1
|
Yao Y, Yang Y, Ji M, Qin Q, Xu K, Xia Z, Liu H, Yuan L, Yuan Y, Qin L, Du X, Wang L, Zhou K, Wu X, Wang W, Qing B, Xiang Y, Qu X, Yang M, Qin X, Liu C. Airway epithelial-derived exosomes induce acute asthma exacerbation after respiratory syncytial virus infection. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e621. [PMID: 38938285 PMCID: PMC11208743 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute asthma exacerbation refers to the progressive deterioration of asthma symptoms that is always triggered by virus infection represented by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). After RSV infection, exaggerated Th2-mediated pulmonary inflammation is the critical pathological response of asthmatic patients with acute exacerbation. Significantly, airway epithelial cells, being the primary targets of RSV infection, play a crucial role in controlling the pulmonary inflammatory response by releasing airway epithelial cell-derived exosomes (AEC-Exos), which potentially influence the development of asthma. However, the specific role of AEC-Exos in acute asthma exacerbation after RSV infection remains obscure. The purpose of this study was to determine the distinct function of AEC-Exos in exacerbating acute asthma following RSV infection. Blockade of exosomes by GW reduce the enhanced pulmonary inflammation significantly. Specifically, the enhanced Th2 inflammation was induced by AEC-Exos thorough transportation of hsa-miR-155-5p-Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway during acute asthma exacerbation. Targeted inhibition of hsa-miR-155-5p blocks the exaggerated Th2 inflammation effectively in mice with acute asthma exacerbation. In summary, our study showed that during acute asthma exacerbation after RSV infection, AEC-Exos promote the enhanced Th2 inflammation through transportation of increased hsa-miR-155-5p, which was mediated partly through SIRT1-mediated pathway. hsa-miR-155-5p is a potential biomarker for early prediction of acute asthma exacerbation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yao
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseasesXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseasesXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Qingwu Qin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicinethe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Kun Xu
- Department of preventive medicine, School of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Zhenkun Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgerythe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Yunchang Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgerythe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory DiseasesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xizi Du
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Leyuan Wang
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Bei Qing
- Department of Thoracic Surgerythe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Ming Yang
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory DiseaseSchool of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyFaculty of Health and MedicineUniversity of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research InstituteCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Xiaoqun Qin
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseasesXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medicine ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory DiseasesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qin L, Yao Y, Wang W, Qin Q, Liu J, Liu H, Yuan L, Yuan Y, Du X, Zhao B, Wu X, Qing B, Huang L, Wang G, Xiang Y, Qu X, Zhang X, Yang M, Xia Z, Liu C. Airway epithelial overexpressed cathepsin K induces airway remodelling through epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit activation in asthma. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38853468 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Airway epithelial cells (AECs) regulate the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal trophic units (EMTUs) during airway remodelling through secretion of signalling mediators. However, the major trigger and the intrinsic pathogenesis of airway remodelling is still obscure. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The differing expressed genes in airway epithelia related to airway remodelling were screened and verified by RNA-sequencing and signalling pathway analysis. Then, the effects of increased cathepsin K (CTSK) in airway epithelia on airway remodelling and EMTU activation were identified both in vitro and in vivo, and the molecular mechanism was elucidated in the EMTU model. The potential of CTSK as an an effective biomarker of airway remodelling was analysed in an asthma cohort of differing severity. Finally, an inhibitor of CTSK was administered for potential therapeutic intervention for airway remodelling in asthma. KEY RESULTS The expression of CTSK in airway epithelia increased significantly along with the development of airway remodelling in a house dust mite (HDM)-stressed asthma model. Increased secretion of CTSK from airway epithelia induced the activation of EMTUs by activation of the PAR2-mediated pathway. Blockade of CTSK inhibited EMTU activation and alleviated airway remodelling as an effective intervention target of airway remodelling. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Increased expression of CTSK in airway epithelia is involved in the development of airway remodelling in asthma through EMTU activation, mediated partly through the PAR2-mediated signalling pathway. CTSK is a potential biomarker for airway remodelling, and may also be a useful intervention target for airway remodelling in asthma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingwu Qin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunchang Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xizi Du
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bingrong Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bei Qing
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Leng Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuewei Zhang
- Department of Health Management, Xiangya Hospital, Cental South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhenkun Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Airway epithelial ITGB4 deficiency induces airway remodeling in a mouse model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:431-446.e16. [PMID: 36243221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway epithelial cells (AECs) with impaired barrier function contribute to airway remodeling through the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal trophic units (EMTUs). Although the decreased expression of ITGB4 in AECs is implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, how ITGB4 deficiency impacts airway remodeling remains obscure. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the effect of epithelial ITGB4 deficiency on the barrier function of AECs, asthma susceptibility, airway remodeling, and EMTU activation. METHODS AEC-specific ITGB4 conditional knockout mice (ITGB4-/-) were generated and an asthma model was employed by the sensitization and challenge of house dust mite (HDM). EMTU activation-related growth factors were examined in ITGB4-silenced primary human bronchial epithelial cells of healthy subjects after HDM stimulation. Dexamethasone, the inhibitors of JNK phosphorylation or FGF2 were administered for the identification of the molecular mechanisms of airway remodeling in HDM-exposed ITGB4-/- mice. RESULTS ITGB4 deficiency in AECs enhanced asthma susceptibility and airway remodeling by disrupting airway epithelial barrier function. Aggravated airway remodeling in HDM-exposed ITGB4-/- mice was induced through the enhanced activation of EMTU mediated by Src homology domain 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2/c-Jun N-terminal kinase/Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent transcription factor/FGF2 (SHP2/JNK/c-Jun/FGF2) signaling pathway, which was partially independent of airway inflammation. Both JNK and FGF2 inhibitors significantly inhibited the aggravated airway remodeling and EMTU activation in HDM-exposed ITGB4-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Airway epithelial ITGB4 deficiency induces airway remodeling in a mouse model of asthma through enhanced EMTU activation that is regulated by the SHP2/JNK/c-Jun/FGF2 pathway.
