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Téllez L, Payancé A, Tjwa E, Del Cerro MJ, Idorn L, Ovroutski S, De Bruyne R, Verkade HJ, De Rita F, de Lange C, Angelini A, Paradis V, Rautou PE, García-Pagán JC. EASL-ERN position paper on liver involvement in patients with Fontan-type circulation. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1270-1301. [PMID: 37863545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Fontan-type surgery is the final step in the sequential palliative surgical treatment of infants born with a univentricular heart. The resulting long-term haemodynamic changes promote liver damage, leading to Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD), in virtually all patients with Fontan circulation. Owing to the lack of a uniform definition of FALD and the competitive risk of other complications developed by Fontan patients, the impact of FALD on the prognosis of these patients is currently debatable. However, based on the increasing number of adult Fontan patients and recent research interest, the European Association for The Study of the Liver and the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Diseases thought a position paper timely. The aims of the current paper are: (1) to provide a clear definition and description of FALD, including clinical, analytical, radiological, haemodynamic, and histological features; (2) to facilitate guidance for staging the liver disease; and (3) to provide evidence- and experience-based recommendations for the management of different clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Téllez
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Audrey Payancé
- DHU Unity, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Clichy, France; Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eric Tjwa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - María Jesús Del Cerro
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lars Idorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stanislav Ovroutski
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth De Bruyne
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio De Rita
- Adult Congenital and Paediatric Heart Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Charlotte de Lange
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Queen Silvia Childrens' Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Behandlingsvagen 7, 41650 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Annalisa Angelini
- Pathology of Cardiac Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Valérie Paradis
- Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM1149, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Pathology Department, Beaujon Hospital, APHP.Nord, Clichy, France
| | - Pierre Emmanuel Rautou
- AP-HP, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, DMU DIGEST, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, FILFOIE, Clichy, France; Université Paris-Cité, Inserm, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Juan Carlos García-Pagán
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN-Liver), Spain.
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Benjamin C, Franklin WJ, Garn B, Awerbach JD. Transcatheter thrombectomy of acute pulmonary embolism in an adult Fontan patient: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2023; 7:ytad401. [PMID: 37719000 PMCID: PMC10500413 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytad401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Background The Fontan operation is a well-described palliative procedure for functional single-ventricle patients. This population has an increased risk of thrombo-embolic events. Adequate imaging, and therefore diagnosis, requires an understanding of the unique anatomy and physiology of a Fontan. Optimal strategies for the prevention and treatment of thrombo-embolic complications in the Fontan population are poorly defined. Case summary A 28-year-old female with a history of Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve status post-Fontan presented with chest pain and acute hypoxia. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) reported a submassive pulmonary embolism (PE). She was initiated on a heparin drip. Catheterization demonstrated elevated Fontan pressures and a large thrombus in the right lower pulmonary artery that was removed with an aspiration device. The patient was transitioned to a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) following the procedure. Discussion Thrombotic complications are common in the adult Fontan population. Given the morbidity and mortality associated with this complication, the use of proper imaging techniques is imperative. Traditional CTA imaging for PE in Fontan patients often has contrast filling defects related to their anatomy and physiology. Utilization of adequate imaging techniques helps decrease cost and additional radiation exposure. In addition, it avoids inappropriate hospitalization, need for anticoagulation, and potential need for catheterization toconfirm or exclude the presence of PE. For Fontan patients with a thrombus, prior event, and no contraindications, current guidelines recommend oral anticoagulation with a vitamin K antagonist; however, there are increasing data on the use of DOACs in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Benjamin
- Center for Heart Care, Phoenix Children’s, 1919 E Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wayne J Franklin
- Center for Heart Care, Phoenix Children’s, 1919 E Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Byron Garn
- Center for Heart Care, Phoenix Children’s, 1919 E Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jordan D Awerbach
- Center for Heart Care, Phoenix Children’s, 1919 E Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Gierlinger G, Sames-Dolzer E, Kreuzer M, Mair R, Nawrozi MP, Tulzer A, Bauer C, Tulzer G, Mair R. OUP accepted manuscript. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2022; 35:6570592. [PMID: 35438156 PMCID: PMC9419686 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Gierlinger
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Corresponding author. Department für Kinderherzchirurgie, Kepler Universitätsklinik, Med Campus III., Krankenhausstrasse 9, 4020 Linz, Austria. Tel: +43-732-7806-78230; e-mail: (G. Gierlinger)
| | - Eva Sames-Dolzer
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Michaela Kreuzer
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Roland Mair
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Mohammad-Paimann Nawrozi
- Department for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, JKU, Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Tulzer
