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Nucleic Acids as Novel Therapeutic Modalities to Address Multiple Sclerosis Onset and Progression. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2611-2627. [PMID: 34694513 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The issue of treating Multiple Sclerosis (MS) begins with disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) which may cause lymphopenia, dyspnea, and many other adverse effects. Consequently, further identification and evaluation of alternative treatments are crucial to monitoring their long-term outcomes and hopefully, moving toward personalized approaches that can be translated into clinical treatments. In this article, we focused on the novel therapeutic modalities that alter the interaction between the cellular constituents contributing to MS onset and progression. Furthermore, the studies that have been performed to evaluate and optimize drugs' efficacy, and particularly, to show their limitations and strengths are also presented. The preclinical trials of novel approaches for multiple sclerosis treatment provide promising prospects to cure the disease with pinpoint precision. Considering the fact that not a single treatment could be effective enough to cover all aspects of MS treatment, additional researches and therapies need to be developed in the future. Since the pathophysiology of MS resembles a jigsaw puzzle, researchers need to put a host of pieces together to create a promising window towards MS treatment. Thus, a combination therapy encompassing all these modules is highly likely to succeed in dealing with the disease. The use of different therapeutic approaches to re-induce self-tolerance in autoreactive cells contributing to MS pathogenesis is presented. A Combination therapy using these tools may help to deal with the clinical disabilities and symptoms of the disease in the future.
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2
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Recent Advances in Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060333. [PMID: 32486045 PMCID: PMC7348736 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and is considered to be the leading non-traumatic cause of neurological disability in young adults. Current treatments for MS comprise long-term immunosuppressant drugs and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) designed to alter its progress with the enhanced risk of severe side effects. The Holy Grail for the treatment of MS is to specifically suppress the disease while at the same time allow the immune system to be functionally active against infectious diseases and malignancy. This could be achieved via the development of immunotherapies designed to specifically suppress immune responses to self-antigens (e.g., myelin antigens). The present study attempts to highlight the various antigen-specific immunotherapies developed so far for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (e.g., vaccination with myelin-derived peptides/proteins, plasmid DNA encoding myelin epitopes, tolerogenic dendritic cells pulsed with encephalitogenic epitopes of myelin proteins, attenuated autologous T cells specific for myelin antigens, T cell receptor peptides, carriers loaded/conjugated with myelin immunodominant peptides, etc), focusing on the outcome of their recent preclinical and clinical evaluation, and to shed light on the mechanisms involved in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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3
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Kalantari T, Ciric B, Kamali-Sarvestani E, Rostami A. Bone marrow dendritic cells deficient for CD40 and IL-23p19 are tolerogenic in vitro. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:287-292. [PMID: 32440313 PMCID: PMC7229508 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.36160.8615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective(s): In addition to pro-inflammatory role, dendritic cells (DCs) can also be anti-inflammatory when they acquire tolerogenic phenotype. In this study we tested the role of CD40 and IL-23p19 in antigen presenting function of bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) by comparing BMDCs derived from CD40 knockout (CD40KO-DCs) and IL-23p19 (IL-23p19KO-DCs) knockout mice with those from C57BL/6 mice (Cont-DCs). We have focused on CD40 and IL-23, as these molecules have well established pro-inflammatory roles in a number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Materials and Methods: The expression of maturation markers MHC II and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86 was analyzed by flow cytometry, while the expression of CD40 and IL-23p19 was measured by RT-PCR. The capacity of BMDCs to activate CD4+ T cells was evaluated by 3H-thymidine incorporation, and the capacity of BMDCs to uptake antigen was evaluated using fluorescent OVA and flow cytometry. Results: The lack of CD40 or IL-23p19 had no effect on uptake of FITC-OVA by the DCs, confirming their immature phenotype. Moreover, CD40KO-DCs had significantly reduced capacity to stimulate proliferation of CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells activated by CD40KO-DCs and IL-23p19KO-DCs produced significantly less IFN-γ (P-value ≤0.05), while CD4+ T cells stimulated by IL-23p19KO-DCs produced less GM-CSF and more IL-10 than Cont-DCs. Conclusion: This study shows that CD40KO-DCs and IL-23p19KO-DCs have a marked tolerogenic potency in vitro. Future in vivo studies should determine if and to what extent DCs lacking CD40 or IL-23 have a potential to be useful in therapy of autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Kalantari