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu K, Yao Y, Liu H, Yang M, Yuan L, Du X, Yang Y, Qin L, Wang W, Zhou K, Wu X, Liu C. ITGB4 deficiency induces DNA damage by downregulating HDAC1 in airway epithelial cells under stress stimulation. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13871. [PMID: 36282138 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA damage in airway epithelia under exogenous disruptors can trigger various pulmonary diseases. Integrin beta 4 (ITGB4) is a structural adhesion molecule, which is indicated to regulate the process of DNA damage in airway epithelia for its unique long cytoplasmic domain subunit. METHODS The expression level of ITGB4 and the degree of DNA damage were observed in the house dust mite (HDM)-stressed model and ozone-challenged model, respectively. Besides, ITGB4 conditional knockout mice and ITGB4-deficient airway epithelial cells were constructed to observe the influence of ITGB4 deficiency on DNA damage. Furthermore, the influence of ITGB4 deficiency on HDAC1 expression in airway epithelia was determined under stress stimulation. Finally, corresponding intervention strategies were carried out to verify the involvement of the ITGB4-mediated HDAC1 pathway in DNA damage of airway epithelial cells. RESULTS HDM stress and ozone challenge reduced the expression of ITGB4, which is accompanied by the increased expression of 8-oxoG and γ-H2AX both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, ITGB4 deficiency in airway epithelia aggravates the degree of DNA damage under HDM stimulation and ozone stress, respectively. Furthermore, ITGB4 deficiency downregulated the expression of HDAC1 during DNA damage, and restoring HDAC1 can reverse the enhanced DNA damage in airway epithelial cells after exogenous stress. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed the involvement of ITGB4 in the regulation of DNA damage through mediating HDAC1 in airway epithelial cells under exogenous stress. These results supply some useful insights into the mechanism of DNA damage in airway epithelial cells, which would provide possible targets for early prediction and intervention of pulmonary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xu
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xizi Du
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boyle RJ, Shamji MH. Developments in the field of allergy in 2020 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51:1531-1537. [PMID: 34750898 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While 2020 will be remembered for the global coronavirus pandemic, there were also important advances in the field of allergy. In this review article, we summarize key findings reported in Clinical and Experimental Allergy during 2020. We hope this provides readers with an accessible snapshot of the work published in our journal during this time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Boyle
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mohamed H Shamji
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yuan L, Wang L, Du X, Qin L, Yang M, Zhou K, Wu M, Yang Y, Zheng Z, Xiang Y, Qu X, Liu H, Qin X, Liu C. The DNA methylation of FOXO3 and TP53 as a blood biomarker of late-onset asthma. J Transl Med 2020; 18:467. [PMID: 33298101 PMCID: PMC7726856 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-onset asthma (LOA) is beginning to account for an increasing proportion of asthma patients, which is often underdiagnosed in the elderly. Studies on the possible relations between aging-related genes and LOA contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of LOA. Forkhead Box O3 (FOXO3) and TP53 are two classic aging-related genes. DNA methylation varies greatly with age which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of LOA. We supposed that the differentially methylated sites of FOXO3 and TP53 associated with clinical phenotypes of LOA may be useful biomarkers for the early screening of LOA. METHODS The mRNA expression and DNA methylation of FOXO3 and TP53 in peripheral blood of 43 LOA patients (15 mild LOA, 15 moderate LOA and 13 severe LOA) and 60 healthy controls (HCs) were determined. The association of methylated sites with age was assessed by Cox regression to control the potential confounders. Then, the correlation between differentially methylated sites (DMSs; p-value < 0.05) and clinical lung function in LOA patients was evaluated. Next, candidate DMSs combining with age were evaluated to predict LOA by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and principal components analysis (PCA). Finally, HDM-stressed asthma model was constructed, and DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA) were used to determine the regulation of DNA methylation on the expression of FOXO3 and TP53. RESULTS Compared with HCs, the mRNA expression and DNA methylation of FOXO3 and TP53 vary significantly in LOA patients. Besides, 8 DMSs from LOA patients were identified. Two of the DMSs, chr6:108882977 (FOXO3) and chr17:7591672 (TP53), were associated with the severity of LOA. The combination of the two DMSs and age could predict LOA with high accuracy (AUC values = 0.924). In HDM-stressed asthma model, DNA demethylation increased the expression of FOXO3 and P53. CONCLUSIONS The mRNA expression of FOXO3 and TP53 varies significantly in peripheral blood of LOA patients, which may be due to the regulation of DNA methylation. FOXO3 and TP53 methylation is a suitable blood biomarker to predict LOA, which may be useful targets for the risk diagnosis and clinical management of LOA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Leyuan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xizi Du
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Mengping Wu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoqun Qin
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
- Research Center of China-Africa Infectious Diseases, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|