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Fu J, Zong X, Jin M, Min J, Wang F, Wang Y. Mechanisms and regulation of defensins in host defense. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:300. [PMID: 37574471 PMCID: PMC10423725 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a family of cationic host defense peptides, defensins are mainly synthesized by Paneth cells, neutrophils, and epithelial cells, contributing to host defense. Their biological functions in innate immunity, as well as their structure and activity relationships, along with their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential, have been of great interest in recent years. To highlight the key research into the role of defensins in human and animal health, we first describe their research history, structural features, evolution, and antimicrobial mechanisms. Next, we cover the role of defensins in immune homeostasis, chemotaxis, mucosal barrier function, gut microbiota regulation, intestinal development and regulation of cell death. Further, we discuss their clinical relevance and therapeutic potential in various diseases, including infectious disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and obesity, chronic inflammatory lung disease, periodontitis and cancer. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the nutrient-dependent regulation of defensins, including fatty acids, amino acids, microelements, plant extracts, and probiotics, while considering the clinical application of such regulation. Together, the review summarizes the various biological functions, mechanism of actions and potential clinical significance of defensins, along with the challenges in developing defensins-based therapy, thus providing crucial insights into their biology and potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Ochoa-Ramírez LA, Díaz-Camacho SP, Mellado-Corrales SN, Muñoz-Estrada VF, Ríos-Tostado JJ, Sánchez-Zazueta JG, Velarde-Félix JS. Analysis of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) genetic variants in nonsegmental vitiligo patients. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:225-230. [PMID: 36345598 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease that courses with skin depigmentation because of the destruction of melanocytes. Vitiliginous melanocyte is prone to damage because of oxidative stress which activates cellular stress response and the release of heat shock proteins such as HSP70 promoting immune activation against the melanocyte. Variants in HSP70 genes (HSPA) might alter their expression and thus modulate vitiligo susceptibility. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the role of the 5' untranslated region HSPA1A G/C (rs1043618) and the exonic HSPA1B A/G (rs1061581) and HSPA1L T/C (rs2227956) gene variants in nonsegmental vitiligo. METHODS A total of 200 nonsegmental vitiligo patients and 208 age/gender-matched healthy subjects were genotyped for rs1043618, rs1061581, and rs2227956 variants by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS Variants rs1043618 and rs1061581 were not associated with vitiligo susceptibility. On the other hand, the rs2227956 C allele and TC genotype were associated with protection against vitiligo. A similar effect was observed for the GAC haplotype. Any of the aforementioned HSP70 gene variants were associated with the clinical characteristics of vitiligo. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the HSPA1L rs2227956 gene variant might influence the susceptibility to vitiligo. Being the first study of HSP70 gene variants in vitiligo, further research is encouraged to corroborate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Antonio Ochoa-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Hospital General de Culiacán, Servicios de Salud Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Sylvia Paz Díaz-Camacho
- Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Culiacán, Mexico
| | | | | | - Juan José Ríos-Tostado
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Hospital General de Culiacán, Servicios de Salud Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico.,Cuerpo Académico Inmunogenética y Evolución UAS-CA-265, Facultad de Biología; Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guillermo Sánchez-Zazueta
- Cuerpo Académico Inmunogenética y Evolución UAS-CA-265, Facultad de Biología; Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Salvador Velarde-Félix
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Hospital General de Culiacán, Servicios de Salud Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico.,Maestría en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Culiacán, Mexico.,Cuerpo Académico Inmunogenética y Evolución UAS-CA-265, Facultad de Biología; Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
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Farag AGA, Shoeib MAA, labeeb AZ, Sleem AS, Khallaf HMA, Khalifa AS, Elshaib ME, Elnaidany NF, Hanout HMA. Human beta-defensin 1 circulating level and gene polymorphism in non-segmental vitiligo Egyptian patients. An Bras Dermatol 2023; 98:181-188. [PMID: 36535830 PMCID: PMC9984704 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is an acquired depigmented skin disorder. It has a genetic and autoimmune background. Human beta defensin-1(HBD-1) plus its gene polymorphism were linked to some autoimmune disorders. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the possible role of HBD-1 in the pathogenesis of non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) through evaluation of HBD-1 serum levels and its single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in patients having NSV, in addition, to correlating the results with the extent of vitiligo in those patients. METHODS A current case-control study included 50 patients having NSV and 50 controls. The authors used Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) score to assess vitiligo severity and laboratory investigations to assess serum HBD-1 level using ELISA and defensin-beta1 (DEFB1) SNP using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS There were significantly lower HBD-1 serum levels in NSV cases than in controls (p < 0.001). There was a significant predominance of GG DEFB1 genotype and G allele in NSV patients in comparison to controls (p < 0.001). The levels of serum HBD-1 and DEFB1 genotypes were not associated or correlated significantly with any of the personal and clinical parameters of vitiligo patients. STUDY LIMITATION The small sample size. CONCLUSIONS DEFB1 gene polymorphism (GG genotype and G allele) may modulate vitiligo risk and contribute to vitiligo development in Egyptian populations. Decreased circulating HBD-1 levels might have an active role in vitiligo etiopathogenesis that could be mediated through its possible anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Gaber Antar Farag
- Dermatology, Andrology and STDs Department, Faculty of Medicine Menoufia University, Shebin EL-koum, Egypt.
