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Scherer SS, Svaren J. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Myelin Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041376. [PMID: 38253417 PMCID: PMC11065170 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This is a review of inherited and acquired causes of human demyelinating neuropathies and a subset of disorders that affect axon-Schwann cell interactions. Nearly all inherited demyelinating neuropathies are caused by mutations in genes that are expressed by myelinating Schwann cells, affecting diverse functions in a cell-autonomous manner. The most common acquired demyelinating neuropathies are Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic, inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, both of which are immune-mediated. An additional group of inherited and acquired disorders affect axon-Schwann cell interactions in the nodal region. Overall, these disorders affect the formation of myelin and its maintenance, with superimposed axonal loss that is clinically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - John Svaren
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Mathur PD, Zou J, Neiswanger G, Zhu D, Wang Y, Almishaal AA, Vashist D, Hammond HK, Park AH, Yang J. Adenylyl cyclase 6 plays a minor role in the mouse inner ear and retina. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7075. [PMID: 37127773 PMCID: PMC10151359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase 6 (AC6) synthesizes second messenger cAMP in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. In cochlear hair cells, AC6 distribution relies on an adhesion GPCR, ADGRV1, which is associated with Usher syndrome (USH), a condition of combined hearing and vision loss. ADGRV1 is a component of the USH type 2 (USH2) protein complex in hair cells and photoreceptors. However, the role of AC6 in the inner ear and retina has not been explored. Here, we found that AC6 distribution in hair cells depends on the USH2 protein complex integrity. Several known AC6 regulators and effectors, which were previously reported to participate in ADGRV1 signaling in vitro, are localized to the stereociliary compartments that overlap with AC6 distribution in hair cells. In young AC6 knockout (Adcy6-/-) mice, the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, but not Akt kinase, is altered in cochleas, while both kinases are normal in vestibular organs. Adult Adcy6-/- mice however exhibit normal hearing function. AC6 is expressed in mouse retinas but rarely in photoreceptors. Adcy6-/- mice have slightly enhanced photopic but normal scotopic vision. Therefore, AC6 may participate in the ADGRV1 signaling in hair cells but AC6 is not essential for cochlear and retinal development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Dinesh Mathur
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Vecprobio Inc., San Diego, CA, 92126, USA
| | - Junhuang Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Grace Neiswanger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Daniel Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Ali A Almishaal
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepti Vashist
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - H Kirk Hammond
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Albert H Park
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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Ostrom KF, LaVigne JE, Brust TF, Seifert R, Dessauer CW, Watts VJ, Ostrom RS. Physiological roles of mammalian transmembrane adenylyl cyclase isoforms. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:815-857. [PMID: 34698552 PMCID: PMC8759965 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1-9, that serve as major effector enzymes of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The transmembrane ACs display varying expression patterns across tissues, giving the potential for them to have a wide array of physiological roles. Cells express multiple AC isoforms, implying that ACs have redundant functions. Furthermore, all transmembrane ACs are activated by Gαs, so it was long assumed that all ACs are activated by Gαs-coupled GPCRs. AC isoforms partition to different microdomains of the plasma membrane and form prearranged signaling complexes with specific GPCRs that contribute to cAMP signaling compartments. This compartmentation allows for a diversity of cellular and physiological responses by enabling unique signaling events to be triggered by different pools of cAMP. Isoform-specific pharmacological activators or inhibitors are lacking for most ACs, making knockdown and overexpression the primary tools for examining the physiological roles of a given isoform. Much progress has been made in understanding the physiological effects mediated through individual transmembrane ACs. GPCR-AC-cAMP signaling pathways play significant roles in regulating functions of every cell and tissue, so understanding each AC isoform's role holds potential for uncovering new approaches for treating a vast array of pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin E LaVigne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, Florida
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California
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Devasani K, Yao Y. Expression and functions of adenylyl cyclases in the CNS. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:23. [PMID: 35307032 PMCID: PMC8935726 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ADCYs), by generating second messenger cAMP, play important roles in various cellular processes. Their expression, regulation and functions in the CNS, however, remain largely unknown. In this review, we first introduce the classification and structure of ADCYs, followed by a discussion of the regulation of mammalian ADCYs (ADCY1-10). Next, the expression and function of each mammalian ADCY isoform are summarized in a region/cell-specific manner. Furthermore, the effects of GPCR-ADCY signaling on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity are reviewed. Last, current challenges and future directions are discussed. We aim to provide a succinct review on ADCYs to foster new research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Devasani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 8, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 8, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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