1
|
Hirobe T. Role of Dermal Factors Involved in Regulating the Melanin and Melanogenesis of Mammalian Melanocytes in Normal and Abnormal Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4560. [PMID: 38674144 PMCID: PMC11049857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian melanin is produced in melanocytes and accumulated in melanosomes. Melanogenesis is supported by many factors derived from the surrounding tissue environment, such as the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, in addition to numerous melanogenesis-related genes. The roles of these genes have been fully investigated and the molecular analysis has been performed. Moreover, the role of paracrine factors derived from epidermis has also been studied. However, the role of dermis has not been fully studied. Thus, in this review, dermis-derived factors including soluble and insoluble components were overviewed and discussed in normal and abnormal circumstances. Dermal factors play an important role in the regulation of melanogenesis in the normal and abnormal mammalian skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hakozaki T, Wang J, Laughlin T, Jarrold B, Zhao W, Furue M. Role of interleukin-6 and endothelin-1 receptors in enhanced melanocyte dendricity of facial spots and suppression of their ligands by niacinamide and tranexamic acid. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38 Suppl 2:3-10. [PMID: 38116639 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperpigmented spots are common issues in all ethnicities with a hallmark characteristic of increased melanocyte dendricity. OBJECTIVES To determine (1) potential receptors and/or cytokines that are involved in increased melanocyte dendricity in multiple facial spot types; (2) treatment effects of skin-lightening compounds on identified cytokine release from keratinocytes and on dendricity in melanocytes. METHODS Facial spots (melasma, solar lentigo, acne-induced post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation) and adjacent non-spot skin biopsies were collected from Chinese women (age 20-70). The epidermal supra and basal layers were laser dissected to enrich keratinocyte or melanocyte biology respectively for transcriptome analysis. Melanocyte dendricity was assessed histologically by immunofluorescent staining. Effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) on melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer were assessed in human melanocytes or melanocyte-keratinocyte co-culture models. Treatment effects of skin-lightening compounds (niacinamide, tranexamic acid [TxA], sucrose laurate/dilaurate mixture [SDL]) were assessed on IL-6 or ET-1 release from keratinocytes and on dendricity in melanocytes. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis revealed IL-6 receptor and ET-1 receptor were significantly upregulated compared to the adjacent normal skin, visually confirmed at the protein level through immunostaining. Melanocytes in spot areas are more dendritic than melanocytes in adjacent non-spot skin. The addition of IL-6 and ET-1 to cell culture models increased melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer. IL-6 release was significantly suppressed by niacinamide and its combination, while ET-1 release was significantly reduced by both niacinamide and TxA. In contrast, SDL acted directly upon melanocytes to reduce dendricity. CONCLUSION Interleukin-6 and ET-1 receptors are significantly upregulated in multiple facial spot types. The in vitro testing demonstrated their respective ligands increased melanocyte dendricity. Tested skin-lightening compounds showed reduction in release of IL-6/ET-1 from epidermal keratinocytes and/or inhibition of melanocyte dendricity. This work sheds light on pathophysiological mechanism of facial spots and potential new mechanisms of these skin-lightening compounds which warrant further human clinical validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hakozaki
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - J Wang
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - T Laughlin
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - B Jarrold
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - W Zhao
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - M Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo Q, Cao Q, Guo J, Chang S, Wu Y. Genetically predicted levels of circulating cytokines and the risk of six immune skin diseases: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240714. [PMID: 37954607 PMCID: PMC10637377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating cytokines play a crucial role in the onset and progression of immune skin diseases. However, the causal relationships and the direction of causal effects require further investigation. Methods Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were conducted to assess the causal relationships between 41 circulating cytokines and six immune skin diseases including alopecia areata, chloasma, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), lichen planus (LP), seborrheic dermatitis, and urticaria, using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies. Reverse MR analyses was performed to test for the reverse causation. Pleiotropy and heterogeneity tests were conducted to assess the robustness of the findings. Results Twelve unique cytokines showed a suggestive causal relationship with the risk of six immune skin diseases. Among them, the causal effects between 9 unique cytokines and immune skin diseases have strong statistical power. Additionally, the concentrations of six cytokines might be influenced by LP and urticaria. After Bonferroni correction, the following associations remained significant: the causal effect of beta-nerve growth factor on HS (odds ratio [OR] = 1.634, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.226-2.177, p = 7.97e-04), interleukin (IL)-6 on LP (OR = 0.615, 95% CI = 0.481-0.786, p = 1.04e-04), IL-4 on LP (OR = 1.099. 95% CI = 1.020-1.184, p = 1.26e-02), and IL-2 on urticaria (OR = 0.712, 95% CI = 0.531-0.955, p = 2.33e-02). Conclusion This study provides novel perspectives on the relationship between circulating cytokines and immune skin diseases, potentially providing valuable insights into their etiology, diagnostic approaches, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Luo
