1
|
Lee JY, Lee JA, Lee HK, Kim YB, Lee SM, Nam CJ. BVN008, Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis combined vaccine has no effects on fertility and prenatal and postnatal developmental toxicity in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 126:108587. [PMID: 38663639 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Tdap is an acronym for tetanus(T), diphtheria(D), and acellular pertussis(aP), and is a preventive vaccine that combines vaccines against three diseases. BVN008 is a Tdap vaccine designed to protect against three diseases: diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. The lower-case "d" and "p" in Td and Tdap means these vaccines use smaller amounts of diphtheria and whooping cough. The lower doses are appropriate for adolescents and adults. The purpose of this study was to identify adverse effects in pregnant or lactating female Sprague-Dawley rats including maternal fertility and toxicity, and development of the embryos, fetus, and pups following intramuscular administration of BVN008. Two groups of 50 female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered four or five intramuscular injections of the vaccine (human dose of 0.5 mL at 4 and 2 weeks before pairing, on gestation day (GD) 8 and 15, and lactation day (LD) 7. A negative control group was administered 0.9% saline at the same dose four or five times. There were no adverse effects on fertility, reproductive performance, or maternal toxicity of the F0 females. There was no effect of developmental toxicity in F1 fetuses and pups including fetal body weight and morphology, postnatal growth, development, and behavior until weaning. Antibodies against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis were transferred to the F1 fetuses and F1 pups via placenta and milk. These results demonstrate that BVN008 had no detectable adverse effects in either the F0 female rats, the F1 fetuses or pups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Lee
- Nonclinical Research Institute, CORESTEMCHEMON Inc., 240, Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17162, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National, University, Chungdae-ro 1 (Gaesin-dong), Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Boryung Biopharma Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kul Lee
- Nonclinical Research Institute, CORESTEMCHEMON Inc., 240, Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National, University, Chungdae-ro 1 (Gaesin-dong), Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Lee
- Boryung Biopharma Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chun-Ja Nam
- Nonclinical Research Institute, CORESTEMCHEMON Inc., 240, Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17162, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jin B, Zhang C, Zhong Z, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Li D, Zhu M, Yu B. A novel degradable PCL/PLLA strapping band for internal fixation of fracture. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2023; 34:57. [PMID: 37938467 PMCID: PMC10632200 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-023-06759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Early fracture fixation is the critical factor in fracture healing. Common internal fracture implants are made of metallic materials, which often affects the imaging quality of CT and MRI. Most patients will choose secondary surgery to remove the internal fixation implants, which causes secondary damage to them. The development of new degradable internal fracture implants has attracted more and more attention from orthopedic surgeons and researchers. Based on these problems, we improved the various properties of medical grade polycaprolactone (PCL) by adding poly(L-lactide) (PLLA). We produced PCL/PLLA strapping bands with different mass ratios by injection molding. We compared the mechanical properties, degradation properties, cell biocompatibility, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and fracture fixation effect of these strapping bands. The results showed that the tensile strength and yield force of the strapping bands increased with the increase of the content of PLLA. The addition of PLLA could significantly improve the mechanical strength in the early stage and accelerate the degradation rate of the strapping band. PCL/PLLA (80/20) strapping band had no significant cytotoxicity toward rBMSCs and could promote osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. The strapping band could ensure femoral fracture healing of beagles in 3 months and didn't cause damage to the surrounding tissues and main organs. This study will provide some new insights into the biodegradable products of PCL/PLLA blends for internal fixation of fracture. We produced novel degradable PCL/PLLA strapping bands with different mass ratios by injection molding. We tested the biological safety of the prepared internal fixation strapping bands for fracture, such as cell experiment in vitro and animal experiment, and studied the degradation behavior in vitro. The strapping bands could ensure femoral fracture healing of beagles. This study will provide some new insights into the biodegradable products of PCL/PLLA blends for internal fixation of fracture. A Immunofluorescence staining of rBMSCs (live cells: green; dead cells: red). B Young's modulus change curve during strapping bands degradation. C The implantation process of strapping bands. D Micro-CT images of the beagle's fracture recovery after the operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoyan Jin
