1
|
Zhang L, Huang FY, Dai SZ, Wang L, Zhou X, Zheng ZY, Li Q, Tan GH, Wang CC. Rosuvastatin attenuates airway inflammation and remodeling in a chronic allergic asthma model through modulation of the AMPKα signaling pathway. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305863. [PMID: 38913666 PMCID: PMC11195969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of rosuvastatin in reducing allergic inflammation has been established. However, its potential to reduce airway remodeling has yet to be explored. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of rosuvastatin in reducing airway inflammation and remodeling in a mouse model of chronic allergic asthma induced by sensitization and challenge with OVA. Histology of the lung tissue and the number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) showed a marked decrease in airway inflammation and remodeling in mice treated with rosuvastatin, as evidenced by a decrease in goblet cell hyperplasia, collagen deposition, and smooth muscle hypertrophy. Furthermore, levels of inflammatory cytokines, angiogenesis-related factors, and OVA-specific IgE in BALF, plasma, and serum were all reduced upon treatment with rosuvastatin. Western blotting was employed to detect AMPK expression, while immunohistochemistry staining was used to observe the expression of remodeling signaling proteins such as α-SMA, TGF-β, MMP-9, and p-AMPKα in the lungs. It was found that the activity of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα) was significantly lower in the lungs of OVA-induced asthmatic mice compared to Control mice. However, the administration of rosuvastatin increased the ratio of phosphorylated AMPK to total AMPKα, thus inhibiting the formation of new blood vessels, as indicated by CD31-positive staining mainly in the sub-epithelial region. These results indicate that rosuvastatin can effectively reduce airway inflammation and remodeling in mice with chronic allergic asthma caused by OVA, likely due to the reactivation of AMPKα and a decrease in angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University & Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, China
| | - Feng-Ying Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Dai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University & Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University & Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, China
| | - Zhen-You Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University & Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, China
| | - Guang-Hong Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Cai-Chun Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University & Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center of Respiratory Disease, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fan HL, Han ZT, Gong XR, Wu YQ, Fu YJ, Zhu TM, Li H. Macrophages in CRSwNP: Do they deserve more attention? Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112236. [PMID: 38744174 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) represents a heterogeneous disorder primarily characterized by the persistent inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The subtype known as chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is distinguished by a significantly elevated recurrence rate and augmented challenges in the management of nasal polyps. The pathogenesis underlying this subtype remains incompletely understood. Macrophages play a crucial role in mediating the immune system's response to inflammatory stimuli. These cells exhibit remarkable plasticity and heterogeneity, differentiating into either the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype or the anti-inflammatory and reparative M2 phenotype depending on the surrounding microenvironment. In CRSwNP, macrophages demonstrate reduced production of Interleukin 10 (IL-10), compromised phagocytic activity, and decreased autophagy. Dysregulation of pro-resolving mediators may occur during the inflammatory resolution process, which could potentially hinder the adequate functioning of anti-inflammatory macrophages in facilitating resolution. Collectively, these factors may contribute to the prolonged inflammation observed in CRSwNP. Additionally, macrophages may enhance fibrin cross-linking through the release of factor XIII-A (FAXIII), promoting fibrin deposition and plasma protein retention. Macrophages also modulate vascular permeability by releasing Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Moreover, they may disrupt the balance between Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which favors extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, edema formation, and pseudocyst development. Accumulating evidence suggests a close association between macrophage infiltration and CRSwNP; however, the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship warrant further investigation. In different subtypes of CRSwNP, different macrophage phenotypic aggregations trigger different types of inflammatory features. Increasing evidence suggests that macrophage infiltration is closely associated with CRSwNP, but the mechanism and the relationship between macrophage typing and CRSwNP endophenotyping remain to be further explored. This review discusses the role of different types of macrophages in the pathogenesis of different types of CRSwNP and their contribution to polyp formation, in the hope that a better understanding of the role of macrophages in specific CRSwNP will contribute to a precise and individualized understanding of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Fan