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jiangmen Wuyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangmen, China
| | - Qiurui Cao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jiangmen Wuyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangmen, China
| | - Jinyan Guo
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jiangmen Wuyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangmen, China
| | - Shuangqing Chang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jiangmen Wuyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yunxiang Wu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cohen L, Brodsky MA, Zubair R, Kohli I, Hamzavi IH, Sadeghpour M. Cutaneous interaction with visible light: What do we know? J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 89:560-568. [PMID: 32289393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Visible light has been used therapeutically in dermatology for years for a variety of cosmetic and medical indications, including skin rejuvenation and the treatment of inflammatory and neoplastic conditions, among others. Until recently, visible light was thought to be relatively inert compared to its spectral neighbors, ultraviolet and infrared radiation. However, recent literature has described the ability of visible light to cause erythema in light skin and pigmentary changes in individuals with darker skin types. Concern surrounding its potentially damaging cutaneous effects has been raised in both the medical community and social media outlets. In this article, we provide an evidenced-based review describing what is currently known about visible light, focusing on its role in dermatologic diseases including disorders of hyperpigmentation such as melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Raheel Zubair
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu W, Chen Q, Xia Y. New Mechanistic Insights of Melasma. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:429-442. [PMID: 36817641 PMCID: PMC9936885 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s396272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Melasma is a common acquired disorder of pigmentation that negatively impacts quality of life. Present treatments show poor therapeutic effect with frequent recurrence. This in large part is due to the currently limited understanding of the disease's etiology. It is urgent to elucidate the pathogenesis of melasma to further the discovery of new therapeutic strategies. Recent studies show that melasma is triggered or aggravated by a variety of factors, including genetic susceptibility, ultraviolet radiation, and sex hormone dysregulation. Ultraviolet B radiation upregulates the expression of several melanocyte-specific genes and stimulates the release of key factors that participate in the synthesis of melanin. There is a significant increase in melanin in both the epidermal and dermal layers of affected skin, possibly due to abnormalities in crosstalk between the melanocytes and other cells. Melanogenesis is regulated through various signaling networks including the Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, cAMP/PKA, and SCF/c-kit-mediated signaling pathways. In addition, inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress, neuroactive molecules, sebocytes, etc, have also been proved to be related to the pathogenesis of melasma. This review provides a comprehensive update on the current understanding of the pathogenesis of melasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumin Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Yumin Xia, Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 157 Xiwu Road, Xi’an, 710004, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 29 87679969, Fax +86 29 87678425, Email
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lim JTE. Safety and efficacy of superficial micro-focused ultrasound with visualization for melasma in Asians: An uncontrolled pilot study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:1764-1773. [PMID: 36762392 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of melasma is multifactorial, resulting in treatment resistance and a high recurrence rate. Recent research suggests that focused ultrasound might treat melasma effectively. OBJECTIVES To investigate the efficacy and safety of superficial micro-focused ultrasound with visualization (MFU-V) for melasma in Asians. METHODS Patients (n = 20) with mixed melasma on both cheeks received 2 MFU-V treatments spaced 1 month apart. At monthly visits over 5 months, treatment efficacy and safety were evaluated. Standardized photographs were clinically assessed using the modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI), and 6-point grading scales for melasma lightening and area of involvement. Patients provided pain, global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS), and satisfaction assessments. RESULTS In 40 cheeks, the mean mMASI score was significantly reduced from 13.2 at baseline to 2.4 at month 4, and 2.8 at month 5. Twenty-nine cheeks (72.5%) showed lightening of melasma at month 4 that persisted until month 5, with improvements up to 75% compared to baseline. Melasma area decreased overall, with sites containing >30% melasma involvement decreasing from 55% to 20% by month 5, and none with 70%-89% involvement. Melasma lightening and area improved visibly in 40% and 20% of cheeks, respectively, as early as 1 month after index MFU-V treatment. Improvements continued after the second treatment and persisted until study closure, correlating with patient GAIS and satisfaction scores. Procedure was well tolerated with only mild-to-moderate pain reported in 92.5% of treatments. CONCLUSION Superficial MFU-V is a safe and effective treatment for melasma.