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongjing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyuan Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zichen Liu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dejian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Baoqing Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wright PSR, Smith GF, Briggs KA, Thomas R, Maglennon G, Mikulskis P, Chapman M, Greene N, Phillips BU, Bender A. Retrospective analysis of the potential use of virtual control groups in preclinical toxicity assessment using the eTOX database. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105309. [PMID: 36481280 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virtual Control Groups (VCGs) based on Historical Control Data (HCD) in preclinical toxicity testing have the potential to reduce animal usage. As a case study we retrospectively analyzed the impact of replacing Concurrent Control Groups (CCGs) with VCGs on the treatment-relatedness of 28 selected histopathological findings reported in either rat or dog in the eTOX database. We developed a novel methodology whereby statistical predictions of treatment-relatedness using either CCGs or VCGs of varying covariate similarity to CCGs were compared to designations from original toxicologist reports; and changes in agreement were used to quantify changes in study outcomes. Generally, the best agreement was achieved when CCGs were replaced with VCGs with the highest level of similarity; the same species, strain, sex, administration route, and vehicle. For example, balanced accuracies for rat findings were 0.704 (predictions based on CCGs) vs. 0.702 (predictions based on VCGs). Moreover, we identified covariates which resulted in poorer identification of treatment-relatedness. This was related to an increasing incidence rate divergence in HCD relative to CCGs. Future databases which collect data at the individual animal level including study details such as animal age and testing facility are required to build adequate VCGs to accurately identify treatment-related effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham F Smith
- AstraZeneca, Data Science and AI, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gareth Maglennon
- AstraZeneca, Oncology Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, Melbourn, United Kingdom
| | - Paulius Mikulskis
- AstraZeneca, Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Melissa Chapman
- AstraZeneca, Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, Melbourn, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Greene
- AstraZeneca, Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin U Phillips
- AstraZeneca, Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bender
- University of Cambridge, Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuwagata M, Sato A, Izumi Y, Chihara K, Yamasaki H, Katsumata Y, Ooshima Y, Buschmann J, Fujiwara M. Current activities between the DevTox Berlin workshops and the Japanese Teratology Society Terminology Committee in harmonizing the terminology for classifying anomalies in laboratory animals in developmental toxicity studies: Report from the Satellite Workshop of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Teratology Society. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2022; 62:198-202. [PMID: 35665967 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the Japanese Teratology Society has worked with the DevTox Berlin Workshops project to provide internationally consistent terminology for teratogenic effects. This paper summarizes a satellite workshop of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Teratology Society, which was entitled "Current activities between DevTox Berlin Workshops to develop a harmonized terminology for classifying anomalies in laboratory animals in developmental toxicity studies." The Japanese Teratology Society - Laboratory Animal Terminology Project (JTS-LATP) reviewed "gray zone" anomalies and focused on developing criteria for reclassifying a large number of gray zone anomalies to clarify them and to make it easier to judge fetal categories. This effort will lead to international agreement, based on shared conceptions. The present article aimed to provide the reader with a summary of the issues discussed at the 2020 satellite meeting, which included discussions on open issues from the DevTox Berlin Workshops, ongoing work by the JTS-LATP on gray zone (GZ) anomalies, current industrial concerns, and future challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akira Sato
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuko Izumi
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yojiro Ooshima
- JTS Terminology Committee in Laboratory Animal Term Project, Japan
| | - Jochen Buschmann
- Consultant in General and Reproductive Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu H, Ida L, Birkbeck AA, Lantto TA, Etter S, Delaney B. Repeated dose toxicity study to assess the safety and reproductive/developmental safety of 7-methyl-2H-1,5-Benzodioxepin-3(4H)-One (Calone®) and the read across approach to its biodegradation metabolite 7-methyl-2H-1,5-benzodioxepin-3-ol (Calol). Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 168:113328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
6
|