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhou-Tong Han
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin-Ru Gong
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Qi Wu
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi-Jie Fu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tian-Min Zhu
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hui Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bao S, Zheng W, Yan R, Xu J. miRNA‑21 promotes the progression of acute liver failure via the KLF6/autophagy/IL‑23 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2024; 29:80. [PMID: 38516774 PMCID: PMC10975027 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a complex syndrome characterized by overactivation of innate immunity, and the recruitment and differentiation of immune cells at inflammatory sites. The present study aimed to explore the role of microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑21 and its potential mechanisms underlying inflammatory responses in ALF. Baseline serum miR‑21 was analyzed in patients with ALF and healthy controls. In addition, miR‑21 antagomir was injected via the tail vein into C57BL/6 mice, and lipopolysaccharide/D‑galactosamine (LPS/GalN) was injected into mice after 48 h. The expression levels of miR‑21, Krüppel‑like‑factor‑6 (KLF6), autophagy‑related proteins and interleukin (IL)‑23, and hepatic pathology were then assessed in the liver tissue. Furthermore, THP‑1‑derived macrophages were transfected with a miRNA negative control, miR‑21 inhibitor, miR‑21 mimics or KLF6 overexpression plasmid, followed by treatment with or without rapamycin, and the expression levels of miR‑21, KLF6, autophagy‑related proteins and IL‑23 were evaluated. The results revealed that baseline serum miR‑21 levels were significantly upregulated in patients with ALF. In addition, LPS/GalN‑induced ALF was attenuated in the antagomir‑21 mouse group. KLF6 was identified as a target of miR‑21‑5p with one putative seed match site identified by TargetScan. A subsequent luciferase activity assay demonstrated a direct interaction between miR‑21‑5p and the 3'‑UTR of KLF6 mRNA. Further experiments suggested that miR‑21 promoted the expression of IL‑23 via inhibiting KLF6, which regulated autophagy. In conclusion, in the present study, baseline serum miR‑21 levels were highly upregulated in patients with ALF, antagomir‑21 attenuated LPS/GalN‑induced ALF in a mouse model, and miR‑21 could promote the expression of IL‑23 via inhibiting KLF6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suxia Bao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Weiyang Zheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Rong Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gan H, Ma Q, Hao W, Yang N, Chen ZS, Deng L, Chen J. Targeting autophagy to counteract neuroinflammation: A novel antidepressant strategy. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107112. [PMID: 38403256 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a common disease that affects physical and mental health and imposes a considerable burden on afflicted individuals and their families worldwide. Depression is associated with a high rate of disability and suicide. It causes a severe decline in productivity and quality of life. Unfortunately, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression have not been fully elucidated, and the risk of its treatment is still presented. Studies have shown that the expression of autophagic markers in the brain and peripheral inflammatory mediators are dysregulated in depression. Autophagy-related genes regulate the level of autophagy and change the inflammatory response in depression. Depression is related to several aspects of immunity. The regulation of the immune system and inflammation by autophagy may lead to the development or deterioration of mental disorders. This review highlights the role of autophagy and neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of depression, sumaries the autophagy-targeting small moleculars, and discusses a novel therapeutic strategy based on anti-inflammatory mechanisms that target autophagy to treat the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Gan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenzhi Hao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nating Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He J, Li J, Lin Q, Ni H, Huang S, Cheng H, Ding X, Huang Y, Yu H, Xu Y, Nie H. Anti-CD20 treatment attenuates Th2 cell responses: implications for the role of lung follicular mature B cells in the asthmatic mice. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:433-446. [PMID: 38345634 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells were believed to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to promote T helper type 2 (Th2) cell responses. However, the role of lung B cells and its subpopulations in Th2 cell responses in asthma remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We leveraged an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment that has been shown to selectively deplete B cells in mice and investigated whether this treatment modulates Th2 cell responses and this modulation is related to lung follicular mature (FM) B cells in a murine model of asthma. