Influence of buccal emergence profile designs on peri-implant tissues: A randomized controlled trial

The Effect of Prosthetic Factors on the Long-Term Survival of Dental Implants: A Narrative Review

The success of implants depends on the biological and mechanical factors of the implant, as well as on the chosen prosthesis, which has different characteristics that can affect the survival of the implant and its marginal bone levels. Therefore, when choosing the type of prosthesis, it is necessary to understand and consider each of these variables and tailor them to the relevant clinical situation. In this narrative review, we will assess the types of prostheses, their different characteristics, timing, and their impact on implant survival and marginal bone levels, as accepted in today's literature.

Influence of buccal mucosa width/height ratio, emergence profile and buccal bone width on peri-implant tissues: a prospective one-year study

BACKGROUND

The stability of soft and hard tissues surrounding the implant is not only a matter of aesthetics, but also affects the long-term stability of the implant. The present study was to explore the influence of buccal mucosa width/height (W/H) ratio, emergence profile and buccal bone width on peri-implant soft and hard tissue changes in the posterior region.

METHODS

Fifty-eight posterior implant restoration cases were recruited in this study. Evaluations were performed at the time of restoration placement (T0), and 1 year later (T1). Buccal mucosa width (BMW), buccal bone width (BBW), implant buccal inclination angle, and emergence angle were evaluated. The variables that may affect buccal mucosa recession (MR) as well as vertical bone loss (VBL) were analyzed.

RESULTS

The BMW at baseline was 2.93 ± 1.01 mm. The BBW at baseline was 1.50 ± 0.82 mm. The buccal mucosa W/H ratio at 1 year (1.23 ± 0.38) was significantly lower than that at baseline (1.42 ± 0.45). Buccal MR was - 0.22 ± 0.47 mm while VBL was 0.81 ± 0.80 mm. The correlation between MR and initial BMW (r=-0.381), initial W/H ratio (r=-0.422), BBW (r=-0.290) was statistically significant. The correlation between VBL and initial BMW (r=-0.421), initial W/H ratio (r=-0.305), implant buccal inclination angle (r = 0.507), BBW (r=-0.556) was statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the scope of this study, implant sites in the posterior region presenting a thin BMW, a thin BBW, and a small W/H ratio are more prone to exhibit buccal mucosa recession and vertical bone loss.

A novel coded healing abutment for a simplified digital workflow: A retrospective clinical study on 103 patients with a one year follow-up

OBJECTIVES

To present the clinical results obtained using a novel coded healing abutment (CHA).

METHODS

We evaluated 103 patients with fixed implant-supported zirconia restorations (90 single crowns, 26 partial dentures, and 6 full arches) manufactured via computer-aided-design/computer-assisted-manufacturing and starting from the point of intraoral scans of novel CHAs (i-Physio®, LYRA-ETK, Sallanches, France). Patients were followed for one year. We assessed the clinical precision of the final restorations at delivery (quality, fit, and occlusal and interproximal contacts), as well as hard and soft tissues stability and patient satisfaction at the one-year follow-up. All complications were recorded.

RESULTS

The quality of the restorations was high, with satisfactory marginal fits (96.8% of the cases), occlusal contacts (95.1%), and interproximal contacts (94.3%). Excellent hard and soft tissues stability were found at the one-year follow-up assessment, with few complications (0.9% biological, 4.9% mechanical, and 1.6% technical) for an overall restoration success rate of 92.3% at the patient level and 91.9% at the restoration level. Patient satisfaction was high.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the limits of this study (retrospective design, short follow-up time) this novel CHA, with high prosthetic precision and esthetics, was clinically reliable and promoted hard and soft tissue stability. Further studies on a larger sample of patients and a longer follow-up period are needed to confirm these preliminary clinical outcomes.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

High prosthetic precision can be achieved when scanning CHAs. CHAs simplify digital impressions, reduce the manipulation of soft tissues, and prepare them for scanning, thereby promoting tissue healing and stability over time. Additionally, CHAs can serve as temporary abutments for immediate, nonfunctional loading.