Collapse
|
7
|
Trichloroacetic Acid With Microneedling Versus Trichloroacetic Acid Alone for Treating Melasma. Dermatol Surg 2023; 49:66-71. [PMID: 36533799 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melasma is a common acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation which is difficult to treat. OBJECTIVE We aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined microneedling with trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of melasma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty women with facial melasma were included and randomly classified into 2 groups. Group A included 20 patients treated with bimonthly session of trichloroacetic acid 25% peeling (8 sessions) combined with a monthly session of microneedling (4 sessions). Group B included the other 20 patients that were treated by bimonthly trichloroacetic acid 25% peeling session (8 sessions) alone. RESULTS After 1 and 3 months of treatment, the mean melasma area and severity index, modified melasma area and severity index, and melasma severity index scores showed significant improvement in each group (p < .05 for each). At 1 and 3 months, the mean percentages of change of all scores were significantly higher in group A than group B (p < .05). CONCLUSION Combined trichloroacetic acid peel with microneedling is effective and a safe option for treating melasma.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu F, Qu L, Li H, He J, Wang L, Fang Y, Yan X, Yang Q, Peng B, Wu W, Jin L, Sun D. Advances in Biomedical Functions of Natural Whitening Substances in the Treatment of Skin Pigmentation Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2308. [PMID: 36365128 PMCID: PMC9697978 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation diseases can lead to significant color differences between the affected part and the normal part, resulting in severe psychological and emotional distress among patients. The treatment of pigmentation diseases with good patient compliance is mainly in the form of topical drugs. However, conventional hydroquinone therapy contributes to several pathological conditions, such as erythema, dryness, and skin desquamation, and requires a longer treatment time to show significant results. To address these shortcomings, natural whitening substances represented by kojic acid and arbutin have gradually become the candidate ingredients of traditional local preparations due to their excellent biological safety. This review focuses on several natural whitening substances with potential therapeutic effects in pigmentation disease and their mechanisms, and a thorough discussion has been conducted into the solution methods for the challenges involved in the practical application of natural whitening substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Linkai Qu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jiaxuan He
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yimeng Fang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yan
- Chinese–American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qinsi Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Da Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Wenzhou City and Kunlong Technology Co., Ltd. Joint Doctoral Innovation Station, Wenzhou Association for Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325000, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Melasma is a multifactorial dyschromia that results from exposure to external factors (such as solar radiation) and hormonal factors (such as sex hormones and pregnancy), as well as skin inflammation (such as contact dermatitis and esthetic procedures), in genetically predisposed individuals. Beyond hyperfunctional melanocytes, skin with melasma exhibits a series of structural and functional alterations in the epidermis, basement membrane, and upper dermis that interact to elicit and sustain a focal hypermelanogenic phenotype. Evolution in the knowledge of the genetic basis of melasma and the cutaneous response to solar radiation, as well as the roles of endocrine factors, antioxidant system, endothelium proliferation, fibroblast senescence, mast cell degranulation, autophagy deficits of the melanocyte, and the paracrine regulation of melanogenesis, will lead to the development of new treatments and preventive strategies. This review presents current knowledge on these aspects of the pathogenesis of melasma and discusses the effects of specific treatments and future research on these issues.