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma mouse model and found that anti-CD20 mAb treatment attenuates Th2 cell responses. Meanwhile, anti-CD20 mAb treatment did dramatically reduce the number of B cells, especially FM B cells in the lungs, but did not impact the frequency of other immune cell types, including lung T cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and regulatory T cells in wild-type mice. Moreover, we found that the suppressive effect of anti-CD20 mAb treatment on Th2 cell responses could be reversed upon adoptive transfer of lung FM B cells, but not lung CD19+ B cells without FM B cells in asthmatic mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that anti-CD20 mAb treatment alleviates Th2 cell responses, possibly by depleting lung FM B cells in a Th2-driven asthma model. This implies a potential therapeutic approach for asthma treatment through the targeting of lung FM B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jilong He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jingling Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qibin Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Haiyang Ni
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Sisi Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xuhong Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Hongying Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yaqing Xu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Hanxiang Nie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin H, Ao H, Guo G, Liu M. The Role and Mechanism of Metformin in Inflammatory Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:5545-5564. [PMID: 38026260 PMCID: PMC10680465 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s436147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a classical drug used to treat type 2 diabetes. With the development of research on metformin, it has been found that metformin also has several advantages aside from its hypoglycemic effect, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-cancer, improving intestinal flora, and other effects. The prevention of inflammation is critical because chronic inflammation is associated with numerous diseases of considerable public health. Therefore, there has been growing interest in the role of metformin in treating various inflammatory conditions. However, the precise anti-inflammatory mechanisms of metformin were inconsistent in the reported studies. Thus, this review aims to summarize various currently known possible mechanisms of metformin involved in inflammatory diseases and provide references for the clinical application of metformin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lin
- Medical Center of Burn Plastic and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyong Ao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials & School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanghua Guo
- Medical Center of Burn Plastic and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzhuo Liu
- Medical Center of Burn Plastic and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Albano GD, Montalbano AM, Gagliardo R, Profita M. Autophagy/Mitophagy in Airway Diseases: Impact of Oxidative Stress on Epithelial Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1217. [PMID: 37627282 PMCID: PMC10452925 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the key process by which the cell degrades parts of itself within the lysosomes. It maintains cell survival and homeostasis by removing molecules (particularly proteins), subcellular organelles, damaged cytoplasmic macromolecules, and by recycling the degradation products. The selective removal or degradation of mitochondria is a particular type of autophagy called mitophagy. Various forms of cellular stress (oxidative stress (OS), hypoxia, pathogen infections) affect autophagy by inducing free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation to promote the antioxidant response. Dysfunctional mechanisms of autophagy have been found in different respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and asthma, involving epithelial cells. Several existing clinically approved drugs may modulate autophagy to varying extents. However, these drugs are nonspecific and not currently utilized to manipulate autophagy in airway diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of different autophagic pathways with particular attention on the dysfunctional mechanisms of autophagy in the epithelial cells during asthma and COPD. Our aim is to further deepen and disclose the research in this direction to stimulate the develop of new and selective drugs to regulate autophagy for asthma and COPD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Daniela Albano
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Section of Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.M.M.); (R.G.); (M.P.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu L, Zhou L, Wang LL, Zheng PD, Zhang FQ, Mao ZY, Zhang HJ, Liu HG. Programmed Cell Death in Asthma: Apoptosis, Autophagy, Pyroptosis, Ferroptosis, and Necroptosis. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2727-2754. [PMID: 37415620 PMCID: PMC10321329 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s417801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a complex heterogeneous airway disease, which has emerged as a global health issue. A comprehensive understanding of the different molecular mechanisms of bronchial asthma may be an efficient means to improve its clinical efficacy in the future. Increasing research evidence indicates that some types of programmed cell death (PCD), including apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis, contributed to asthma pathogenesis, and may become new targets for future asthma treatment. This review briefly discusses the molecular mechanism and signaling pathway of these forms of PCD focuses on summarizing their roles in the pathogenesis and treatment strategies of asthma and offers some efficient means to improve clinical efficacy of therapeutics for asthma in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng-Dou Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Qin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Mao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huo-Jun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-Guo Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Wang J, Yan Z, Liu S, Xu W. Microenvironment modulation by key regulators of RNA N6-methyladenosine modification in respiratory allergic diseases. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:210. [PMID: 37328853 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulators are considered post-transcriptional regulators that affect several biological functions, and their role in immunity, in particular, is emerging. However, the role of m6A regulators in respiratory allergic diseases remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of key m6A regulators in mediating respiratory allergic diseases and immune microenvironment infiltration characteristics. METHODS We downloaded gene expression profiles of respiratory allergies from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and we performed hierarchical clustering, difference analysis, and construction of predictive models to identify hub m6A regulators that affect respiratory allergies. Next, we investigate the underlying biological mechanisms of key m6A regulators by performing PPI network analysis, functional enrichment analysis, and immune microenvironment infiltration analysis. In addition, we performed a drug sensitivity analysis on the key m6A regulator, hoping to be able to provide some implications for clinical medication. RESULTS In this study, we identified four hub m6A regulators that affect the respiratory allergy and investigated the underlying biological mechanisms. In addition, studies on the characteristics of immune microenvironment infiltration revealed that the expression of METTL14, METTL16, and RBM15B correlated with the infiltration of the mast and Th2 cells in respiratory allergy, and METTL16 expression was found to be significantly negatively correlated with macrophages for the first time (R = -0.53, P < 0.01). Finally, a key m6A regulator, METTL14, was screened by combining multiple algorithms. In addition, by performing a drug sensitivity analysis on METTL14, we hypothesized that it may play an important role in the improvement of allergic symptoms in the upper and lower airways with topical nasal glucocorticoids. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that m6A regulators, particularly METTL14, play a crucial role in the development of respiratory allergic diseases and the infiltration of immune cells. These results may provide insight into the mechanism of action of methylprednisolone in treating respiratory allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhanfeng Yan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Siming Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dong L, Wen S, Tang Y, Li F, He Y, Deng Y, Tao Z. Atorvastatin attenuates allergic inflammation by blocking prostaglandin biosynthesis in rats with allergic rhinitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109681. [PMID: 36634416 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandins (PGs) are bioactive lipid mediators derived from the nuclear and plasma membranes via the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. PGs bridge the interactions between various immunomodulatory cells in allergic rhinitis (AR) and are considered key players in regulating pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. AA conversion to PGs involves rate-limiting enzymes that may be blocked by statins. The mechanisms by which statins regulate these enzymes in AR remain unclear. We investigated the effects of oral atorvastatin on PGs production in AR. METHODS An ovalbumin-induced AR rat model was constructed and the changes in nasal symptom score and nasal mucosa histopathological characteristics of AR rats under different atorvastatin doses were assessed. qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of rate-limiting enzymes and downstream molecules of AA metabolism in the nasal mucosa and liver. RESULTS Oral atorvastatin significantly alleviated symptoms and eosinophil infiltration in the nasal mucosa, inhibited goblet cell hyperplasia and mast cell recruitment, and decreased mucus secretion in AR rats. Increasing atorvastatin dose increased the anti-inflammatory effects. High-dose atorvastatin inhibited upregulation of the inflammatory mediator PGD2 in the nasal mucosa of AR rats. Compared to the control group, the mRNA and protein expression of the rate-limiting enzymes COX-2, PGDS, and PGES in AA metabolism in the AR group were upregulated but downregulated after the oral administration of high-dose atorvastatin. Atorvastatin also showed dose-dependent inhibition of ERK1/2 and downstream NF-κB phosphorylation in the nasal mucosa and liver of AR rats. CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin inhibited allergic inflammation and attenuated AR nasal symptoms by downregulating PGD2 and rate-limiting enzyme expression in PGD2 biosynthesis, possibly by blocking the RAS/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Silu Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Yulei Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Yuqin Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China.
| | - Zezhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dong H, Yang W, Li W, Zhu S, Zhu L, Gao P, Hao Y. New insights into autophagy in inflammatory subtypes of asthma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156086. [PMID: 37090692 PMCID: PMC10117973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous airway disease characterized by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Autophagy is a self-degrading process that helps maintain cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In the context of asthma, autophagy has been shown to be associated with inflammation, airway remodeling, and responsiveness to drug therapy. In-depth characterization of the role of autophagy in asthma can enhance the understanding of the pathogenesis, and provide a theoretical basis for the development of new biomarkers and targeted therapy for asthma. In this article, we focus on the relationship of autophagy and asthma, and discuss its implications for asthma pathogenesis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Simin Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Gao, ; Yuqiu Hao,
| | - Yuqiu Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Gao, ; Yuqiu Hao,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang L, Yuan X, Li Z, Zhi F. The Role of Macrophage Autophagy in Asthma: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:7529685. [PMID: 37181813 PMCID: PMC10175021 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7529685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease frequently associated with airway inflammation and remodeling. The development of asthma involves various inflammatory phenotypes that impact therapeutic effects, and macrophages are master innate immune cells in the airway that exert diverse functions including phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and pathogen clearance, playing an important role in the pathogeneses of asthma. Recent studies have indicated that autophagy of macrophages affects polarization of phenotype and regulation of inflammation, which implies that regulating autophagy of macrophages may be a potential strategy for the treatment of asthma. Thus, this review summarizes the signaling pathways and effects of macrophage autophagy in asthma, which will provide a tactic for the development of novel targets for the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Zhuying Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Fumin Zhi
- Department of Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu C, Xiao K, Xie L. Progress in preclinical studies of macrophage autophagy in the regulation of ALI/ARDS. Front Immunol 2022; 13:922702. [PMID: 36059534 PMCID: PMC9433910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.922702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a critical clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality that poses a major challenge in critical care medicine. The development of ALI/ARDS involves excessive inflammatory response, and macrophage autophagy plays an important role in regulating the inflammatory response in ALI/ARDS. In this paper, we review the effects of autophagy in regulating macrophage function, discuss the roles of macrophage autophagy in ALI/ARDS, and highlight drugs and other interventions that can modulate macrophage autophagy in ALI/ARDS to improve the understanding of the mechanism of macrophage autophagy in ALI/ARDS and provide new ideas and further research directions for the treatment of ALI/ARDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xiao
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Xiao, ; Lixin Xie,
| | - Lixin Xie
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Xiao, ; Lixin Xie,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hassel B, Niehusmann P, Halvorsen B, Dahlberg D. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in cystic glioblastoma: A quantitative study with a comparison with bacterial brain abscesses. With an MRI investigation of displacement and destruction of the brain tissue surrounding a glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:846674. [PMID: 35965529 PMCID: PMC9372434 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.846674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic glioblastomas are aggressive primary brain tumors that may both destroy and displace the surrounding brain tissue as they grow. The mechanisms underlying these tumors’ destructive effect could include exposure of brain tissue to tumor-derived cytokines, but quantitative cytokine data are lacking. Here, we provide quantitative data on leukocyte markers and cytokines in the cyst fluid from 21 cystic glioblastomas, which we compare to values in 13 brain abscess pus samples. The concentration of macrophage/microglia markers sCD163 and MCP-1 was higher in glioblastoma cyst fluid than in brain abscess pus; lymphocyte marker sCD25 was similar in cyst fluid and pus, whereas neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase was higher in pus. Median cytokine levels in glioblastoma cyst fluid were high (pg/mL): TNF-α: 32, IL-6: 1064, IL-8: 23585, tissue factor: 28, the chemokine CXCL1: 639. These values were not significantly different from values in pus, pointing to a highly pro-inflammatory glioblastoma environment. In contrast, levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13 were higher in pus than in glioblastoma cyst fluid. Based on the quantitative data, we show for the first time that the concentrations of cytokines in glioblastoma cyst fluid correlate with blood leukocyte levels, suggesting an important interaction between glioblastomas and the circulation. Preoperative MRI of the cystic glioblastomas confirmed both destruction and displacement of brain tissue, but none of the cytokine levels correlated with degree of brain tissue displacement or peri-tumoral edema, as could be assessed by MRI. We conclude that cystic glioblastomas are highly pro-inflammatory environments that interact with the circulation and that they both displace and destroy brain tissue. These observations point to the need for neuroprotective strategies in glioblastoma therapy, which could include an anti-inflammatory approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway
- *Correspondence: Bjørnar Hassel,
| | - Pitt Niehusmann
