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Holcombe G, Walker MJ, Singh M, Gray K, Cowen S, Ellison SLR, Rogers A, Balasundaram A, Burns M, Clare Mills EN. Clinically and industrially relevant incurred reference materials to improve analysis of food allergens, milk, egg, almond, hazelnut and walnut. Food Chem 2024; 434:137391. [PMID: 37703777 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of food allergen protein concentrations against thresholds can improve allergen risk management and precautionary allergen labelling. Such measurement suffers well known problems which could be ameliorated by well characterised reference materials (RMs) providing meaningful information for risk assessors. We investigated the preparation and characterisation of the first consensus informed industrially and clinically relevant multi-allergen matrix RM kit for five priority allergens. It is a medium analytical difficulty processed food chocolate paste matrix (a) devoid of allergens, and (b) incurred with five allergens at the clinically relevant concentration of 10 mg kg-1 expressed as protein. The allergen raw materials: hens' egg white powder, skimmed cows' milk powder, almond powder (full fat), hazelnut powder (partially defatted), and walnut powder (partially defatted), are also available as RMs. The preparation, gravimetric traceability to the SI, homogeneity, and stability were found to be fit-for-purpose and the RMs are now available to the analytical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gill Holcombe
- LGC Ltd, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK.
| | - Michael J Walker
- LGC Ltd, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK.
| | | | - Kirstin Gray
- LGC Ltd, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK
| | - Simon Cowen
- LGC Ltd, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK
| | | | - Adrian Rogers
- Romer Labs UK Ltd., The Heath Business & Technical Park, Runcorn, Cheshire WA7 4QX, UK
| | - Anuradha Balasundaram
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Malcolm Burns
- LGC Ltd, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK
| | - E N Clare Mills
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; School of Biosciences and Medicine, The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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Lin M, Yanjun C. Research progress on the mechanism of probiotics regulating cow milk allergy in early childhood and its application in hypoallergenic infant formula. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1254979. [PMID: 38419849 PMCID: PMC10900986 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1254979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Some infants and young children suffer from cow's milk allergy (CMA), and have always mainly used hypoallergenic infant formula as a substitute for breast milk, but some of these formulas can still cause allergic reactions. In recent years, it has been found that probiotic nutritional interventions can regulate CMA in children. Scientific and reasonable application of probiotics to hypoallergenic infant formula is the key research direction in the future. This paper discusses the mechanism and clinical symptoms of CMA in children. This review critically ex- amines the issue of how probiotics use intestinal flora as the main vector to combine with the immune system to exert physiological functions to intervene CMA in children, with a particular focus on four mechanisms: promoting the early establishment of intestinal microecological balance, regulating the body's immunity and alleviating allergic response, enhancing the intestinal mucosal barrier function, and destroying allergen epitopes. Additionally, it overviews the development process of hypoallergenic infant formula and the research progress of probiotics in hypoallergenic infant formula. The article also offers suggestions and outlines potential future research directions and ideas in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, College of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Yanjun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, College of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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Roberts G, Bahnson HT, Du Toit G, O'Rourke C, Sever ML, Brittain E, Plaut M, Lack G. Defining the window of opportunity and target populations to prevent peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:1329-1336. [PMID: 36521802 PMCID: PMC10689252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy affects 1% to 2% of European children. Early introduction of peanut into the diet reduces allergy in high-risk infants. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the optimal target populations and timing of introduction of peanut products to prevent peanut allergy in the general population. METHODS Data from the Enquiring About Tolerance (EAT; n = 1303; normal risk; 3-year follow-up; ISRCTN14254740) and Learning Early About Peanut Allergy study (LEAP; n = 640; high risk; 5-year follow-up; NCT00329784) randomized controlled trials plus the Peanut Allergy Sensitization (PAS; n = 194; low and very high risk; 5-year follow-up) observational study were used to model the intervention in a general population. Peanut allergy was defined by blinded peanut challenge or diagnostic skin prick test result. RESULTS Targeting only the highest-risk infants with severe eczema reduced the population disease burden by only 4.6%. Greatest reductions in peanut allergy were seen when the intervention was targeted only to the larger but lower-risk groups. A 77% reduction in peanut allergy was estimated when peanut was introduced to the diet of all infants, at 4 months with eczema, and at 6 months without eczema. The estimated reduction in peanut allergy diminished with every month of delayed introduction. If introduction was delayed to 12 months, peanut allergy was only reduced by 33%. CONCLUSIONS The preventive benefit of early introduction of peanut products into the diet decreases as age at introduction increases. In countries where peanut allergy is a public health concern, health care professionals should help parents introduce peanut products into their infants' diet at 4 to 6 months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Roberts