Collapse
|
10
|
Fibroblast morphology, growth rate and gene expression in facial melasma. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:575-582. [PMID: 35840442 PMCID: PMC9453522 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to melanocytic hyperfunction, changes are observed in the upper dermis of melasma, and fibroblasts play a central role in collagen synthesis and pigmentation induction. Objective To explore the morphology, growth rate, and gene expression profile of fibroblasts from the skin with melasma in comparison to fibroblasts from the adjacent healthy skin. Methods Ten women with facial melasma were biopsied (lesion and adjacent healthy skin), and the fragments were processed for fibroblast culture. Samples from five participants were seeded to evaluate growth (days 2, 5 and 8) and senescence (SA-β-gal) curves. The samples from the other participants were submitted to real-time PCR to comparatively evaluation of the expression of 39 genes. Results Cultured fibroblasts from melasma skin were morphologically less fusiform in appearance and on average a 34% (95% CI 4%‒63%) greater proportion of cells labeled with SA-β-gal than the fibroblasts from the adjacent skin. The cell growth rate was lower for the melasma samples after eight days (p < 0.01). TheWNT3A, EDN3, ESR2, PTG2, MMP1, and SOD2 genes were up-regulated, whereas the COL4A1, CSF2, DKK3, COL7A1, TIMP4, CCL2, and CDH11 genes were down-regulated in melasma skin fibroblasts when compared to the ones from adjacent healthy skin. Study limitations Small sample size; absence of functional tests. Conclusions Fibroblasts from the skin with melasma showed a lower growth rate, less fusiform morphology and greater accumulation of SA-β-gal than those from adjacent photo exposed skin. Moreover, their gene expression profile comprised factors that may contribute to upper dermis damage and sustained melanogenesis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Maghfour J, Olayinka J, Hamzavi IH, Mohammad TF. A Focused review on the pathophysiology of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:320-327. [PMID: 35306737 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is one of the most common disorders of acquired hyperpigmentation. It often develops following cutaneous inflammation and is triggered by various stimuli, from inflammatory and autoimmune conditions to iatrogenic causes and mechanical injuries. While it is well established that an increase in melanin production and distribution within the epidermis and dermis is a hallmark feature of this condition, the exact mechanisms underlying PIH are not completely understood. This article aims to review the current evidence on the pathophysiology of PIH as the cellular and molecular mechanism of PIH represents a promising avenue for the development of novel, targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Maghfour
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jadesola Olayinka
- Medical School, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Iltefat H Hamzavi
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tasneem F Mohammad
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Flori E, Mastrofrancesco A, Mosca S, Ottaviani M, Briganti S, Cardinali G, Filoni A, Cameli N, Zaccarini M, Zouboulis CC, Picardo M. Sebocytes contribute to melasma onset. iScience 2022; 25:103871. [PMID: 35252805 PMCID: PMC8891974 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Melasma is a hyperpigmentary disorder with photoaging features, whose manifestations appear on specific face areas, rich in sebaceous glands (SGs). To explore the SGs possible contribution to the onset, the expression of pro-melanogenic and inflammatory factors from the SZ95 SG cell line exposed to single or repetitive ultraviolet (UVA) radiation was evaluated. UVA up-modulated the long-lasting production of α-MSH, EDN1, b-FGF, SCF, inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Irradiated SZ95 sebocyte conditioned media increased pigmentation in melanocytes and the expression of senescence markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors regulating melanogenesis in fibroblasts cultures. Cocultures experiments with skin explants confirmed the role of sebocytes on melanogenesis promotion. The analysis on sebum collected from melasma patients demonstrated that in vivo sebocytes from lesional areas express the UVA-activated pathways markers observed in vitro. Our results indicate sebocytes as one of the actors in melasma pathogenesis, inducing prolonged skin cell stimulation, contributing to localized dermal aging and hyperpigmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Mastrofrancesco
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sarah Mosca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Ottaviani
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Briganti
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cardinali
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Filoni
- Dermatology Department, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Norma Cameli
- Dermatology Department, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Zaccarini
- Genetic Research, Molecular Biology and Dermatopathology Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodore Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Implications of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hyperpigmentation Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7881717. [PMID: 35087618 PMCID: PMC8789419 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7881717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress represents an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the ability of antioxidant systems to decompose those products. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, melanoma, and other skin diseases. Regulatory networks involving oxidative stress and related pathways are widely represented in hypopigmentation diseases, particularly vitiligo. However, there is no complete review into the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation disorders, especially regarding associations involving oxidative stress and cellular signaling pathways. Here, we review oxidative and antioxidant systems, oxidative stress-induced signal transduction mechanisms, and effects of antioxidant drugs used in preclinical and clinical settings in hyperpigmentation disorders.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kwon SH, Na JI, Huh CH, Park KC. A Clinical and Biochemical Evaluation of a Temperature-Controlled Continuous Non-Invasive Radiofrequency Device for the Treatment of Melasma. Ann Dermatol 2021; 33:522-530. [PMID: 34858003 PMCID: PMC8577901 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2021.33.6.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melasma shows characteristic histological features of photoaged skin. Objective We evaluated the effect of dermal rejuvenation using a temperature-controlled continuous non-invasive radiofrequency (RF) device on melasma. Methods Continuous skin heating at the temperature of 43°C for 20 minutes was performed in ten subjects with melasma who underwent 3 tri-weekly RF sessions. Pigmentation was evaluated with Mexameter® and investigator’s global assessment (IGA). Immunohistochemical staining and image analysis was performed to evaluate biopsies from melasma skin before and after the treatment. Results The lesional melanin index was decreased by 13.7% at week 9. IGA score was improved from 3.50 at baseline to 2.95 at week 9. No significant adverse event was reported. Histologic analysis revealed reduced melanin and increased collagen density and thickness. The expression of procollagen-1 and type IV collagen was increased after the treatment. The number of p16INK4A-positive senescent fibroblasts was reduced after the treatment, while the expression of heat shock protein 70 and 90 was increased. Stromal derived factor-1, a senescence-associated anti-melanogenic factor secreted from the fibroblasts, was up-regulated after the treatment, while the level of c-kit was not changed. Conclusion Thermal skin stimulation by the temperature-controlled continuous RF device improved melasma through dermal rejuvenation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hyo Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Im Na