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Dahlberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang J, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Tu W, Wan R, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Trivedi R, Gao P. Type II alveolar epithelial cell aryl hydrocarbon receptor protects against allergic airway inflammation through controlling cell autophagy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964575. [PMID: 35935956 PMCID: PMC9355649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, has been considered as an important regulator for immune diseases. We have previously shown that AhR protects against allergic airway inflammation. The underlying mechanism, however, remains undetermined. Objectives We sought to determine whether AhR specifically in type II alveolar epithelial cells (AT2) modulates allergic airway inflammation and its underlying mechanisms. Methods The role of AhR in AT2 cells in airway inflammation was investigated in a mouse model of asthma with AhR conditional knockout mice in AT2 cells (Sftpc-Cre;AhRf/f ). The effect of AhR on allergen-induced autophagy was examined by both in vivo and in vitro analyses. The involvement of autophagy in airway inflammation was analyzed by using autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. The AhR-regulated gene profiling in AT2 cells was also investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Results Sftpc-Cre;AhRf/f mice showed exacerbation of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation with elevated Th2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Notably, an increased allergen-induced autophagy was observed in the lung tissues of Sftpc-Cre;AhRf/f mice when compared with wild-type mice. Further analyses suggested a functional axis of AhR-TGF-β1 that is critical in driving allergic airway inflammation through regulating allergen-induced cellular autophagy. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine significantly suppressed cockroach allergen-induced airway inflammation, Th2 cytokines in BALFs, and expression of autophagy-related genes LC3 and Atg5 in the lung tissues. In addition, RNA-seq analysis suggests that autophagy is one of the major pathways and that CALCOCO2/NDP52 and S1009 are major autophagy-associated genes in AT2 cells that may contribute to the AhR-mediated cockroach allergen-induced airway inflammation and, subsequently, allergic asthma. Conclusion These results suggest that AhR in AT2 cells functions as a protective mechanism against allergic airway inflammation through controlling cell autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Tu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Respirology and Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongjun Wan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingchun Shen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruchik Trivedi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peisong Gao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Peisong Gao,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dong H, Hao Y, Li W, Yang W, Gao P. IL-36 Cytokines: Their Roles in Asthma and Potential as a Therapeutic. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921275. [PMID: 35903102 PMCID: PMC9314646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines are members of the IL-1 superfamily, which consists of three agonists (IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ) and an IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra). IL-36 cytokines are crucial for immune and inflammatory responses. Abnormal levels of IL-36 cytokine expression are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy and cancer. The present study provides a summary of recent reports on IL-36 cytokines that participate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, and the potential mechanisms underlying their roles in asthma. Abnormal levels of IL-36 cytokines are associated with the pathogenesis of different types of asthma through the regulation of the functions of different types of cells. Considering the important role of IL-36 cytokines in asthma, these may become a potential therapeutic target for asthma treatment. However, existing evidence is insufficient to fully elucidate the specific mechanism underlying the action of IL-36 cytokines during the pathological process of asthma. The possible mechanisms and functions of IL-36 cytokines in different types of asthma require further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuqiu Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Gao,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Roles of Autophagy, Mitophagy, and the Akt/mTOR Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2273121. [PMID: 35747690 PMCID: PMC9213180 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2273121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of CRSwNP is complex and unclear. CRSwNP is subdivided into two types based on the infiltration of EOSs: eCRSwNP and noeCRSwNP. This study was designed to seek the role of autophagy, mitophagy, and Akt/mTOR pathway in these two subtypes of CRSwNP. This study included 29 patients with CRSwNP and 9 controls. The levels of autophagy, mitophagy, and Akt/mTOR pathway-related proteins in nasal tissues were quantified using western blot analysis. Levels of eosinophilic inflammation-related cytokines in nasal tissues were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemistry was also used to evaluate autophagy, mitophagy, and Akt/mTOR pathway-related protein expression and distribution in nasal polyps and control tissues. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect the formation of autophagosomes and mitochondrial autophagosomes. Masson's trichrome and periodic acid–Schiff Alcian blue staining were used to evaluate the severity of tissue remodeling. The expression of p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR was upregulated in patients with eCRSwNP or noeCRSwNP. Beclin 1, PINK1, BNIP3, and FUNDC1 levels were significantly reduced in the nasal polyps of patients with eCRSwNP or noeCRSwNP. Autophagosomes and mitochondrial autophagosomes formed less frequently in the nasal polyps of patients with eCRSwNP or noeCRSwNP. Levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and ECP and the eotaxins CCL11, CCL24, and CCL26 were elevated in the nasal polyps of patients with eCRSwNP or noeCRSwNP. Tissue remodeling is enhanced in patients with eCRSwNP or noeCRSwNP. The Akt/mTOR pathway, eosinophilic inflammation, and tissue remodeling are activated in the nasal polyps of patients with eCRSwNP or noeCRSwNP. The downregulation of autophagy and mitophagy is also observed in eosinophilic and noneosinophilic nasal polyps. The targeting of mitophagy may provide new therapeutic options for different endotypes of CRSwNP.