| | | | - Azza Zagloul labeeb
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine Menoufia University, Shebin EL-koum, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Shaaban Sleem
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine Menoufia University, Shebin EL-koum, Egypt
| | | | - Amany Salah Khalifa
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine Menoufia University, Shebin EL-koum, Egypt
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Zaher H, Shawky N, Rashed LA, Elmasry MF. Estimation of tissue level of human beta-defensin 1 in vitiligo before and after narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy: A case-control study. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2022; 38:397-400. [PMID: 34907609 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Zaher
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevine Shawky
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Ahmed Rashed
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Fathy Elmasry
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Saleh AA, Shehata WA, Abd-Elhafiz HI, Soliman SE. Potential impact of TNFAIP3 rs6920220 and DEFB1 rs1800972 gene polymorphisms on vitiligo in Egyptian patients. Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Ochoa-Ramirez LA, Rodriguez Millan J, Mendoza Vázquez LF, Díaz-Camacho SP, Verdugo Quiñonez SI, Rojas-Herrera DC, López Castro M, Prado Montes de Oca E, Velarde-Felix JS. β-defensin 1 Gene Polymorphisms are Associated with Kidney Disease in Northwestern Mexicans with Type 2 Diabetes. Immunol Invest 2021; 51:1398-1406. [PMID: 34251960 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1948564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the more limiting complications to the quality of life of diabetes mellitus patients. Studies including cultured cells, animal models, and case-control studies highlight the role of human β-defensin-1 (hBD-1) in diabetes.This study assessed the association of hBD-1 gene (DEFB1) functional variations -52 G/A (rs1799946), -44 C/G (rs1800972) and -20 G/A (rs11362) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in order to investigate its effects on genetic susceptibility and progression to DKD in a Mexican population. A total of 214 T2DM patients with and without DKD (n = 102 and n = 112, respectively) and 117 healthy subjects participated in this case-control study. Genotyping was made by PCR-RFLPs. Clinical and biochemical parameters of all patients were measured. There was no statistically significant difference in genotype or allele frequencies between patients and healthy individuals. Nevertheless, compared with patients without DKD, DKD patients have a reduced prevalence of AA genotype of -52 G/A (OR = 0.307, 95% CI = 0.104-0.905, p =.026), as well as a higher frequency of GA genotype of -20 G/A variant (OR = 1.875, 95%CI = 1.031-3.409, p = .038). Our results suggest that rs1799946 and rs11362 could be useful variants to stratify T2DM Mexican patients in order to prescribe closer follow-up to prevent or retard DKD. Further tests in different ethnic groups are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Rodriguez Millan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General de Culiacán "Bernardo J. Gastélum", Culiacán, México
| | | | | | | | | | - Martín López Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General de Culiacán "Bernardo J. Gastélum", Culiacán, México
| | - Ernesto Prado Montes de Oca
- Laboratory of Regulatory SNPs, Personalized Medicine Laboratory (LAMPER), Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology, CIATEJ, A.C., National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), Guadalajara, México
| | - Jesús Salvador Velarde-Felix
- Genomic Medicine Center, Hospital General de Culiacán "Bernardo J. Gastélum", Culiacán, México.,Faculty of Biology, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, México.,Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, México
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Salem RM, Abdelrahman AMN, Abd El-Kareem HM, Seif M. DEFB1 gene polymorphisms modify vitiligo extent and response to NB-UVB phototherapy. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e14921. [PMID: 33647170 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human beta defensin-1(hBD-1); an antimicrobial peptide, has immune regulatory effects which may be involved in autoimmunity. The aims were to evaluate the association between defensin beta 1 (DEFB1) (-44 C/G) and (-20 G/A) gene polymorphisms with the risk of vitiligo development, the extent of the disease and the response to NB-UVB treatment in a sample of Egyptian population. 178 active nonsegmental vitiligo patients and 182 control subjects were included in this prospective case control study. Vitiligo extent was evaluated using vitiligo area scoring index (VASI). Gene polymorphisms in all participants were studied by RFLP PCR technique. Patients were treated by three narrowband UVB (NB-UVB) treatment sessions per week. After 12 weeks, the patients were reevaluated clinically to assess the extent of the disease using VASI scoring again and to evaluate the type of repigmentation, if any. AA genotype of DEFB1 (-20G/A) has a protective role against vitiligo development, while (DEFB1 -44 C/G) GG genotype and G allele increase the risk of vitiligo development about two folds. Patients carrying polymorphism in DEFB1 (-20G/A) only showed the lowest VASI scores (14.23 ± 2.77) and the highest percentage of improvement (66.12 ± 18.01%), while patients carrying polymorphism in DEFB1(-44 C/G) only showed the highest baseline VASI scores (38.87 ± 6.7) and the lowest therapeutic response (23.79 ± 19.42%) among all patients groups. Different DEFB1 gene polymorphisms may modify the risk of vitiligo development, the disease extent and the response to NB-UVB phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Mohammed Salem
