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Hayat C, Subramaniyan V, Alamri MA, Wong LS, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Afridi SG, Kumarasamy V, Wadood A. Identification of new potent NLRP3 inhibitors by multi-level in-silico approaches. BMC Chem 2024; 18:76. [PMID: 38637900 PMCID: PMC11027297 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP-3), is an intracellular sensor that is involved in inflammasome activation, and the aberrant expression of NLRP3 is responsible for diabetes mellitus, its complications, and many other inflammatory diseases. NLRP3 is considered a promising drug target for novel drug design. Here, a pharmacophore model was generated from the most potent inhibitor, and its validation was performed by the Gunner-Henry scoring method. The validated pharmacophore was used to screen selected compounds databases. As a result, 646 compounds were mapped on the pharmacophore model. After applying Lipinski's rule of five, 391 hits were obtained. All the hits were docked into the binding pocket of target protein. Based on docking scores and interactions with binding site residues, six compounds were selected potential hits. To check the stability of these compounds, 100 ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed. The RMSD, RMSF, DCCM and hydrogen bond analysis showed that all the six compounds formed stable complex with NLRP3. The binding free energy with the MM-PBSA approach suggested that electrostatic force, and van der Waals interactions, played a significant role in the binding pattern of these compounds. Thus, the outcomes of the current study could provide insights into the identification of new potential NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors against diabetes and its related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Hayat
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Pharmacology Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India.
| | - Mubarak A Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ling Shing Wong
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, 71800, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahib Gul Afridi
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Vinoth Kumarasamy
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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Li P, Xi Y, Zhang Y, Samad A, Lan W, Wu Y, Zhao J, Chen G, Wu C, Xiong Q. GLA Mutations Suppress Autophagy and Stimulate Lysosome Generation in Fabry Disease. Cells 2024; 13:437. [PMID: 38474401 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked recessive inheritance lysosomal storage disorder caused by pathogenic mutations in the GLA gene leading to a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-Gal A). Multiple organ systems are implicated in FD, most notably the kidney, heart, and central nervous system. In our previous study, we identified four GLA mutations from four independent Fabry disease families with kidney disease or neuropathic pain: c.119C>A (p.P40H), c.280T>C (C94R), c.680G>C (p.R227P) and c.801+1G>A (p.L268fsX3). To reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the predisposition to Fabry disease caused by GLA mutations, we analyzed the effects of these four GLA mutations on the protein structure of α-galactosidase A using bioinformatics methods. The results showed that these mutations have a significant impact on the internal dynamics and structures of GLA, and all these altered amino acids are close to the enzyme activity center and lead to significantly reduced enzyme activity. Furthermore, these mutations led to the accumulation of autophagosomes and impairment of autophagy in the cells, which may in turn negatively regulate autophagy by slightly increasing the phosphorylation of mTOR. Moreover, the overexpression of these GLA mutants promoted the expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2), resulting in an increased number of lysosomes. Our study reveals the pathogenesis of these four GLA mutations in FD and provides a scientific foundation for accurate diagnosis and precise medical intervention for FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yuqian Xi
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Abdus Samad
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Wenli Lan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ya Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiayu Zhao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Guangxin Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qiuhong Xiong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Stoyek MR, Doane SE, Dallaire SE, Long ZD, Ramia JM, Cassidy-Nolan DL, Poon KL, Brand T, Quinn TA. POPDC1 Variants Cause Atrioventricular Node Dysfunction and Arrhythmogenic Changes in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Intracellular Calcium Handling in Zebrafish. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:280. [PMID: 38540339 PMCID: PMC10969970 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Popeye domain-containing (POPDC) proteins selectively bind cAMP and mediate cellular responses to sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation. The first discovered human genetic variant (POPDC1S201F) is associated with atrioventricular (AV) block, which is exacerbated by increased SNS activity. Zebrafish carrying the homologous mutation (popdc1S191F) display a similar phenotype to humans. To investigate the impact of POPDC1 dysfunction on cardiac electrophysiology and intracellular calcium handling, homozygous popdc1S191F and popdc1 knock-out (popdc1KO) zebrafish larvae and adult isolated popdc1S191F hearts were studied by functional fluorescent analysis. It was found that in popdc1S191F and popdc1KO larvae, heart rate (HR), AV delay, action potential (AP) and calcium transient (CaT) upstroke speed, and AP duration were less than in wild-type larvae, whereas CaT duration was greater. SNS stress by β-adrenergic receptor stimulation with isoproterenol increased HR, lengthened AV delay, slowed AP and CaT upstroke speed, and shortened AP and CaT duration, yet did not result in arrhythmias. In adult popdc1S191F zebrafish hearts, there was a higher incidence of AV block, slower AP upstroke speed, and longer AP duration compared to wild-type hearts, with no differences in CaT. SNS stress increased AV delay and led to further AV block in popdc1S191F hearts while decreasing AP and CaT duration. Overall, we have revealed that arrhythmogenic effects of POPDC1 dysfunction on cardiac electrophysiology and intracellular calcium handling in zebrafish are varied, but already present in early development, and that AV node dysfunction may underlie SNS-induced arrhythmogenesis associated with popdc1 mutation in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Stoyek
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.S.); (S.E.D.); (S.E.D.); (Z.D.L.); (J.M.R.); (D.L.C.-N.)