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Huh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Chan Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Artzi O, Horovitz T, Bar-Ilan E, Shehadeh W, Koren A, Zusmanovitch L, Mehrabi JN, Salameh F, Isman Nelkenbaum G, Zur E, Sprecher E, Mashiah J. The pathogenesis of melasma and implications for treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:3432-3445. [PMID: 34411403 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melasma is a complex and poorly understood disorder, with high rates of treatment failure and recurrences. OBJECTIVES We aimed to review the current knowledge of the pathogenesis of melasma and apply this knowledge to clinical implications on relevant therapeutic interventions. METHODS A systematic PubMed search was performed using the search term "((melasma[Text Word]) OR facial melanosis[Text Word]) AND (pathogenesis OR causality[MeSH Terms])" for articles published between 1990 and 2020. Included articles were then evaluated by two authors and assessed for relevant pathomechanistic pathways, after which they were divided into groups with minimal overlap. We then reviewed current treatment modalities for melasma and divided them according to the involved pathomechanistic pathway. RESULTS A total of 309 search results were retrieved among which 76 relevant articles were identified and reviewed. Five main pathomechanisms observed in melasma were identified: (1) melanocyte inappropriate activation; (2) aggregation of melanin and melanosomes in dermis and epidermis; (3a) increased mast cell count and (3b) solar elastosis; (4) altered basement membrane; and (5) increased vascularization. Treatment modalities were then divided based on these five pathways and detailed in 6 relevant tables. CONCLUSION The pathophysiology of melasma is multifactorial, resulting in treatment resistance and high recurrence rates. This wide variety of pathomechanisms should ideally be addressed separately in the treatment regimen in order to maximize results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Artzi
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamir Horovitz
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Bar-Ilan
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Waseem Shehadeh
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Koren
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Zusmanovitch
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph N Mehrabi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Fares Salameh
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gila Isman Nelkenbaum
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Zur
- Compounding Solutions, a Pharmaceutical Consultancy Company, Tel-Mond, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Mashiah
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Upadhyay PR, Ho T, Abdel-Malek ZA. Participation of keratinocyte- and fibroblast-derived factors in melanocyte homeostasis, the response to UV, and pigmentary disorders. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:762-776. [PMID: 33973367 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal melanocytes play a central role in sensing the environment and protecting the skin from the drastic effects of solar ultraviolet radiation and other environmental toxins or inflammatory agents. Melanocytes survive in the epidermis for decades, which subjects them to chronic environmental insults. Melanocytes have a poor self-renewal capacity; therefore, it is critical to ensure their survival with genomic stability. The function and survival of melanocytes is regulated by an elaborate network of paracrine factors synthesized mainly by epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. A symbiotic relationship exists between epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes on the one hand, and between melanocytes and dermal fibroblasts on the other hand. Melanocytes protect epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts from the damaging effects of solar radiation, and the latter cells synthesize biochemical mediators that maintain the homeostasis, and regulate the stress response of melanocytes. Disruption of the paracrine network results in pigmentary disorders, due to abnormal regulation of melanin synthesis, and compromise of melanocyte survival or genomic stability. This review provides an update of the current knowledge of keratinocyte- and fibroblast-derived paracrine factors and their contribution to melanocyte physiology, and how their abnormal production is involved in the pathogenesis of common pigmentary disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parth R Upadhyay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tina Ho
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zalfa A Abdel-Malek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moon IJ, Yoo H, Paik SH, Kim HT, Kim SY, Song Y, Chang SE. Ursodeoxycholic Acid May Inhibit Environmental Aging-Associated Hyperpigmentation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020267. [PMID: 33572325 PMCID: PMC7916149 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrinsic aging of the skin caused by ultraviolet (UV) light or particulate matter is often manifested by hyperpigmentation due to increased melanogenesis in senescent skin. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which has been commonly used as a health remedy for liver diseases, is known to possess antioxidant properties. This study was done to investigate whether UDCA inhibits cellular aging processes in the cells constituting human skin and it reduces melanin synthesis. ROS, intracellular signals, IL-1α, IL-8, TNF-α, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, type I collagen, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) levels were measured in human dermal fibroblasts treated with or without UDCA after UV exposure. Melanin levels and mechanistic pathways for melanogenesis were investigated. UDCA decreased ROS, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and proinflammatory cytokines induced by UV treatment. UDCA reduced melanogenesis in normal human melanocytes cocultured with skin constituent cells. Our results suggest that UDCA could be a comprehensive agent for the treatment of environmental aging-associated hyperpigmentation disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ik Jun Moon
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (I.J.M.); (H.Y.); (H.T.K.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Hanju Yoo
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (I.J.M.); (H.Y.); (H.T.K.); (S.Y.K.)