Guided versus freehand single implant placement: A 3-year parallel randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVES

The present parallel randomized clinical trial aimed to assess, after a 3-year follow-up period, whether the choice of surgical technique-either manual or guided-and of the operator - non-expert operator or skilled - can affect the stability of peri‑implant marginal bone levels in implants placed 1 mm sub-crestal.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients received platform-switched implants (Anyridge, MegaGen Implant Co., Gyeongbuk, South Korea) featuring a 5-degree internal conical connection and supporting single screw-retained fixed crowns. The implants were randomly assigned to be placed through a digitally static guided surgery procedure (Test group - GS) or a freehand surgical technique (Control Group - FH). A non-expert operator (fewer than 20 implants placed in his professional activity) was selected to perform procedures for the GS Group, while a skilled operator (with over 1000 implants placed in his professional activity) was chosen for the FH Group. Marginal bone level (MBL) was measured at prosthesis installation (t0) and at 1 (t1), 2 (t2) and 3 years (t3) of follow-up. Changes in MBL from t0 to t3 were analyzed through periapical radiographs. Moreover, MBL changes at all time points were correlated to different supra-crestal soft tissue heights (STH): less than 3 and ≥ 3 mm, respectively.

RESULTS

60 implants in 18 patients were examined, with 30 implants allocated to the GS group and 30 to the FH group. The difference in MBL change between the two groups was 0.11 ± 0.22 mm, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.61). At the time of prosthetic loading, the mean MBL for implants with STH less than 3 mm was 0.33 mm higher than implants with STH ≥ 3 mm, though this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.065).

CONCLUSIONS

Digitally static guided implant placement, performed by a non-expert operator, does not limit marginal bone remodeling, when compared to a freehand procedure performed by an experienced operator.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

After correct and careful planning, early marginal bone levels (MBL) around conical connection, platform-switched implants placed sub-crestally may be stable in time. Digital planning and surgery have the potential to assist non-expert clinicians in achieving implant placements with comparable outcomes to those performed by experts.

Deep learning-designed implant-supported posterior crowns: Assessing time efficiency, tooth morphology, emergence profile, occlusion, and proximal contacts

OBJECTIVES

To compare implant supported crowns (ISCs) designed using deep learning (DL) software with those designed by a technician using conventional computer-aided design software.

METHODS

Twenty resin-based partially edentulous casts (maxillary and mandibular) used for fabricating ISCs were evaluated retrospectively. ISCs were designed using a DL-based method with no modification of the as-generated outcome (DB), a DL-based method with further optimization by a dental technician (DM), and a conventional computer-aided design method by a technician (NC). Time efficiency, crown contour, occlusal table area, cusp angle, cusp height, emergence profile angle, occlusal contacts, and proximal contacts were compared among groups. Depending on the distribution of measured data, various statistical methods were used for comparative analyses with a significance level of 0.05.

RESULTS

ISCs in the DB group showed a significantly higher efficiency than those in the DM and NC groups (P ≤ 0.001). ISCs in the DM group exhibited significantly smaller volume deviations than those in the DB group when superimposed on ISCs in the NC group (DB-NC vs. DM-NC pairs, P ≤ 0.008). Except for the number and intensity of occlusal contacts (P ≤ 0.004), ISCs in the DB and DM groups had occlusal table areas, cusp angles, cusp heights, proximal contact intensities, and emergence profile angles similar to those in the NC group (P ≥ 0.157).

CONCLUSIONS

A DL-based method can be beneficial for designing posterior ISCs in terms of time efficiency, occlusal table area, cusp angle, cusp height, proximal contact, and emergence profile, similar to the conventional human-based method.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

A deep learning-based design method can achieve clinically acceptable functional properties of posterior ISCs. However, further optimization by a technician could improve specific outcomes, such as the crown contour or emergence profile angle.

Digital workflow in the design of individualized emergence profiles of implant restorations based on the contralateral tooth

PURPOSE

To describe a novel digital design technique for creating an individualized emergence profile for implant restoration based on the contralateral tooth.

METHODS

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data were used to accurately obtain a three-dimensional (3D) model of the contralateral tooth, which was mirror-flipped to design the emergence profile. The emergence profile was further divided into critical and subcritical areas; the critical area precisely replicated the mirror-flipped 3D model, whereas the subcritical area featured a slight concavity on the buccal side, flatness on the lingual side, and slight convexity on the mesial and distal surfaces. Subsequently, a milling machine was used to fabricate healing abutments with individualized emergence profiles. The design of the definitive restoration completely duplicated the emergence profile of the individualized healing abutment and was fabricated using a milling machine.

CONCLUSIONS

This technical procedure presents an alternative novel method for designing the emergence profiles of implant restorations, with the potential to improve esthetics and functions as well as to maintain the long-term stability of peri-implant soft and hard tissues.

The 3D emergence profile on implant-supported restorations: A method for evaluating restorative angles

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Emerging evidence indicates that the emergence profile and subsequent restorative angle play a crucial role in clinical outcomes and can potentially affect the development and progression of peri-implant diseases. However, the traditional evaluation of the emergence profile and angle has been limited to mesial and distal sites using periapical x-rays, without considering the buccal sites.