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Andrology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | | | - Marwa Seif
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Benha University, Egypt
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Huraib GB, Al Harthi F, Arfin M, Aljamal A, Alrawi AS, Al-Asmari A. Association of Functional Polymorphism in Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Nonreceptor 22 (PTPN22) Gene with Vitiligo. Biomark Insights 2020; 15:1177271920903038. [PMID: 32076368 PMCID: PMC7003175 DOI: 10.1177/1177271920903038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22 (PTPN22) is associated with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. The functional polymorphism in PTPN22 at 1857 is a strong risk factor for vitiligo susceptibility in Europeans; however, controversy exits in other populations. Present study was aimed to determine whether the PTPN22 C1857T polymorphism confers susceptibility to vitiligo in Saudi Arabians. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified using tetra primer amplification-refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) method. The frequencies of allele T and genotype CT of PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism were significantly higher, whereas those of allele C and genotype CC were lower in patients as compared with controls (P < 0.0001). The genotype TT was absent in both the patients and controls. It is concluded that PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism is strongly associated with vitiligo susceptibility. However, additional studies are warranted using large number of samples from different ethnicities and geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fahad Al Harthi
- Department of Dermatology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Misbahul Arfin
- Scientific Research Center, Medical Services Department for Armed Forces, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Aljamal
- Department of Dermatology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulrahman Al-Asmari
- Scientific Research Center, Medical Services Department for Armed Forces, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Álvarez ÁH, Martínez Velázquez M, Prado Montes de Oca E. Human β-defensin 1 update: Potential clinical applications of the restless warrior. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:133-137. [PMID: 30236992 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human β-defensin 1 (hBD-1) is a multifaceted antimicrobial peptide being a tumour suppressor and, depending on call of duty, capable of inducing self-nets and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to capture and/or kill bacteria, participates in inflammatory responses in chronic diseases including hBD-3 upregulation and also capable of up/downregulation in the presence of certain species of Lactobacillus sp. Thus, is regulated by host microbiota. Alleles, genotypes and/or altered gene expression of its coding gene, DEFB1, have been associated with several human diseases/conditions ranging from metabolic/chronic (e.g. cancer), infectious (e.g. tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS), inflammatory (gastrointestinal diseases), male infertility and more recently, neurologic (e.g. depression and Alzheimer) and autoimmune diseases (e.g. vitiligo and systemic lupus erythematosus). The present update focuses on novel DEFB1/hBD-1 properties and biomarker features, its biological function and the pharmaceutical potential uses of antimicrobial peptide elicitors (APEs) or the engineered peptide in the treatment of hBD-1-related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel H Álvarez
- Personalized Medicine National Laboratory (LAMPER), Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Research Center of Technology and Design Assistance of Jalisco State (CIATEJ), National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Moisés Martínez Velázquez
- Personalized Medicine National Laboratory (LAMPER), Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Research Center of Technology and Design Assistance of Jalisco State (CIATEJ), National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Prado Montes de Oca
- Personalized Medicine National Laboratory (LAMPER), Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Research Center of Technology and Design Assistance of Jalisco State (CIATEJ), National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Mexico.
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