Collapse
|
18
|
Autophagy in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:733-746. [PMID: 35608088 PMCID: PMC9131388 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a key cellular process that removes damaged molecules (particularly proteins) and subcellular organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. There is growing evidence that abnormalities in autophagy may contribute to the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In asthma, increased autophagy plays a role in promoting type 2 immune responses and eosinophilic inflammation, whereas decreased autophagy may be important in neutrophilic asthma. Acute exposure to cigarette smoke may activate autophagy, resulting in ciliary dysfunction and death of airway epithelial cells, whereas in stable COPD most studies have demonstrated an impairment in autophagy, with reduced autophagic flux and accumulation of abnormal mitochondria (defective mitophagy) and linked to cellular senescence. Autophagy may be increased or decreased in different cell types and depending on the cellular environment, making it difficult to target autophagy therapeutically. Several existing drugs may activate autophagy, including rapamycin, metformin, carbamazepine, cardiac glycosides and statins, whereas others, such as chloroquine, inhibit this process. However, these drugs are nonspecific and more selective drugs are now in development, which may prove useful as novel agents to treat asthma and COPD in the future.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhu X, Cao Y, Su M, Chen M, Li C, Yi L, Qin J, Tulake W, Teng F, Zhong Y, Tang W, Wang S, Dong J. Cycloastragenol alleviates airway inflammation in asthmatic mice by inhibiting autophagy. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:805. [PMID: 34542166 PMCID: PMC8477186 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycloastragenol (CAG), a secondary metabolite from the roots of Astragalus zahlbruckneri, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects in heart, skin and liver diseases. However, its role in asthma remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of CAG on airway inflammation in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse asthma model. The current study evaluated the lung function and levels of inflammation and autophagy via measurement of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung histology examination, inflammatory cytokine measurement and western blotting, amongst other techniques. The results demonstrated that CAG attenuated OVA-induced AHR in vivo. In addition, the total number of leukocytes and eosinophils, as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13 and immunoglobulin E were diminished in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the OVA-induced murine asthma model. Histological analysis revealed that CAG suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration and goblet cell secretion. Notably, based on molecular docking simulation, CAG was demonstrated to bind to the active site of autophagy-related gene 4-microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3 complex, which explains the reduced autophagic flux in asthma caused by CAG. The expression levels of proteins associated with autophagy pathways were inhibited following treatment with CAG. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that CAG exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in asthma, and its role may be associated with the inhibition of autophagy in lung cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Yuxue Cao
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Mingyue Su
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Oncology, Pu'er Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 665000, P.R. China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - La Yi
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Qin
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Wuniqiemu Tulake
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Fangzhou Teng
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Tang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ross EA, Devitt A, Johnson JR. Macrophages: The Good, the Bad, and the Gluttony. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708186. [PMID: 34456917 PMCID: PMC8397413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are dynamic cells that play critical roles in the induction and resolution of sterile inflammation. In this review, we will compile and interpret recent findings on the plasticity of macrophages and how these cells contribute to the development of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, with a particular focus on allergic and autoimmune disorders. The critical roles of macrophages in the resolution of inflammation will then be examined, emphasizing the ability of macrophages to clear apoptotic immune cells. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune-driven spectrum of diseases where persistent inflammation results in synovial hyperplasia and excessive immune cell accumulation, leading to remodeling and reduced function in affected joints. Macrophages are central to the pathophysiology of RA, driving episodic cycles of chronic inflammation and tissue destruction. RA patients have increased numbers of active M1 polarized pro-inflammatory macrophages and few or inactive M2 type cells. This imbalance in macrophage homeostasis is a main contributor to pro-inflammatory mediators in RA, resulting in continual activation of immune and stromal populations and accelerated tissue remodeling. Modulation of macrophage phenotype and function remains a key therapeutic goal for the treatment of this disease. Intriguingly, therapeutic intervention with glucocorticoids or other DMARDs promotes the re-polarization of M1 macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype; this reprogramming is dependent on metabolic changes to promote phenotypic switching. Allergic asthma is associated with Th2-polarised airway inflammation, structural remodeling of the large airways, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Macrophage polarization has a profound impact on asthma pathogenesis, as the response to allergen exposure is regulated by an intricate interplay between local immune factors including cytokines, chemokines and danger signals from neighboring cells. In the Th2-polarized environment characteristic of allergic asthma, high levels of IL-4 produced by locally infiltrating innate lymphoid cells and helper T cells promote the acquisition of an alternatively activated M2a phenotype in macrophages, with myriad effects on the local immune response and airway structure. Targeting regulators of macrophage plasticity is currently being pursued in the treatment of allergic asthma and other allergic diseases. Macrophages promote the re-balancing of pro-inflammatory responses towards pro-resolution responses and are thus central to the success of an inflammatory response. It has long been established that apoptosis supports monocyte and macrophage recruitment to sites of inflammation, facilitating subsequent corpse clearance. This drives resolution responses and mediates a phenotypic switch in the polarity of macrophages. However, the role of apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles (ACdEV) in the recruitment and control of macrophage phenotype has received remarkably little attention. ACdEV are powerful mediators of intercellular communication, carrying a wealth of lipid and protein mediators that may modulate macrophage phenotype, including a cargo of active immune-modulating enzymes. The impact of such interactions may result in repair or disease in different contexts. In this review, we will discuss the origin, characterization, and activity of macrophages in sterile inflammatory diseases and the underlying mechanisms of macrophage polarization via ACdEV and apoptotic cell clearance, in order to provide new insights into therapeutic strategies that could exploit the capabilities of these agile and responsive cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A Ross
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Devitt
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jill R Johnson
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Tang H, Hu H, Wang S, Wong VKW, Li Y, Deng J. Autophagy Modulators From Chinese Herbal Medicines: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials for Asthma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:710679. [PMID: 34366865 PMCID: PMC8342996 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.710679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma has become a global health issue, suffering more than 300 million people in the world, which is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. Combination of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long acting β-agonists (LABA) can relieve asthma symptoms and reduce the frequency of exacerbations, especially for patients with refractory asthma, but there are limited treatment options for people who do not gain control on combination ICS/LABA. The increase in ICS dose generally provides little additional benefit, and there is an increased risk of side effects. Therefore, therapeutic interventions integrating the use of different agents that focus on different targets are needed to overcome this set of diseases. Some findings suggest autophagy is closely correlated with the severity of asthma through eosinophilic inflammation, and its modulation may provide novel therapeutic approaches for severe allergic asthma. The chinese herbal medicine (CHM) have been demonstrated clinically as potent therapeutic interventions for asthma. Moreover some reports have found that the bioactive components isolated from CHM could modulate autophagy, and exhibit potent Anti-inflammatory activity. These findings have implied the potential for CHMs in asthma or allergic inflammation therapy via the modulation of autophagy. In this review, we discuss the basic pathomechanisms underpinning asthma, and the potential role of CHMs in treating asthma with modulating autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - He Zhang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hang Hu
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Songping Wang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|