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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STAT3 Activation in Combination with NF-KappaB Inhibition Induces Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with High Therapeutic Potential to Attenuate Collagen-Induced Arthritis. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1982570. [PMID: 31355296 PMCID: PMC6636450 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1982570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have the ability to induce tolerance or inflammation in response to self-antigens, which makes them fundamental players in autoimmunity. In this regard, immunogenic DCs produce IL-12 and IL-23 favouring the acquisition of Th1 and Th17 inflammatory phenotypes, respectively, by autoreactive CD4+ T-cells, thus promoting autoimmunity. Conversely, tolerogenic DCs produce IL-10 and TGF-β, inducing the generation of CD4+ T-cells with suppressive activity (Treg), which promote tolerance to self-constituents. Previous studies have shown that STAT3 signalling in DCs attenuates the production of proinflammatory cytokines, whilst NF-κB activation promotes it. In this study, we aimed to generate DCs displaying strong and constitutive tolerogenic profile to be used as immunotherapy in autoimmunity. To this end, we transduced bone marrow-derived DCs with lentiviral particles codifying for a constitutively active version of STAT3 (constitutively active STAT3 (STAT3ca)) or with a constitutive repressor of NF-κB (IκBα superrepressor (IκBαSR)), and their therapeutic potential was evaluated in a mouse model of arthritis induced by collagen (CIA). Our results show that STAT3ca transduction favoured the production of the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10, whereas IκBαSR transduction attenuated the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-23 in DCs. Moreover, both STAT3ca-transduced and IκBαSR-transduced DCs separately exerted a mild but significant therapeutic effect reducing the severity of CIA development. Furthermore, when DCs were transduced with both STAT3ca and IκBαSR together, they reduced CIA manifestation significantly stronger than when transduced with only STAT3ca or IκBαSR separately. These results show STAT3 and NF-κB as two important and complementary regulators of the tolerogenic behaviour of DCs, which should be considered as molecular targets in the design of DC-based suppressive immunotherapies for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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5
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Interleukin 10 Gene-Modified Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Attenuate Liver Fibrosis in Mice by Inducing Regulatory T Cells and Inhibiting the TGF- β/Smad Signaling Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4652596. [PMID: 30800002 PMCID: PMC6360045 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4652596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To explore the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of interleukin 10 gene-modified bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC-IL10) on liver fibrosis. Methods In vitro, BMDCs were transfected with lentiviral-interleukin 10-GFP (LV-IL10-GFP) at the MOI of 1 : 40. Then, the phenotype (MHCII, CD80, and CD86) and allo-stimulatory ability of DC-IL10 were identified by flow cytometry, and the levels of IL-10 and IL-12 (p70) secreted into the culture supernatants were quantified by ELISA. In vivo, DC-IL10 was injected into mice with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through the tail vein. Lymphocytes were isolated to investigate the differentiation of T cells, and serum and liver tissue were collected for biochemical, cytokine, histopathologic, immune-histochemical, and Western blot analyzes. Results In vitro, the expressions of MHCII, CD80, and CD86 in DC-IL10 were significantly suppressed, allogeneic CD4+T cells incubated with DC-IL10 showed a lower proliferative response, and the levels of IL-10 and IL-12 (p70) secreted into the DC-IL10 culture supernatants were significantly increased and decreased, respectively. In vivo, regulatory T cells (Tregs) were significantly increased, while ALT, AST, and inflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced in the DC-IL10 treatment group, and the degree of hepatic fibrosis was obviously reversed. The TGF-β/smad pathway was inhibited following DC-IL10 treatment compared to the liver fibrosis group. Conclusion IL-10 genetic modification of BMDCs may maintain DC in the state of tolerance and allow DC to induce T cell hyporesponsiveness or tolerance. DC-IL10 suppressed liver fibrosis by inducing Treg production and inhibiting the TGF-β/smad signaling pathway.