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | | | - Hak Tae Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (I.J.M.); (H.Y.); (H.T.K.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (I.J.M.); (H.Y.); (H.T.K.); (S.Y.K.)
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Youngsup Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (S.E.C.); Tel.: +82-2-3010-2089 (Y.S.); +82-2-3010-3460 (S.E.C.)
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (I.J.M.); (H.Y.); (H.T.K.); (S.Y.K.)
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (S.E.C.); Tel.: +82-2-3010-2089 (Y.S.); +82-2-3010-3460 (S.E.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kapoor R, Dhatwalia S, Kumar R, Rani S, Parsad D. Emerging role of dermal compartment in skin pigmentation: comprehensive review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:2757-2765. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Kapoor
- Department of Zoology Panjab University Chandigarh Chandigarh India
| | - S.K. Dhatwalia
- Department of Zoology Panjab University Chandigarh Chandigarh India
| | - R. Kumar
- Department of Zoology Panjab University Chandigarh Chandigarh India
| | - S. Rani
- Department of Zoology Panjab University Chandigarh Chandigarh India
| | - D. Parsad
- Department of Dermatology PGIMER Chandigarh India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bellei B, Picardo M. Premature cell senescence in human skin: Dual face in chronic acquired pigmentary disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 57:100981. [PMID: 31733332 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although senescence was originally described as an in vitro acquired cellular characteristic, it was recently recognized that senescence is physiologically and pathologically involved in aging and age-related diseases in vivo. The definition of cellular senescence has expanded to include the growth arrest caused by various cellular stresses, including DNA damage, inadequate mitochondria function, activated oncogene or tumor suppressor genes and oxidative stress. While senescence in normal aging involves various tissues over time and contributes to a decline in tissue function even with healthy aging, disease-induced premature senescence may be restricted to one or a few organs triggering a prolonged and more intense rate of accumulation of senescent cells than in normal aging. Organ-specific high senescence rate could lead to chronic diseases, especially in post-mitotic rich tissue. Recently, two opposite acquired pathological conditions related to skin pigmentation were described to be associated with premature senescence: vitiligo and melasma. In both cases, it was demonstrated that pathological dysfunctions are not restricted to melanocytes, the cell type responsible for melanin production and transport to surrounding keratinocytes. Similar to physiological melanogenesis, dermal and epidermal cells contribute directly and indirectly to deregulate skin pigmentation as a result of complex intercellular communication. Thus, despite senescence usually being reported as a uniform phenotype sharing the expression of characteristic markers, skin senescence involving mainly the dermal compartment and its paracrine function could be associated with the disappearance of melanocytes in vitiligo lesions and with the exacerbated activity of melanocytes in the hyperpigmentation spots of melasma. This suggests that the difference may arise in melanocyte intrinsic differences and/or in highly defined microenvironment peculiarities poorly explored at the current state of the art. A similar dualistic phenotype has been attributed to intratumoral stromal cells as cancer-associated fibroblasts presenting a senescent-like phenotype which influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. Here, we present a framework dissecting senescent-related molecular alterations shared by vitiligo and melasma patients and we also discuss disease-specific differences representing new challenges for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bal-Öztürk A, Miccoli B, Avci-Adali M, Mogtader F, Sharifi F, Çeçen B, Yaşayan G, Braeken D, Alarcin E. Current Strategies and Future Perspectives of Skin-on-a-Chip Platforms: Innovations, Technical Challenges and Commercial Outlook. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5437-5457. [PMID: 30727878 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206195304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the largest and most exposed organ in the human body. Not only it is involved in numerous biological processes essential for life but also it represents a significant endpoint for the application of pharmaceuticals. The area of in vitro skin tissue engineering has been progressing extensively in recent years. Advanced in vitro human skin models strongly impact the discovery of new drugs thanks to the enhanced screening efficiency and reliability. Nowadays, animal models are largely employed at the preclinical stage of new pharmaceutical compounds development for both risk assessment evaluation and pharmacokinetic studies. On