Marx-Stoelting P, Solano MDLM, Aoyama H, Adams RH, Bal-Price A, Buschmann J, Chahoud I, Clark R, Fang T, Fujiwara M, Gelinsky M, Grote K, Horimoto M, Bennekou SH, Kellner R, Kuwagata M, Leist M, Lang A, Li W, Mantovani A, Makris SL, Paumgartten F, Perron M, Sachana M, Schmitt A, Schneider S, Schönfelder G, Schulze F, Shiota K, Solecki R. 25th anniversary of the Berlin workshop on developmental toxicology: DevTox database update, challenges in risk assessment of developmental neurotoxicity and alternative methodologies in bone development and growth. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 100:155-162. [PMID: 33278556 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
25 years after the first Berlin Workshop on Developmental Toxicity this 10th Berlin Workshop aimed to bring together international experts from authorities, academia and industry to consider scientific, methodologic and regulatory aspects in risk assessment of developmental toxicity and to debate alternative strategies in testing developmental effects in the future. Proposals for improvement of the categorization of developmental effects were discussed as well as the update of the DevTox database as valuable tool for harmonization. The development of adverse outcome pathways relevant to developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) was debated as a fundamental improvement to guide the screening and testing for DNT using alternatives to animal methods. A further focus was the implementation of an in vitro mechanism-based battery, which can support various regulatory applications associated with the assessment of chemicals and mixtures. More interdisciplinary and translation research should be initiated to accelerate the development of new technologies to test developmental toxicity. Technologies in the pipeline are (i) high throughput imaging techniques, (ii) models for DNT screening tests, (iii) use of computer tomography for assessment of thoracolumbar supernumerary ribs in animal models, and (iv) 3D biofabrication of bone development and regeneration tissue models. In addition, increased collaboration with the medical community was suggested to improve the relevance of test results to humans and identify more clinically relevant endpoints. Finally, the participants agreed that this conference facilitated better understanding innovative approaches that can be useful for the identification of developmental health risks due to exposure to chemical substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ralf H Adams
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Ibrahim Chahoud
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Ruth Clark
- Ruth Clark Associates Ltd., United Kingdom
| | - Tian Fang
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, China
| | | | | | - Konstanze Grote
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | | | | | - Rupert Kellner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Annemarie Lang
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Weihua Li
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, China
| | | | - Susan L Makris
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | - Monique Perron
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides Programs, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Health and Safety Division, Paris, France
| | - Anne Schmitt
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gilbert Schönfelder
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Frank Schulze
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Roland Solecki
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Letter to the editor re: Cabrera et al., 2019 'The antagonism of folate receptor by dolutegravir: developmental toxicity reduction by supplemental folic acid'. AIDS 2020; 34:162-163. [PMID: 31789892 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Stanislaus DJ, Posobiec LM, Laffan SB, Solomon HM, Ziejewski MK, Romach EH. Absence of developmental and reproductive toxicity in animals exposed to dolutegravir. Birth Defects Res 2019; 112:245-261. [PMID: 31859466 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The success of new antiretroviral medicines for HIV resulted in a change to guidelines of standard therapy where continuation of antiretroviral therapy is recommended to maintain the low viral load during pregnancy, thereby preventing transmission of the virus to the fetus. As a result, pregnancy related exposure to HIV medicines has increased. Understanding the safety of these medicines during pregnancy is of paramount importance to ensure health of mothers and their offspring; well-designed animal studies that evaluate the reproductive life cycle play a key role in this effort. As part of the medicine development program for dolutegravir (DTG), a series of reproductive and developmental toxicity studies were conducted using rats and rabbits. In a fertility study, where exposure to DTG occurred in female rats before mating through conception and up to implantation of the embryo, no effects on reproductive cycles, ovulation, fertility) or preimplantation embryonic growth were observed. In rat and rabbit embryo-fetal development studies, where exposure to DTG occurred during organogenesis, no malformations or other developmental abnormalities were observed. In a rat pre- and post-natal development study, where DTG exposure to the pups occurred during pregnancy and postnatally via milk, no malformations or other developmental abnormalities were observed. In these studies, no DTG-related effects occurred on fertility, embryonic (pre- and post-implantation loss, resorptions, abortions, and malformations) or fetal development where the multiples of exposure at the maximum recommended human dose were up to 27 times higher in rats or below the human exposure in rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh J Stanislaus