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6
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Aarts SABM, Seijkens TTP, van Dorst KJF, Dijkstra CD, Kooij G, Lutgens E. The CD40-CD40L Dyad in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1791. [PMID: 29312317 PMCID: PMC5732943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD40-CD40L dyad is an immune checkpoint regulator that promotes both innate and adaptive immune responses and has therefore an essential role in the development of inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, CD40 and CD40L are expressed on immune cells present in blood and lymphoid organs, affected resident central nervous system (CNS) cells, and inflammatory cells that have infiltrated the CNS. CD40-CD40L interactions fuel the inflammatory response underlying MS, and both genetic deficiency and antibody-mediated inhibition of the CD40-CD40L dyad reduce disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Both proteins are therefore attractive therapeutic candidates to modulate aberrant inflammatory responses in MS. Here, we discuss the genetic, experimental and clinical studies on the role of CD40 and CD40L interactions in EAE and MS and we explore novel approaches to therapeutically target this dyad to combat neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A. B. M. Aarts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom T. P. Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Christine D. Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
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7
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Obreque J, Vega F, Torres A, Cuitino L, Mackern-Oberti JP, Viviani P, Kalergis A, Llanos C. Autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells derived from monocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients and healthy donors show a stable and immunosuppressive phenotype. Immunology 2017; 152:648-659. [PMID: 28763099 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with unrestrained T-cell and B-cell activity towards self-antigens. Evidence shows that apoptotic cells (ApoCells) trigger an autoreactive response against nuclear antigens in susceptible individuals. In this study, we focus on generating and characterizing tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) to restore tolerance to ApoCells. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) from healthy controls and patients with SLE were treated with dexamethasone and rosiglitazone to induce tolDCs. Autologous apoptotic lymphocytes generated by UV irradiation were given to tolDCs as a source of self-antigens. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as a maturation stimulus to induce the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and secretion of cytokines. TolDCs generated from patients with SLE showed a reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules after LPS stimulation compared with mature DCs. The same phenomenon was observed in tolDCs treated with ApoCells and LPS. In addition, ApoCell-loaded tolDCs stimulated with LPS secreted lower levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12p70 than mature DCs without differences in IL-10 secretion. The functionality of tolDCs was assessed by their capacity to prime allogeneic T cells. TolDCs displayed suppressor properties as demonstrated by a significantly reduced capacity to induce allogeneic T-cell proliferation and activation. ApoCell-loaded tolDCs generated from SLE monocytes have a stable immature/tolerogenic phenotype that can modulate CD4+ T-cell activation. These properties make them suitable for an antigen-specific immunotherapy for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Obreque
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Vega
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andy Torres
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto Cuitino
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Paola Viviani
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Llanos
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Wu H, Lo Y, Chan A, Law KS, Mok MY. Rel B-modified dendritic cells possess tolerogenic phenotype and functions on lupus splenic lymphocytes in vitro. Immunology 2017; 149:48-61. [PMID: 27278094 PMCID: PMC4981611 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by high morbidity and mortality and its treatment remains challenging. Dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to participate in the initiation and perpetuation of lupus pathogenesis and the DCs that can induce tolerogenicity appear as potential cell‐based therapy in this condition. In this study, we examined the in vitro tolerogenic properties of bone‐marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) in the murine lupus setting. We used lentiviral transduction of RelB‐silencing short hairpin RNA to modify the expression of RelB, a key transcription factor regulating DC maturation, in BMDCs from MRL/MpJ mice. Tolerogenic properties of RelB‐modified DCs were compared with scrambled control (SC) ‐modified DCs. RelB expression was found to be significantly reduced in RelB‐modified DCs derived from MRL/MpJ mice, wild‐type of the same genetic background as MRL/lpr lupus‐prone mice. These MRL/MpJ RelB‐modified DCs displayed semi‐mature phenotype with expression of lower levels of co‐stimulatory molecules compared with SC‐modified DCs. RelB‐modified DCs were found to be low producers of interleukin‐12p70 (IL‐12p70) and could induce hyporesponsiveness of splenic T cells from MRL/MpJ and MRL/lpr mice. Furthermore, they down‐regulated interferon‐γ expression and induced IL‐10‐producing T cells in MRL/MpJ splenocytes, and attenuated interferon‐γ and IL‐17 expression in MRL/lpr splenic CD4+ lymphocytes. Splenocytes primed by RelB‐modified DCs demonstrated antigen‐specific suppressive effects on allogeneic splenocytes. In conclusion, RelB‐silencing in DCs generates DCs of tolerogenic properties with immunomodulatory function and appears as potential option of cell‐targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Wu
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Lo
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Albert Chan
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Sin Law
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mo Yin Mok
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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9