the other hand, animal models often insufficiently foresee the human reaction due to the variations in skin immunity and physiology. Skin-on-chips devices offer innovative and state-of-the-art platforms essential to overcome these limitations. In the present review, we focus on the contribution of skin-on-chip platforms in fundamental research and applied medical research. In addition, we also highlighted the technical and practical difficulties that must be overcome to enhance skin-on-chip platforms, e.g. embedding electrical measurements, for improved modeling of human diseases as well as of new drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayça Bal-Öztürk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, İstinye University, 34010, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey,Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Health Sciences, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beatrice Miccoli
- Imec, Department of Life Sciences and Imaging, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium,Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Meltem Avci-Adali
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ferzaneh Mogtader
- Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Health Sciences, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey,NanoBMT, Cyberpark, Bilkent 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Berivan Çeçen
- Biomechanics Department, Institute of Health Science, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Inciraltı, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökçen Yaşayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34668, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dries Braeken
- Imec, Department of Life Sciences and Imaging, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Emine Alarcin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34668, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nahhas AF, Abdel-Malek ZA, Kohli I, Braunberger TL, Lim HW, Hamzavi IH. The potential role of antioxidants in mitigating skin hyperpigmentation resulting from ultraviolet and visible light-induced oxidative stress. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2018; 35:420-428. [PMID: 30198587 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an integral element that influences a variety of biochemical reactions throughout the body and is known to play a notable role in melanogenesis. Exogenous triggers of oxidative stress, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and visible light (VL), lead to pigment formation through somewhat different pathways, but both share a common endpoint-the potential to generate cosmetically undesirable hyperpigmentation. Though organic and inorganic sunscreens are available to protect against the UVR portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, coverage is lacking to protect against the VL spectrum. In this manuscript, we review the phases of tanning, pathways of melanogenesis triggered by UVR and VL, and the associated impact of oxidative stress. We also discuss the known intrinsic mechanisms and paracrine regulation of melanocytes that influence their response to UVR. Understanding these mechanisms and their role in UVR-induced hyperpigmentation should potentially lead to identification of useful targets that can be coupled with antioxidant therapy to alleviate this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F Nahhas
- Department of Dermatology, Beaumont-Farmington Hills, Farmington Hills, Michigan.,Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Indermeet Kohli
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim M, Shibata T, Kwon S, Park TJ, Kang HY. Ultraviolet-irradiated endothelial cells secrete stem cell factor and induce epidermal pigmentation. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29523807 PMCID: PMC5844989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-associated hyperpigmented skins are characterized with increased vasculature underlying pigmentation, suggestive of the possible biological role of endothelial cells in the regulation of skin pigmentation during UV irradiation. In this study, we showed that UV-irradiated endothelial cells significantly increased the pigmentation of melanocytes through epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk. The stimulatory effect of endothelial cells was further demonstrated using ex vivo human skin. RNA sequence analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that endothelial cells secrete more stem cell factor (SCF) upon UV irradiation than non-irradiated cells. The increased pigmentation elicited by endothelial cells was abrogated following inhibition of SCF/c-KIT signaling. Together these results suggest that endothelial cells are activated upon UV exposure to release melanogenic factors such as SCF, which contributes to the development of skin hyperpigmentation during chronic sun exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Soohyun Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tae Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea.