| | - Sarah E. Doane
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.S.); (S.E.D.); (S.E.D.); (Z.D.L.); (J.M.R.); (D.L.C.-N.)
| | - Shannon E. Dallaire
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.S.); (S.E.D.); (S.E.D.); (Z.D.L.); (J.M.R.); (D.L.C.-N.)
| | - Zachary D. Long
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.S.); (S.E.D.); (S.E.D.); (Z.D.L.); (J.M.R.); (D.L.C.-N.)
| | - Jessica M. Ramia
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.S.); (S.E.D.); (S.E.D.); (Z.D.L.); (J.M.R.); (D.L.C.-N.)
| | - Donovan L. Cassidy-Nolan
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.S.); (S.E.D.); (S.E.D.); (Z.D.L.); (J.M.R.); (D.L.C.-N.)
| | - Kar-Lai Poon
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (K.-L.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Thomas Brand
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (K.-L.P.); (T.B.)
| | - T. Alexander Quinn
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.R.S.); (S.E.D.); (S.E.D.); (Z.D.L.); (J.M.R.); (D.L.C.-N.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Afsar T, Fu H, Khan H, Ali Z, Zehri Z, Zaman G, Abbas S, Mahmood A, Alam Q, Hu J, Razak S, Umair M. Loss-of-function variant in the LRR domain of SLITRK2 implicated in a neurodevelopmental disorder. Front Genet 2024; 14:1308116. [PMID: 38283150 PMCID: PMC10813200 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1308116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by different combinations of intellectual disability (ID), communication and social skills deficits, and delays in achieving motor or language milestones. SLITRK2 is a postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecule that promotes neurite outgrowth and excitatory synapse development. Methods and Results: In the present study, we investigated a single patient segregating Neurodevelopmental disorder. SLITRK2 associated significant neuropsychological issues inherited in a rare X-linked fashion have recently been reported. Whole-exome sequencing and data analysis revealed a novel nonsense variant [c.789T>A; p.(Cys263*); NM_032539.5; NP_115928.1] in exon 5 of the SLITRK2 gene (MIM# 300561). Three-dimensional protein modeling revealed substantial changes in the mutated SLITRK2 protein, which might lead to nonsense-medicated decay. Conclusion: This study confirms the role of SLITRK2 in neuronal development and highlights the importance of including the SLITRK2 gene in the screening of individuals presenting neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hongxia Fu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Hammal Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zain Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zamrud Zehri
- Department of Gynecology, Civil Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Gohar Zaman
- Department of Computer Science, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Safdar Abbas
- Department of Biological Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Arif Mahmood
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qamre Alam
- Molecular Genomics and Precision Department, ExpressMed Diagnostics and Research, Zinj, Bahrain
| | - Junjian Hu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Umair
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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M Alshabrmi F, Alatawi EA. Unraveling the mechanisms of Cefoxitin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): structural and molecular simulation-based insights. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37811561 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2262591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) severely affects human health, including the skin glands, nasal cavity, wound infections, bone infections, and pneumonia. Among the most effective MRSA drugs, Cefoxitin also develops resistance due to mutations in the mecA gene. Four mutations at positions E229K, E239R, G246K, and E447K are classified as high-level resistance mutations. However, the resistance mechanism of MRSA towards Cefoxitin caused by these mutations is still unclear, as there is less information available regarding the structural and functional effects of the mutations against Cefoxitin. Therefore, our present study was designed to explore the mechanisms of binding interactions between wild-type and mutated PBP2a against Cefoxitin using molecular docking and MD simulations. Subsequently, we identified that the mutant form of PBP2a affects the activity of Cefoxitin. Interestingly, the binding of Cefoxitin with G246K and E239R mutants demonstrates unstable behavior compared to E447K-Cefoxitin and E229K-Cefoxitin. In this study, we propose the resistance mechanism of Cefoxitin at the atomic level. The proposed drug-resistance mechanism will provide valuable guidance for the design of MRSA drugs. This research might provide a new framework for designing new agents against the mutated form of PBP2a.