- Reproductive Toxicology, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania
| | - Lorraine M Posobiec
- Reproductive Toxicology, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan B Laffan
- Reproductive Toxicology, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania
| | - Howard M Solomon
- Reproductive Toxicology, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary K Ziejewski
- Reproductive Toxicology, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth H Romach
- Non-Clinical Safety, Research & Development, Viiv Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kuwagata M, Senuma M, Todoroki M, Kumagai F, Kumamoto T, Ogawa T. Induction of a thoracolumbar supernumerary rib in rat developmental toxicity studies: A short discussion on the critical window. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2019; 59:190-192. [PMID: 30499140 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thoracolumbar supernumerary ribs (TSRs) are classified as less severe skeletal anomalies in rat developmental toxicity studies, although their incidence is relatively high in rodent studies. To investigate the characteristics of the critical window for chemically-induced TSR, in this study, rats were administered 5-fluorocytocine (5-FC) or sodium salicylate (SAL) at one of three time periods on gestational day (GD) 9, early morning (7:00 am), midday (12:00 pm to 1:00 pm), or late afternoon (4:00 pm or 7:00 pm). The incidence of TSR and other anomalies were assessed in GD20 fetuses. A single treatment with both chemicals on GD9-induced TSR, with the incidence highest when administered at 7:00 Am, decreasing gradually when administered later. This trajectory was clearer in rats treated with 5-FC than with SAL. The critical period of TSR induction is shorter in rats administered 5-FC than SAL. The characteristics of the critical window may cause variability in the incidence of TSR observed in developmental toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kuwagata
- Laboratory of Safety Evaluation, Division of Safety, Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Hadano, Japan
| | - Mika Senuma
- Laboratory of Safety Evaluation, Division of Safety, Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Hadano, Japan
| | - Mai Todoroki
- Laboratory of Safety Evaluation, Division of Safety, Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Hadano, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kumagai
- Laboratory of Safety Evaluation, Division of Safety, Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Hadano, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Ogawa
- Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paradis FH, Downey AM, Beaudry F, Pinêtre C, Ellemann-Laursen S, Makin A, Hill K, Singh P, Hargitai J, Forster R, Tavcar R, Authier S. Interspecies Comparison of Control Data From Embryo-Fetal Development Studies in Sprague-Dawley Rats, New Zealand White Rabbits, and Göttingen Minipigs. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:476-486. [PMID: 31470750 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819867249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Species-dependent differences in relative incidence of spontaneous variations and malformations should be considered in the assessment of the translational value of reproductive and developmental safety assessments. The objective of this evaluation was to compare litter parameters and the frequency of external, visceral, and skeletal malformations and variations across species in the Sprague-Dawley rat, New Zealand White rabbit, and Göttingen minipig and to determine whether notable differences exist. Pregnant female rats (n = 824), rabbits (n = 540), and minipigs (n = 70) from vehicle control groups were included in the analysis, equating to 10,749 rat, 5,073 rabbit, and 378 pig fetuses collected at term by cesarean delivery. Preimplantation loss was more frequent than postimplantation loss in the rat and rabbit, whereas the opposite was observed in the minipig. Several external and visceral malformations and variations such as domed head, bent tail, abdominal edema, and anal atresia were observed in all 3 species. Visceral malformations of the heart and major blood vessels were remarkably more frequent in the minipig and rabbit, respectively; ventricular and atrium septum defects were observed in 1.9% and 2.1%, respectively, for the minipig fetuses, whereas they were observed in equal or less than 0.02% among the rat and rabbit fetuses evaluated in this study. Understanding species-dependent differences in spontaneous variations and malformations can be useful for the interpretation of embryo-fetal development study results. The current analysis identified relevant differences between commonly used species in reproductive toxicology with potential implications for data assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andy Makin
- Citoxlab-Charles River Company, Ejby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Roy Forster
- Citoxlab-Charles River Company, Evreux, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|