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Kouwenberg M, Jacobs CWM, van der Vlag J, Hilbrands LB. Allostimulatory Effects of Dendritic Cells with Characteristic Features of a Regulatory Phenotype. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159986. [PMID: 27525971 PMCID: PMC4985155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) have the potential to prolong graft survival after transplantation. Tolerogenic DCs are in general characterized by a low expression of co-stimulatory molecule and a high IL-10:IL-12 production ratio. Based on promising results with earlier used alternatively activated DCs, we aimed to generate in culture potentially tolerogenic DC by simultaneously blocking GSK3 by lithium chloride (LiCl) and stimulating TLR2 by PAM3CysSerLys4. Materials and Methods Bone marrow-derived LiClPAM3 DCs were generated by the addition of LiCl 24 hours before harvesting, and one hour later PAM3CysSerLys4. The phenotype of the DCs was assessed by determining the expression of co-stimulatory molecules in flow cytometry and cytokine production in ELISA, whereas their functional properties were tested in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. A fully MHC mismatched heterotopic heart transplant preceded by infusion of donor-derived LiClPAM3 DC was performed to assess the tolerogenic potential of LiClPAM3 DCs in vivo. Results LiClPAM3 DCs displayed a tolerogenic phenotype accompanied with a low expression of co-stimulatory molecules and a high IL-10:IL-12 production ratio. However, in mixed lymphocyte reaction, LiClPAM3 DCs appeared superior in T cell stimulation, and induced Th1 and Th17 differentiation. Moreover, mice pretreated with LiClPAM3 DC displayed a reduced graft survival. Analysis of LiClPAM3 DC culture supernatant revealed high levels of CXCL-1, which was also found in supernatants of co-cultures of LiClPAM3 DC and T cells. Nevertheless, we could not show a role for CXCL-1 in T cell proliferation or activation in vitro. Discussion LiClPAM3 DCs display in vitro a tolerogenic phenotype with a high IL-10:IL-12 ratio, but appeared to be highly immunogenic, since allograft rejection was accelerated. As yet unidentified LiClPAM3 DC-derived factors, may explain the immunogenic character of LiClPAM3 DCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kouwenberg
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - C W M Jacobs
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - L B Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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10
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García-González P, Ubilla-Olguín G, Catalán D, Schinnerling K, Aguillón JC. Tolerogenic dendritic cells for reprogramming of lymphocyte responses in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:1071-1080. [PMID: 27485011 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) control immune responses by driving potent inflammatory actions against external and internal threats while generating tolerance to self and harmless components. This duality and their potential to reprogram immune responses in an antigen-specific fashion have made them an interesting target for immunotherapeutic strategies to control autoimmune diseases. Several protocols have been described for in vitro generation of tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) capable of modulating adaptive immune responses and restoring tolerance through different mechanisms that involve anergy, generation of regulatory lymphocyte populations, or deletion of potentially harmful inflammatory T cell subsets. Recently, the capacity of tolDCs to induce interleukin (IL-10)-secreting regulatory B cells has been demonstrated. In vitro assays and rodent models of autoimmune diseases provide insights to the molecular regulators and pathways enabling tolDCs to control immune responses. Here we review mechanisms through which tolDCs modulate adaptive immune responses, particularly focusing on their suitability for reprogramming autoreactive CD4+ effector T cells. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings establishing that tolDCs also modulate B cell populations and discuss clinical trials applying tolDCs to patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina García-González
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Ubilla-Olguín
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Catalán
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile
| | - Katina Schinnerling
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile.
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11
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Sniping the scout: Targeting the key molecules in dendritic cell functions for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:27-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Xu X, Gao Y, Shan F, Feng J. A novel role for RGMa in modulation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells maturation induced by lipopolysaccharide. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 33:99-107. [PMID: 26896667 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Repulsive guidance molecule a (RGMa) is known to mediate immune responses and has been indicated to modulates T cell activation and autoimmune diseases by dendritic cells (DCs), which hints its significant function in the latter cells. The aim of our study, therefore, was to evaluate the function of RGMa in DC maturation. We found that small interfering RNA (siRNA) successfully silenced the expression of RGMa in DCs. Even after LPS stimulation, RGMa-silenced DCs displayed an immature morphology, characterized by small, round cells with a few cell processes and organelles, and many pinocytotic vesicles. In the presence of LPS, RGMa siRNA transfection markedly reduced levels of CD80, CD86, CD40, and MHC II expression, as well as the secretion of IL-12p70 and TNF-α. With LPS treatment, RGMa siRNA-transfected DCs also showed increased levels of IL-10 and endocytosis. Moreover, in the presence of LPS, RGMa siRNA-transfected DCs displayed a low ability to induce T cell proliferation and differentiation, compared with negative control (NTi)-transfected or control DCs (p<0.05 for both). We conclude that after LPS stimulation, RGMa siRNA-transfected DCs show immunoregulatory and tolerogenic characteristics, which provides new insights into the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxu Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, PR China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China.