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Kepler University Hospital, JKU, Linz, Austria
| | - Christoph Bauer
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Kepler University Hospital, JKU, Linz, Austria
| | - Gerald Tulzer
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Kepler University Hospital, JKU, Linz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Mair
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
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Alcohol use is prevalent among adults with the fontan circulation but does not correlate with liver disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcchd.2022.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Martino D, Rizzardi C, Vigezzi S, Guariento C, Sturniolo G, Tesser F, Salvo GD. Long-term management of Fontan patients: The importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:886208. [PMID: 36090574 PMCID: PMC9452819 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.886208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fontan operation is a palliative procedure that leads to increased survival of patients with a functional single ventricle (SV). Starting from 1967 when the first operation was performed by Francis Fontan, more and more patients have reached adulthood. Furthermore, it is expected that in the next 20 years, the population with Fontan circulation will reach 150,000 subjects. The absence of right ventricular propulsion and the inability to improve cardiac output because of the low cardiac reserve are the main issues with the Fontan circulation; however, potential complications may also involve multiple organ systems, such as the liver, lungs, brain, bones, and the lymphatic system. As these patients were initially managed mainly by pediatric cardiologists, it was important to assure the appropriate transition to adult care with the involvement of a multidisciplinary team, including adult congenital cardiologists and multiple subspecialists, many of whom are neither yet familiar with the pathophysiology nor the end-organ consequences of the Fontan circulation. Therefore, the aim of our work was to collect all the best available evidence on Fontan's complications management to provide "simple and immediate" information sources for practitioners looking for state of the art evidence to guide their decision-making and work practices. Moreover, we suggest a model of follow-up of patients with Fontan based on a patient-centered multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Martino
- Pediatric Unit, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzardi
- Pediatric Unit, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Serena Vigezzi
- Pediatric Unit, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Guariento
- Pediatric Unit, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Sturniolo
- Pediatric Unit, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Tesser
- Pediatric Unit, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni di Salvo
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology Unit, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Kreutzer C, Klinger DA, Chiostri B, Sendoya S, Daneri ML, Gutierrez A, Fraire RA, Torres SF. Lymphatic Decompression Concomitant With Fontan/Kreutzer Procedure: Early Experience. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2021; 11:284-292. [PMID: 32294012 DOI: 10.1177/2150135120905656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a strategy for identifying patients at risk of lymphatic failure in the setting of planned Fontan/Kreutzer completion, allowing a tailored surgical approach. METHODS Since January 2017, clinical evaluation before performance of the Fontan/Kreutzer procedure included T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lymphangiography. Thoracic lymphatic abnormalities were categorized using a scale of I to IV according to progression of severity. Patients with severe lymphatic abnormalities (types III and IV) underwent Fontan/Kreutzer with lymphatic decompression via connection of the left jugular-subclavian junction containing the thoracic duct to the systemic atrium (group A). RESULTS Thirteen patients were enrolled. Magnetic resonance imaging showed type I abnormalities in four cases (30.7%), II in four (30.7%), III in two (15.3%), and IV in three (23.3%). Patients in types III and IV underwent a Fontan/Kreutzer with lymphatic decompression (group A, n = 5), while patients in types I and II underwent a fenestrated extracardiac Fontan/Kreutzer procedure without lymphatic decompression (group B, n = 8). Preoperatively, there were no differences in age, weight, ventricular dominance (right vs left), superior vena cava pressure, incidence of chylothorax after previous superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (Glenn), or need for concomitant procedures at Fontan/Kreutzer completion. There were no differences in procedural times between the groups, nor were there differences in mortalities and Fontan/Kreutzer takedowns. There were no statistically significant differences in early and late morbidity between the two groups with the exception of total volume of effusions output postoperatively. At median follow-up of 18 months (range, 4-28 months), all patients in group A are in New York Heart Association class 1 with no differences between groups in arterial oxygen saturation. CONCLUSIONS Lymphatic decompression during Fontan/Kreutzer procedure was successfully performed in patients identified by MRI as predisposed to lymphatic failure. A larger cohort of patients and longer follow-up are required to determine the efficacy of this approach in preventing early- and long-term Fontan/Kreutzer failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kreutzer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Alberto Klinger
- Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Benjamin Chiostri
- Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Sendoya
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Lopez Daneri
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Augusto Gutierrez
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael Alfredo Fraire
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvio Fabio Torres
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Yadava OP, Jonas RA. Failing Fontan. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 37:362-363. [PMID: 33967435 DOI: 10.1007/s12055-020-01112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dr. O.P. Yadava, CEO & Chief Cardiac Surgeon, National Heart Institute, New Delhi, India, and Editor-in-Chief, Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, in conversation with Prof. Richard Jonas, Paediatric Cardiac Surgeon from Washington DC, USA, on Failing Fontan.
