reported higher private regard and lower public regard than men. In turn, participants raised in Muslim households reported higher ethnic centrality and cultural practice than those raised in Christian households, potentially related to Muslims' status as a religious minority in the United Status. Finally, young adults were lower in centrality and private regard than older adults, suggesting either that ethnic identity may develop into adulthood or that young adults' ethnic identity may be influenced by growing up in American society post-9/11. Taken together, findings illustrate the heterogeneity in the ethnic identity of Arab Americans; further research is needed to understand individual differences in Arab Americans' ethnic identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Rahal
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beth Kurtz-Costes
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vanessa V. Volpe
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Wang Y. Every Day Matters: Using Daily Methods to Understand Oppression and BIPOC Youth Development in Context. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:666-672. [PMID: 35488445 PMCID: PMC9320933 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing use of daily methods (e.g., daily diaries, experience sampling method) by research investigating the roles of oppression, racism, and discrimination on Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) youth adjustment. This commentary discusses several promising directions in which daily methods can help (1) understand adolescents' oppression-related experiences in everyday life, (2) investigate the immediate and long-term implications of these experiences, and (3) explore the role of protective processes and broader contexts. Moving forward, daily methods can be more broadly integrated into other methodologies (e.g., longitudinal designs, qualitative/mixed methods), providing unique insights into how systems of oppression become relevant in BIPOC adolescents' everyday life and informing practices to improve their adjustment on a daily basis and over the long term.
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Kornienko O, Rambaran JA, Rivas-Drake D. Interpersonal racism and peer relationships: An integrative framework and directions for research. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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