- University of Southampton and Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, and the David Hide Centre, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom
| | - Henry T Bahnson
- Benaroya Research Institute and the Immune Tolerance Network, Seattle, Wash
| | - George Du Toit
- Pediatric Allergy Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College, and the Children's Allergy Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin O'Rourke
- Benaroya Research Institute and the Immune Tolerance Network, Seattle, Wash
| | - Michelle L Sever
- Rho Federal Systems Division, Durham, and PPD Government and Public Health Services, Wilmington, NC
| | - Erica Brittain
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Marshall Plaut
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Gideon Lack
- Pediatric Allergy Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College, and the Children's Allergy Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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Warner JO. Translating results from research into clinical practice. Arch Dis Child 2022; 107:505-506. [PMID: 34426408 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-321887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John O Warner
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
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Roberts G. Why we should focus on adolescents and young adults. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 50:650-651. [PMID: 32478456 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Roberts
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK
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Roberts G. Balancing laissez-faire and paranoia in patients at risk of anaphylaxis. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 50:418-419. [PMID: 32239570 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Roberts
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK
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Prevention of food allergy: can we stop the rise of IgE mediated food allergies? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 21:195-201. [PMID: 33394703 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Food allergy has become more prevalent in recent decades. Without a curative treatment for food allergy, prevention is key. Can we intervene and halt the food allergy epidemic? RECENT FINDINGS There are three main hypotheses to explain the rise in food allergy: the dual-allergen exposure hypothesis, the hygiene hypothesis and the vitamin D hypothesis. In a recent systematic review of randomized controlled trials, only introduction of allergenic foods, namely egg and peanut, in the diet at the time of weaning and avoidance of temporary supplementation with cow's milk formula in the first few days of life showed low to moderate evidence of a preventive effect. SUMMARY For primary prevention, introduction of allergenic foods at the time of weaning and avoidance of temporary supplementation with cow's milk formula in the first few days of life has been recommended. Introduction of foods once allergy has been excluded may be beneficial for sensitized subjects (secondary prevention). Once food allergy has been established, it is important to minimise complications (tertiary prevention) through allergen avoidance, timely treatment of allergic reactions, control of atopic co-morbidities and dietetic and psychological support, as appropriate. Immunomodulatory treatments can potentially be disease-modifying and require further research.
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Roberts G, Almqvist C, Boyle R, Crane J, Hogan SP, Marsland B, Saglani S, Woodfolk JA. Developments allergy in 2019 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy, Part II clinical allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:1302-1312. [PMID: 33283366 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the second of two linked articles, we describe the development in clinical as described by Clinical & Experimental Allergy and other journals in 2019. Epidemiology, clinical allergy, asthma and rhinitis are all covered. In this article, we described the development in the field of allergy as described by Clinical and Experimental Allergy in 2019. Epidemiology, clinical allergy, asthma and rhinitis are all covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Roberts
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK
| | - C Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Boyle
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - S P Hogan
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - B Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - S Saglani
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J A Woodfolk
