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Byrne ML, Whittle S, Vijayakumar N, Dennison M, Simmons JG, Allen NB. A systematic review of adrenarche as a sensitive period in neurobiological development and mental health. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 25:12-28. [PMID: 28077245 PMCID: PMC6987793 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial hormonal and neurobiological changes occur during puberty, and are widely argued to render this period of life a sensitive period in terms of risk for mental health problems. However, there is a paucity of research focusing on adrenarche, the earlier phase of pubertal development. Furthermore, there is a limited understanding of the association between adrenarche and neural development during this phase of life. We systematically reviewed research examining human adrenarcheal development as operationalized by hormonal levels of DHEA and DHEA-S, in relation to indices of mental health (Systematic Review 1). We then reviewed the limited amount of literature that has examined the association between adrenarcheal development and brain structure or function (Systematic Review 2). In general, studies showed that earlier timing of adrenarche was associated with greater mental health symptoms, and there is emerging support that brain development plays a role in this relationship. However, several methodological inconsistencies were noted. We propose that future research in this area test a theoretical model of adrenarche as a sensitive period of neurobiological development, whereby timing of exposure to hormones interacts with brain development, biological sex, and psychosocial stress to influence environmental sensitivity and risk for mental health problems through adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Whittle
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Meg Dennison
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julian G Simmons
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas B Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Uçar A, Öner N, Özek G, Çetinçakmak MG, Abuhandan M, Yıldırım A, Kaya C, Ünverdi S, Emeksiz HC, Yılmaz Y, Yetim A. Evaluation of the glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and adrenal androgen secretion dynamics in a large cohort of patients aged 6-18 years with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia major, with an emphasis on the impact of cardiac iron load. Endocrine 2016; 53:240-8. [PMID: 26839091 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The variable presence of adrenal insufficiency (AI) due to hypocortisolemia (HC) in patients with thalassemia is well established; however, the prevalence of adrenocortical hypofunction (ACH) in the zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex is unknown. To establish the prevalence of ACH, we examined the cortisol response to 1-µg and 250-µg ACTH tests, plasma aldosterone (A)/plasma renin activity (PRA) ratio, and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels in a large cohort of patients with thalassemia, and to investigate the impact of total body iron load (TBIL) on adrenocortical function. The setting used was University hospital and government-based tertiary care center. One hundred twenty-one (52 females) patients with β-thalassemia major (β-TM) and 72 healthy peers (38 females) were enrolled. The patients underwent a 250-µg cosyntropin test if their peak cortisol was <500 nmol/L in a 1-µg cosyntropin test. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to assess the MRI-based liver iron content and cardiac MRI T2* iron. The associations between ACH and TBIL were investigated. The patients with thalassemia had lower ACTH, cortisol, DHEAS, and A/PRA values compared with the controls (p < 0.001). Thirty-nine patients (32.2 %) had HC [primary (n = 1), central (n = 36), combined (n = 2)], and 47 (38.8 %) patients had reduced DHEAS levels; 29 (24.0 %) patients had reduced A/PRA ratios. Forty-six (38.0 %) patients had hypofunction in one of the adrenal zones, 26 (21.5 %) had hypofunction in two adrenal zones, and 9 (7.4 %) had hypofunction in all three zones. Patient age and TBIL surrogates were significant independent parameters associated with ACH. Cardiac MRI T2* iron was the only significant parameter that predicted the severity of ACH at a cut-off of 20.6 ms, with 81 % sensitivity and 78 % specificity. Patients with thalassemia have a high prevalence of AI due to HC and zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis hypofunction. TBIL surrogates can predict ACH, but cardiac iron was the only surrogate that was adequately sensitive to predict the severity of ACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Uçar
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Education & Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nergiz Öner
- Department of Paediatric Hematology & Oncology, Children's State Hospital of Sanliurfa, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Gülcihan Özek
- Department of Paediatric Hematology & Oncology, Children's State Hospital of Sanliurfa, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | | | - Mahmut Abuhandan
- Department of Paediatrics, Harran School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ali Yıldırım
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Children's State Hospital of Sanliurfa, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Cemil Kaya
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's State Hospital of Sanliurfa, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Sena Ünverdi
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Children's State Hospital of Sanliurfa, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Hamdi Cihan Emeksiz
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Trabzon Kanuni Education & Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Yasin Yılmaz
- Department of Paediatrics, Istanbul School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Yetim
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, Istanbul School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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