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13
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Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Laaksonen H, Flytzani S, N'diaye M, Olsson T, Jagodic M. Translational utility of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: recent developments. J Inflamm Res 2015; 8:211-25. [PMID: 26622189 PMCID: PMC4654535 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s76707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune condition with firmly established genetic and environmental components. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed a large number of genetic polymorphisms in the vicinity of, and within, genes that associate to disease. However, the significance of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms in disease and possible mechanisms of action remain, with a few exceptions, to be established. While the animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has been instrumental in understanding immunity in general and mechanisms of MS disease in particular, much of the translational information gathered from the model in terms of treatment development (glatiramer acetate and natalizumab) has been extensively summarized. In this review, we would thus like to cover the work done in EAE from a GWAS perspective, highlighting the research that has addressed the role of different GWAS genes and their pathways in EAE pathogenesis. Understanding the contribution of these pathways to disease might allow for the stratification of disease subphenotypes in patients and in turn open the possibility for new and individualized treatment approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Ortlieb Guerreiro-Cacais
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Laaksonen
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sevasti Flytzani
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie N'diaye
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Role of dendritic cells in the initiation, progress and modulation of systemic autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:127-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Mok MY. Tolerogenic dendritic cells: role and therapeutic implications in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Rheum Dis 2014; 18:250-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yin Mok
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology Department of Medicine Queen Mary Hospital The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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16
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Mackern-Oberti JP, Vega F, Llanos C, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Targeting dendritic cell function during systemic autoimmunity to restore tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16381-417. [PMID: 25229821 PMCID: PMC4200801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases can damage nearly every tissue or cell type of the body. Although a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, current therapies have not been improved, remain unspecific and are associated with significant side effects. Because dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in promoting immune tolerance against self-antigens (self-Ags), current efforts are focusing at generating new therapies based on the transfer of tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) during autoimmunity. However, the feasibility of this approach during systemic autoimmunity has yet to be evaluated. TolDCs may ameliorate autoimmunity mainly by restoring T cell tolerance and, thus, indirectly modulating autoantibody development. In vitro induction of tolDCs loaded with immunodominant self-Ags and subsequent cell transfer to patients would be a specific new therapy that will avoid systemic immunosuppression. Herein, we review recent approaches evaluating the potential of tolDCs for the treatment of systemic autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Mackern-Oberti
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago 8330025, Chile.
| | - Fabián Vega
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago 8330033, Chile.
| | - Carolina Llanos
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago 8330033, Chile.
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago 8330025, Chile.
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago 8330025, Chile.
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17
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Zandman-Goddard G, Pierangeli SS, Gertel S, Blank M. Tolerogenic dendritic cells specific for β2-glycoprotein-I Domain-I, attenuate experimental antiphospholipid syndrome. J Autoimmun 2014; 54:72-80. [PMID: 24972993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) have the potential to control the outcome of autoimmunity by modulating the immune response. The aim of this study was to uncover the tolerance efficacy attributed to beta-2-glycoprotein-I (β2GPI) tDCs or β2GPI domain-I (D-I) and domain-V (D-V)-tDCs in mice with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). tDCs were pulsed with β2GPI or D-I or D-V derivatives. Our results revealed that β2GPI related tDCs phenotype includes CD80(high), CD86(high) CD40(high) MHC class II(high). The miRNA profiling encompass miRNA 23b(high), miRNA 142-3p(low) and miRNA 221(low). In addition the β2GPI related tDCs showed reduced secretion of IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-23. D-I tDCs treatment was more efficient than β2GPI tDCs in inducing of tolerance in APS mice, manifested by lowered titers of anti- β2GPI antibodies (Abs) and reduced percentage of fetal loss. Tolerance induction was accompanied by poor T cell response to β2GPI, high numbers of CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + T-regulatory cells (Treg), reduced levels of IFNγ, IL-17 and increased expression of IL-10 and TGFβ. Tolerance was successfully transferred by Treg cells from the tolerized mice to β2GPI immunized mice. We conclude that predominantly D-I-tDCs and β2GPI tDCs have the potential to attenuate experimental APS by induction of Treg cells, reduction of anti- β2GPI Abs titers and increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. We suggest that β2-GPI-D-I-tDCs may offer a novel approach for developing therapy for APS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Zandman-Goddard
- The Zabludowicz Center For Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, 52621, Israel; Department of Medicine C, Wolfson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Holon, Israel
| | - Silvia S Pierangeli
- Antiphospholipid Standardization Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Smadar Gertel
- The Zabludowicz Center For Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, 52621, Israel
| | - Miri Blank
- The Zabludowicz Center For Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, 52621, Israel.
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