PURPOSE

To describe a novel 3D method to estimate the emergence profile and restorative angles around single implant-supported crowns including buccal sites.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 30 implant-supported crowns (11 molars, 8 premolars, 8 central incisors and 1 canine) were extra-orally scanned using an intraoral scanner and the STL files produced were imported into a 3D software. The crown/abutment interface of each crown was delineated, and apico-coronal lines were automatically drawn following the shape of the crown. Three reference points were defined on the apico-coronal lines at the transition edge of the biological (BC) and the esthetic zone (EC) and the resulting angles were then calculated. The reliability of the measurements (2D and 3D) were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

RESULTS

In anterior restorations, the mean angle of the esthetic zone amounted to 162 ± 14° at mesial sites, to 140 ± 10° at buccal sites and to 163 ± 11° at distal sites. The corresponding angles at the biological zones, amounted to 155 ± 13° at mesial sites, 139 ± 15° at buccal sites and 157 ± 5° at distal sites. In posterior restorations, the mean angle of the esthetic zone amounted to 162 ± 12° at mesial sites, to 157 ± 13 at buccal sites and to 162 ± 11 at distal sites. The corresponding angles at the biological zone, amounted to 158 ± 8 at mesial sites, 150 ± 15° at buccal sites and 156 ± 10 at distal sites. The ICC for all measurements ranged between 0.77 and 0.99 indicating a good intra-examiner reliability.

CONCLUSION

Within the limitations of the present study, the 3D analysis seems to be a reliable and applicable method for the quantitative evaluation of the emergence profile in daily practice. Future randomized clinical trials are needed to assess whether a 3D analysis with the ensuing the emergence profile serves as a predictor for clinical outcomes.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The development and implementation of a 3D workflow will provide technicians and dentists with the ability to assess the restorative angle of implant-supported restorations during the provisional phase and the final restoration. This approach may help achieve an aesthetically pleasing restoration while minimizing potential clinical complications.

In vitro efficacy of non-surgical and surgical implant surface decontamination methods in three different defect configurations in the presence or absence of a suprastructure

OBJECTIVES

Analysis of the in vitro efficacy of non-surgical and surgical dental implant surface decontamination with or without suprastructure.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three hundred and sixty implants were dipped in indelible red and distributed to 30°, 60°, or 90° angulated bone defect models. One hundred and twenty implants were used for each bone defect, 40 of which were assigned to a decontamination method (CUR: curette; SOSC: soundscaler; APA: air powder abrasion). Of these, 20 were subjected to a simulated non-surgical (NST) or surgical treatment (ST), with/without mucosa mask, of which 10 were carried out with (S+) or without (S-) suprastructure. Uncleaned implant surface was assessed by both-sided implant surface photography. Surface morphology changes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

RESULTS

Cleaning efficacy was significantly better within NST if the suprastructure was removed (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found within ST (p = 0.304). Overall, cleaning efficacy in the order APA > SOSC>CUR decreased significantly (p < 0.0001) for both S+ and S- in NST as well as ST. Separated by NST/ST, S+/S-, defect angulation and decontamination method, only isolated significant differences in cleaning efficacy were present. Linear regression analysis revealed significant associations of remnants with the treatment approach, decontamination method, and defect angle (p < 0.0001). SEM micrographs showed serious surface damage after use of CUR and SOSC.

CONCLUSIONS

Suprastructure removal is an additional option to improve cleaning efficacy of non-surgical implant surface decontamination in this in vitro model.

Marginal Bone Level and Biomechanical Behavior of Titanium-Indexed Abutment Base of Conical Connection Used for Single Ceramic Crowns on Morse-Taper Implant: A Clinical Retrospective Study