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad M Alshabrmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eid A Alatawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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Ajmal A, Mahmood A, Hayat C, Hakami MA, Alotaibi BS, Umair M, Abdalla AN, Li P, He P, Wadood A, Hu J. Computer-assisted drug repurposing for thymidylate kinase drug target in monkeypox virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1159389. [PMID: 37313340 PMCID: PMC10258308 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1159389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by brick-shaped enveloped monkeypox (Mpox) virus that belongs to the family of ancient viruses known as Poxviridae. Subsequently, the viruses have been reported in various countries. The virus is transmitted by respiratory droplets, skin lesions, and infected body fluids. The infected patients experience fluid-filled blisters, maculopapular rash, myalgia, and fever. Due to the lack of effective drugs or vaccines, there is a need to identify the most potent and effective drugs to reduce the spread of monkeypox. The current study aimed to use computational methods to quickly identify potentially effective drugs against the Mpox virus. Methods In our study, the Mpox protein thymidylate kinase (A48R) was targeted because it is a unique drug target. We screened a library of 9000 FDA-approved compounds of the DrugBank database by using various in silico approaches, such as molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. Results Based on docking score and interaction analysis, compounds DB12380, DB13276, DB13276, DB11740, DB14675, DB11978, DB08526, DB06573, DB15796, DB08223, DB11736, DB16250, and DB16335 were predicted as the most potent. To examine the dynamic behavior and stability of the docked complexes, three compounds-DB16335, DB15796, and DB16250 -along with the Apo state were simulated for 300ns. The results revealed that compound DB16335 revealed the best docking score (-9.57 kcal/mol) against the Mpox protein thymidylate kinase. Discussion Additionally, during the 300 ns MD simulation period, thymidylate kinase DB16335 showed great stability. Further, in vitro and in vivo study is recommended for the final predicted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Ajmal
- Department of Biochemistry, Computational Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Arif Mahmood
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chandni Hayat
- Department of Biochemistry, Computational Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader S. Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ashraf N. Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pei He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Biochemistry, Computational Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Junjian Hu
- Department of Central Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan City, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
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Umair M, Bilal M, Shah K, Said G, Ahmad F. Homozygous Missense Variant in the Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter 2A1 ( SLCO2A1) Gene Underlies Isolated Nail Clubbing. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:430. [PMID: 36833358 PMCID: PMC9957043 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited isolated nail clubbing is a very rare Mendelian condition in humans, characterized by enlargement of the terminal segments of fingers and toes with thickened nails. Mutations in two genes have been reported to cause isolated nail clubbing in humans, which are the SLCO2A1 gene and the HPGD gene. OBJECTIVES An extended Pakistani family having two affected siblings born of unaffected consanguineous union was included in the study. Predominant isolated congenital nail clubbing (ICNC) without any other systemic abnormalities was observed, which we aimed to characterize at clinico-genetic level. METHODS Whole exome coupled with Sanger sequencing were employed to uncover the sequence variant as a cause of the disease. Furthermore, protein modeling was carried out to reveal the predicted possible effect of the mutation at the protein level. RESULTS Whole exome sequencing data analysis revealed a novel biallelic sequence variant (c.155T>A; p.Phe52Tyr) in the SLCO2A1 gene. Further, Sanger sequencing analysis validated and confirmed the segregation of the novel variant in the entire family. Subsequently, protein modeling of the wild-type and mutated SLCO2A1 revealed broad-scale change, which might compromise the proteins' secondary structure and function. CONCLUSION The present study adds another mutation to the SLCO2A1-related pathophysiology. The involvement of SLCO2A1 in the pathogenesis of ICNC may open exciting perceptions of this gene in nail development/morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore 54770, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Khadim Shah
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Heaven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Gulab Said
- Department of Chemistry, Women University Swabi, Swabi 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan
| | - Farooq Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Women University Swabi, Swabi 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan
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