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Fu L, Qian Y, Zhou J, Zheng L, Wang Y. Fluorescence-based quantitative platform for ultrasensitive food allergen detection: From immunoassays to DNA sensors. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3343-3364. [PMID: 33337031 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Food allergies are global health issue with an increasing prevalence that affect food safety; hence, food allergen detection, labeling, and management are considered to be important priorities in the food industry. In this critical review, we provide a comprehensive overview of several fluorescence-based platforms based on different biorecognition ligands, such as antibodies, DNA, aptamers, and cells, for food allergen quantification. Traditional analytical methods are generally unsuitable for food manufacturers to accomplish the real-time identification of food allergens in food products. Therefore, it is important to develop simple, rapid, inexpensive, accurate, and sensitive methods to improve user accessibility. A fluorescence-based quantitative platform provides an excellent detection platform for food allergens because of its high sensitivity. This review summarizes the traditional antibody-based fluorescent techniques for food allergen detection, such as the time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay , immunofluorescence imaging, fluorescence enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay, flow injection fluoroimmunoassay, and fluorescence immunosensors. However, these methods suffer from disadvantages such as the significant rate of false-positive and false-negative results due to antibody cross-reactivity with nontarget food components in the complex food matrix and epitope degradation during food processing. Hence, different types of fluorescence-based immunoassays are suitable for standardization and quantification of allergens in fresh foods. In addition, we summarize new fluorescence-based quantitative platforms, including fluorescence genosensors, fluorescence cell sensors, and fluorescence aptamer sensors. With the advantages of high sensitivity and simple operation, fluorescence biosensors will have great potential in the future and could provide portable methods for multiallergen real-time detection in complex food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglin Fu
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Qian
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinru Zhou
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Grimshaw KEC, Roberts G, Selby A, Reich A, Butiene I, Clausen M, Dubakiene R, Fiandor A, Fiocchi A, Grabenhenrich LB, Larco JI, Kowalski ML, Rudzeviciene O, Papadopoulos NG, Rosenfeld L, Sigurdardottir ST, Sprikkelman AB, Schoemaker AA, Xepapadaki P, Mills ENC, Keil T, Beyer K. Risk Factors for Hen's Egg Allergy in Europe: EuroPrevall Birth Cohort. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2019; 8:1341-1348.e5. [PMID: 31846795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hen's egg is one of the commonest causes of food allergy, but there are little data on its risk factors. OBJECTIVE To assess the risk factors, particularly eczema, for hen's egg allergy in the EuroPrevall birth cohort. METHODS In the pan-European EuroPrevall birth cohort, questionnaires were undertaken at 12 and 24 months or when parents reported symptoms. Children with suspected egg allergy were invited for skin prick testing, specific IgE assessment, and double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) as indicated. Each egg allergy case (positive DBPCFC or egg-induced anaphylaxis) was allocated up to 2 age- and country-matched controls. RESULTS A total of 12,049 infants were recruited into the EuroPrevall birth cohort, and 9,336 (77.5%) were followed until 2 years. A total of 86 infants had egg allergy (84 by DBPCFC) and were matched with 140 controls. Independently associated with egg allergy were past/current eczema (adjusted odds ratio, 9.21; 95% CI, 2.65-32.04), Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (1.54 per 5 units; 1.28-1.86), antibiotics in the first week of life (6.17; 1.42-26.89), and current rhinitis (3.02; 1.04-8.78). Increasing eczema severity was associated with an increasing likelihood of egg allergy. Eczema was reported to have started 3.6 (SE, 0.5) months before egg allergy. Age of introduction of egg into the diet was not associated with egg allergy. CONCLUSIONS Similar to peanut allergy, eczema was strongly associated with egg allergy development and the association increased with increasing eczema severity. The age of introduction of dietary egg was not a risk factor. The potential role of antibiotics in early life as a risk factor for egg allergy needs further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E C Grimshaw
- Experimental Sciences & Human Development in Health Academic Units, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Dietetics, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Roberts
- Experimental Sciences & Human Development in Health Academic Units, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Selby
- Experimental Sciences & Human Development in Health Academic Units, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Reich
- German Rheumatism Research Center, Epidemiology Unit, Berlin, Germany
| | - Indra Butiene
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Michael Clausen
- Children's Hospital, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ruta Dubakiene
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ana Fiandor
- Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Linus B Grabenhenrich
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose Ignacio Larco
- Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marek L Kowalski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Odilija Rudzeviciene
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Leonard Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology and Immunology with Intensive Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Aline B Sprikkelman
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Paediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana A Schoemaker
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paraskevi Xepapadaki
- Allergy Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E N Clare Mills
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Keil
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Health Resort Medicine and Health Promotion, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Beyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology and Immunology with Intensive Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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