The goal of this retrospective clinical study was to evaluate the behavior of Morse-taper indexed abutments by analyzing the marginal bone level (MBL) after at least 12 months of function. Patients rehabilitated with single ceramic crowns between May 2015 and December 2020 received single Morse-taper connection implants (DuoCone implant) with two-piece straight abutment baseT used for at least 12 months, presenting periapical radiograph immediately after crown installation were enrolled. The position of the rehabilitated tooth and arch (maxilla or mandible), crown installation period, implant dimensions, abutment transmucosal height, installation site (immediate implant placement or healed area), associated with bone regeneration, immediate provisionalization, and complications after installation of the final crown were analyzed. The initial and final MBL was evaluated by comparing the initial and final X-rays. The level of significance was α = 0.05. Seventy-five patients (49 women and 26 men) enrolled had a mean period of evaluation of 22.7 ± 6.2 months. Thirty-one implant-abutment (IA) sets had between 12–18 months, 34 between 19–24 months, and 44 between 25–33 months. Only one patient failed due to an abutment fracture after 25 months of function. Fifty-eight implants were placed in the maxilla (53.2%) and 51 in the mandible (46.8%). Seventy-four implants were installed in healed sites (67.9%), and 35 were in fresh socket sites (32.1%). Thirty-two out of these 35 implants placed in fresh sockets had the gap filled with bone graft particles. Twenty-six implants received immediate provisionalization. The average MBL was −0.67 ± 0.65 mm in mesial and −0.70 ± 0.63 mm in distal (p = 0.5072). The most important finding was the statistically significant difference comparing the values obtained for MBL between the abutments with different transmucosal height portions, which were better for abutments with heights greater than 2.5 mm. Regarding the abutments’ diameter, 58 had 3.5 mm (53.2%) and 51 had 4.5 mm (46.8%). There was no statistical difference between them, with the following means and standard deviation, respectively, −0.57 ± 0.53 mm (mesial) and −0.66 ± 0.50 mm (distal), and −0.78 ± 0.75 mm (mesial) and −0.746 ± 0.76 mm (distal). Regarding the implant dimensions, 24 implants were 3.5 mm (22%), and 85 implants (78%) had 4.0 mm. In length, 51 implants had 9 mm (46.8%), 25 had 11 mm (22.9%), and 33 implants were 13 mm (30.3%). There was no statistical difference between the abutment diameters (p > 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, it was possible to conclude that better behavior and lesser marginal bone loss were observed when using abutment heights greater than 2.5 mm of transmucosal portion and when placed implants with 13 mm length. Furthermore, this type of abutment showed a little incidence of failures within the period analyzed in our study.

Soft-tissue dimensional change following guided bone regeneration on peri-implant defects using soft-type block or particulate bone substitutes: 1-year outcomes of a randomized controlled clinical trial

AIM

To compare the peri-implant soft-tissue dimensional changes following guided bone regeneration between particulate (particle group) and collagenated soft-block-type (block group) biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study investigated 35 subjects: 18 in the particle group and 17 in the block group. Cone-beam computed tomography obtained at 6 months post surgery and optical impressions taken periodically (before surgery, 6 months post surgery, and 1 year post surgery) were superimposed. The ridge contour changes over time and the peri-implant mucosal thicknesses were measured diagonally and horizontally, and analysed statistically.

RESULTS

The increases in diagonal (1.12 ± 0.78 mm) and horizontal (2.79 ± 1.90 mm) ridge contour of the block group were significantly higher than those in the particle group during the first 6 months (p < .05); however, the contour hardly changed thereafter (diagonal: 0.07 ± 0.75 mm; horizontal: -0.34 ± 1.26 mm), resulting in the 1-year contour changes similar between the two groups. Regardless of the type of BCP, the ridge contour increased significantly over 1 year when the dehiscence defect had a contained configuration (p < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

The increase in soft-tissue dimensions for 1 year was similar between the two groups. The mucosal contour increase was larger when the surgery was conducted in a more contained defect, and this was not influenced by the type of BCP.

Prosthetic emergence angle in different implant sites and their correlation with marginal bone loss: A retrospective study

Background/purpose

The impact of prosthetic contour on peri-implant health has attracted increasing attention. This study aimed to evaluate the emergence angles in different implant sites and analyze the correlation between emergence angle and marginal bone loss (MBL).

Materials and methods

Single-crown implants with at least 5 years of follow-up were investigated in this retrospective study. Emergence angles and MBL were measured via digital radiography. The differences in emergence angles in different implant sites were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the differences in MBL between groups (emergence angle> 30° and ≤30°), and Spearman's rank analysis was used to analyze the correlation between emergence angle and MBL.

Results

A total of 502 single-crown implants were included. For the mean mesial and distal emergence angles of different implant sites, the anterior position were 21.67 ± 10.80 (°) and 22.48 ± 12.78 (°), and the premolar were 26.29 ± 12.78 (°) and 24.30 ± 10.07 (°), and the molar were 34.53 ± 13.27 (°) and 34.48 ± 13.58 (°) respectively. The emergence angles of molar implant sites were significantly greater than those of anterior and premolar (P < 0.001). The Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank analysis revealed that there was no correlation between emergence angle and MBL.

Conclusion

There were significant differences in the emergence angles at different implant sites. However, when considering factors such as different sites or types of implants, there was no correlation between emergence angle and MBL, and more comprehensive research should be conducted in the future.