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lima EVA, Lima MMDA, Paixão MP, Miot HA. Assessment of the effects of skin microneedling as adjuvant therapy for facial melasma: a pilot study. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2017; 17:14. [PMID: 29183309 PMCID: PMC5706369 DOI: 10.1186/s12895-017-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melasma is a common chronic and relapsing acquired dyschromia. Skin microneedling was reported resulting sustained long-term improvement of recalcitrant melasma, however, the exact mechanism that promotes this skin lightening is not known. This study aimed to investigate clinical and histologic alterations promoted by skin microneedling in facial melasma. METHODS Open pilot trial including six women with facial refractory melasma submitted to two sessions of microneedling (1.5 mm) each 30 days followed by daily triple combination and broad-spectrum sunscreen. Comparison of pretreatment (T0) and 15 days after last microneedling procedure (T45) was made by standardized pictures, skin colorimetry, MASI, MELASQoL and histological parameters (haematoxylin-eosin, picrosirius-red, periodic acid Schiff and Fontana-Masson staining). RESULTS The age of the subjects varied from 34 to 46 years-old, the phototypes were III and IV (Fitzpatrick), and age of melasma onset was 20 to 38 years. Improvement of melasma was perceived in all subjects. There was a significant reduction of MASI score (-70%), MELASQoL (-55%) and increase in L* (+13%) colorimetric value (p < 0.03). All cases evidenced epithelium thickening, decrease in melanin pigmentation and densification of upper dermis collagen (p = 0.03). Patients were followed by 6 months under broad-spectrum sunscreen and triple combination without relapse. CONCLUSION In addition to classic treatment (broad-spectrum sunscreen and triple combination), skin microneedling promoted clinical and histological improvement of refractory facial melasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emerson V A Lima
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Praça Fleming, 35/1201 Jaqueira, Recife, PE, 52050-180, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hélio Amante Miot
- Unesp Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. .,Departamento de Dermatologia, SN, Campus da Unesp, Botucatu, SP, 18618-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pincelli C. p75 Neurotrophin Receptor in the Skin: Beyond Its Neurotrophic Function. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:22. [PMID: 28326307 PMCID: PMC5339601 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), also known as CD271, is the low-affinity receptor that, together with the tyrosine kinase receptor tropomyosin-receptor kinase (Trk), mediate neurotrophin (NT) functions. Beside their classic role in skin innervation, NT and their receptors constitute a complex cutaneous network associated with a number of autocrine and paracrine activities. In this context, the role of p75NTR is becoming more and more important. This review will focus on the intriguing functions of p75NTR in healthy and diseased skin. First, p75NTR counterbalances the proliferative and survival activities of its cognate receptor Trk by inducing keratinocyte apoptosis. In addition, p75NTR identifies an early transit-amplifying (TA) keratinocyte population and plays a critical role in keratinocyte stem cell transition to its progeny as well as in epidermal differentiation. p75NTR is absent in psoriatic TA cells, thus rendering these cells resistant to apoptosis. On the other hand, p75NTR infection restores NT-induced apoptosis in psoriatic keratinocytes. Taken together, these results provide evidence for a critical role of p75NTR in epidermal homeostasis, while its lack may account for the TA defect in psoriasis. While the issue of p75NTR as a marker of melanoma initiating cells is still to be solved, there is strong evidence that downregulation of this receptor is a precondition to melanoma invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. All in all, this review points to p75NTR as a major actor in both physiologic and pathologic conditions at the skin level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pincelli
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miao F, Shi Y, Fan ZF, Jiang S, Xu SZ, Lei TC. Deoxyarbutin Possesses a Potent Skin-Lightening Capacity with No Discernible Cytotoxicity against Melanosomes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165338. [PMID: 27776184 PMCID: PMC5077105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective ingredients capable of removing undesired hyperpigmentation from facial skin are urgently needed for both pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes. Deoxyarbutin (4-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy] phenol, D-Arb) is a glucoside derivative of hydroquinone. Here, we investigated the toxicity and efficacy of D-Arb at the sub-cellular level (directly on melanosomes) and skin pigmentation using in vivo and in vitro models to compare with its parent compound hydroquinone (1,4-benzenediol, HQ). At first, we examined the ultrastructural changes of melanosomes in hyperpigmented guinea pig skin induced by 308-nm monochromatic excimer lightand/or treated with HQ and D-Arb using transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that prominent changes in the melanosomal membrane, such as bulb-like structure and even complete rupture of the outer membranes, were found in the skin after topical application of 5% HQ for 10 days. These changes were barely observed in the skin treated with D-Arb. To further clarify whether membrane toxicity of HQ was a direct result of the compound treatment, we also examinedultrastructural changes of individual melanosomes purified from MNT1 human melanoma cells. Similar observations were obtained from the naked melanosome model in vitro. Finally, we determined the effects of melanosomal fractions exposed to HQ or D-Arb on hydroxyl radical generation in the Fenton reaction utilizing an electron spin resonance assay. D-Arb-treated melanosomesexhibit a moderate hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, whereas HQ-treated melanosomessignificantly generate more hydroxyl free radicals. This study suggests that D-Arb possesses a potent ability in skin lightening and antioxidation with less melanosome cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Miao
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Zheng Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tie-Chi Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|