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Moosmann J, Schroeder C, Cesnjevar R, Rottermann K, Weigelt A, Dittrich S. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Univentricular Patients From Birth to Follow-Up After Fontan-Predicting Lymphatic Abnormalities. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:740951. [PMID: 34956972 PMCID: PMC8692875 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.740951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Reliable laboratory parameters identifying complications after Fontan surgery including the lymphatic abnormalities and the development of protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) are rare. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocte ratio (PLR) are inflammatory markers and have been studied to predict outcome and prognosis in various diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate NLR and PLR from birth to follow-up after Fontan and evaluate their use as prognostic parameters for single ventricle patients regarding the development of lymphatic malformations during follow-up. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six univentricular patients who underwent Fontan surgery and had 6-month follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T2 weighted lymphatic imaging after total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) surgery were included in the study. NLR and PLR were determined at specific time points, from neonatal age to follow-up after Fontan operation and correlated to data from the MRI 6 months after Fontan. Results: NLR and PLR increase significantly over time from the first surgery during infancy to the follow-up after Fontan (both p < 0.0001), with a significant increase after the Glenn surgery for both ratios (each p < 0.0001). Higher NLR (p = 0.002) and higher PLR (p = 0.004) correlated with higher-grade classification of lymphatic abnormalities in T2-weighted imaging 6 months after Fontan surgery and higher NLR correlated with higher transpulmonary gradient prior to Fontan surgery (p = 0.035) Both ratios showed a significant correlation to total protein at follow-up (NLR p = 0.0038; PLR<0.0001). Conclusion: Increased NLR and PLR correlate with higher degree lymphatic malformations after TCPC and therefore might contribute as valuable additional biomarker during follow-up after TCPC. NLR and PLR are simple, inexpensive and easily available parameters to complement diagnostics after TCPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Moosmann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schroeder
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Cesnjevar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Rottermann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annika Weigelt
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Dittrich
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Ing RJ, Mclennan D, Twite MD, DiMaria M. Anesthetic Considerations for Fontan-Associated Liver Disease and the Failing Fontan Circuit. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 34:2224-2233. [PMID: 32249074 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Ing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
| | - Daniel Mclennan
- Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Mark D Twite
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael DiMaria
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
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Chen X, Yuan H, Liu J, Zhang N, Zhou C, Huang M, Jian Q, Zhuang J. Hemodynamic Effects of Additional Pulmonary Blood Flow on Glenn and Fontan Circulation. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2020; 11:268-282. [PMID: 32072439 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Additional pulmonary blood flow (APBF) can provide better pulsating blood flow and systemic arterial oxygen saturation, while low blood pulsation and low oxygen saturation are defects of the Fontan and Glenn procedure. Studying the hemodynamic effect of APBF is beneficial for clinical decisions. This study aimed to explore the effect on particle washout, as well as the differences among the sensitivities of both different hemodynamic parameters and different procedures to APBF. METHODS The patient-specific clinical datasets of a patient who underwent bilateral bidirectional Glenn (BBDG) with APBF were enrolled in this study, and using these datasets, Glenn- and Fontan-type artery models were reconstructed. A series of parameters, including the total caval flow pulsatility index (TCPI), indexed energy loss (iPL), wall shear stress (WSS), systemic arterial oxygen saturation (Satart), particle washout time (WOT), pressure in the right superior vena cava (PRSVC), pulmonary flow distribution (PFD) and hepatic flow distribution (HFD), were computed from computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation to evaluate the hemodynamic effect of APBF. RESULTS The result showed that APBF led to better iPL and Satart but worse PRSVC and heart load accompanied by a great impact on HFD, making hepatic flow easier to perfuse the side without MPA and APBF. The increase in the APBF rate also effectively results in larger flow pulsation, region velocity, and wall shear stress and lower WOT, and this effect may be more effective for patients with persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC). However, APBF might have little effect on PFD. Furthermore, APBF might affect WOT, iPL and HFD more significantly than PRSVC and has a greater improvement effect in patients with poorer iPL and WOT. CONCLUSIONS Moderate APBF is not only a measure to promote pulmonary artery growth and systemic arterial oxygen saturation but also an effective method against endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis. However, moderate APBF is patient-specific and should be determined based on hemodynamic preference that leads to desired patient outcomes, and care should be taken to prevent PRSVC and heart load from being too high as well as an imbalance in HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Chen
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Haiyun Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Neichuan Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Chengbin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Meiping Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Department of Catheterization Lab, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifei Jian
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Abstract
Children are the most naturally physically active human beings; reduced physical activity is a cardinal sign of childhood disease, and exercise testing provides mechanistic insights into health and disease that are often hidden when the child is at rest. The physical inactivity epidemic is leading to increased disease risk in children and, eventually, in adults in unprecedented ways. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) biomarkers are used to assess disease severity, progress, and response to therapy across an expanding range of childhood diseases and conditions. There is mounting data that fitness in children tracks across the life span and may prove to be an early, modifiable indicator of cardiovascular disease risk later in life. Despite these factors, CPET has failed to fulfill its promise in child health research and clinical practice. A major barrier to more accurate and effective clinical use of CPET in children is that data analytics and testing protocols have failed to keep pace with enabling technologies and computing capacity. As a consequence, biomarkers of fitness and physical activity have yet to be widely incorporated into translational research and clinical practice in child health. In this review, the author re-examines some of the long-held assumptions that mold CPET in children. In particular, the author suggests that current testing strategies that rely predominantly on maximal exercise may, inadvertently, obfuscate novel and clinically useful insights that can be gleaned from more comprehensive data analytics. New pathways to discovery may emanate from the simple recognition that the physiological journey that human beings undertake in response to the challenge of exercise may be far more important than the elusive destination of maximal or peak effort.
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