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Chemical and evolutionary analysis of the scent gland secretions of two species of Gonyleptes Kirby, 1819 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores). CHEMOECOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-023-00380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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2
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Raspotnig G, Hüfner A, Bodner M, Blesl J, Schaider M, Escalante I, Kunert O. Polymorphic scent gland secretions in Nelima harvestmen: “Sclerosomatid compounds” but different chemical lineages. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.993368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The scent glands of harvestmen (Opiliones) produce secretions of taxon-specific composition. One class of compounds, assumed to be a key group in opilionid chemosystematics and prevalent among sclerosomatid Eupnoi, was termed “sclerosomatid compounds” (SCs). Known compounds of this group comprise acyclic 4-methyl-branched ethyl-ketones and -alcohols as well as 2,4-dimethyl-branched primary alcohols and aldehydes, originally described from several species of North American Leiobuninae. We analyzed the scent gland secretions of Nelima ssp. (Sclerosomatidae, Leiobuninae) from two continents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, NMR, stereoselective synthesis, and chiral chromatography. We found a surprising chemical dichotomy: while North American N. paesserli produced typical acyclic SCs such as (E)-4-methyl-4-hexen-3-one, the secretions of European Nelima species exhibited a mixture of aromatic and aliphatic compounds, namely (R)-2-methyl-1-phenyl-pentan-3-one (MPP), 4-phenyl-2-butanone (PB), 2-phenylacetamide (PA), as well as (2R,4R)-2,4-dimethylhexanoic acid (DHA), all of which are new for the secretions of harvestmen. Remarkably, in N. sempronii, the secretions of juveniles (containing PB) differed from the secretions of adults (containing MPP and DHA). Though the chemistry of European Nelima species clearly diverged at first sight, all compounds detected either possess specific chemical motifs that allow an assignment to the class of SCs or appear to be biochemically/ontogenetically connected to SC-components. Thus, we here add novel compounds to the pool of SCs along with an extension of the definition of SCs to include aromatic compounds with SC-motifs. Furthermore, we describe a first case of juvenile-adult polymorphism for the exocrine secretions of harvestmen and provide a scheme of how secretions are regenerated.
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Raspotnig G, Bodner M, Blesl J, Viquez C. The scent gland chemistry of Gagrellinae (Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae): evidence for sequestration of myrmicacin in a species of Prionostemma. CHEMOECOLOGY 2022; 32:139-146. [PMID: 36164465 PMCID: PMC9499920 DOI: 10.1007/s00049-022-00373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The scent gland secretion of an undetermined species of Prionostemma from Costa Rica was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and shown to consist of medium-chain carboxylic acids (mainly octanoic acid) and a ß-hydroxy-carboxylic acid, eventually identified as myrmicacin (= (R)-3-hydroxydecanoic acid). While scent gland secretions in harvestmen have traditionally been considered to be products of de novo synthesis, we here provide evidence for the unusual case of sequestration-derived scent gland constituents: at least myrmicacin appears to be sequestered from leaf-cutter ants that constitute a part of the prey of the Prionostemma-species herein investigated. This is the first report on the scent gland chemistry of the sclerosomatid subfamily Gagrellinae as well as on a possible sequestration mechanism in harvestmen.
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The scent gland chemistry of neogoveid cyphophthalmids (Opiliones): an unusual methyljuglone from Metasiro savannahensis. CHEMOECOLOGY 2019; 29:189-197. [PMID: 31839693 PMCID: PMC6884433 DOI: 10.1007/s00049-019-00288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While the chemistries of scent gland secretions from a few selected species of three families of Cyphophthalmi, namely Sironidae, Pettalidae, and Stylocellidae, have already been reported and found to consist of complex blends of naphthoquinones and methyl ketones, nothing is known about the other families. We here report on the secretions of Metasiro savannahensis Clouse and Wheeler (Zootaxa 3814:177–201, 2014), a first representative of the family Neogoveidae. The secretions from males, females and one juvenile were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Twenty-five compounds were identified, all of which belong to the chemical classes of naphthoquinones and methyl ketones, confirming a hypothesized chemical uniformity of cyphophthalmid exudates. One major naphthoquinone compound, however, was new for cyphophthalmids and for arthropod exocrine secretions in general: a methyljuglone isomer, 6-methyljuglone (= 6-MJ; iupac name: 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), amounted for about 20% of the secretion and was eventually identified by synthesis. Hydroxy-naphthoquinones and their derivatives are known to possess a variety of antibiotic effects, probably enhancing the antimicrobial/antifungal potential of the Metasiro-secretion. Currently, without further data on neogoveids, the compound represents a chemical autapomorphy of M. savannahensis, and—just as the strange chloro-naphthoquinones of Sironidae and Pettalidae—adds to the repertoire of unusual naphthoquinone compounds across the Cyphophthalmi.
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Townsend VR, Teevan-Kamhawi S, Calpo D. Interspecific, ontogenetic, and sexual variation in ozopore morphology among cosmetid harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). J Morphol 2019; 280:1462-1474. [PMID: 31313849 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ozopores of cosmetid harvestmen rest upon lateral projections of the carapace, have simple or highly reduced channels, and are partially obscured by enlarged dorsal processes associated with coxae I and II. Rather than use scent gland secretions to form a chemical shield on the dorsum, the cosmetid harvestman exhibits a unique defensive behavior known as "leg dabbing" in which the distal tip of tarsus I or II is dipped into fluid that accumulate at the base of coxa II and the droplet on the tarsus is pointed toward the predator. Relatively little is known about interspecific variation in ozopore morphology among cosmetid harvestmen. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy to examine the ozopores of males and females of nine species as well as those of antepenultimate nymphs for two species. Among adults, we found differences between species in the shapes of the ozopores (round or subtriangular), the morphology of the dorsal and lateral channels (if present), and the relative size, shape and armature of the dorsal posterior process (dpp) of coxa I and the dorsal anterior process (dap) of coxa II. Our observations suggest that the morphology of dpp I and dap II could be sources for systematic characters in future phylogenetic studies of the Cosmetidae. We observed ontogenetic differences but relatively little intersexual variation in the morphology of the ozopore. The ozopores of nymphs are generally more oval than those of adults and the opening of the ozopore of the nymph is less obstructed, if at all, by the dorsal coxal processes of legs I-II. These morphological differences suggest that nymphs may use scent gland secretions in a manner different from that of adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R Townsend
- Department of Biology, Virginia Wesleyan University, Virginia Beach, Virginia
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6
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Bodner M, Vagalinski B, Raspotnig G. Chemotaxonomic potential of exocrine alkyl esters in julid millipedes (Diplopoda: Julidae: Cylindroiulini). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Derkarabetian S, Starrett J, Tsurusaki N, Ubick D, Castillo S, Hedin M. A stable phylogenomic classification of Travunioidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores) based on sequence capture of ultraconserved elements. Zookeys 2018; 760:1-36. [PMID: 29872361 PMCID: PMC5986891 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.760.24937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetics has transitioned into the phylogenomic era, with data derived from next-generation sequencing technologies allowing unprecedented phylogenetic resolution in all animal groups, including understudied invertebrate taxa. Within the most diverse harvestmen suborder, Laniatores, most relationships at all taxonomic levels have yet to be explored from a phylogenomics perspective. Travunioidea is an early-diverging lineage of laniatorean harvestmen with a Laurasian distribution, with species distributed in eastern Asia, eastern and western North America, and south-central Europe. This clade has had a challenging taxonomic history, but the current classification consists of ~77 species in three families, the Travuniidae, Paranonychidae, and Nippononychidae. Travunioidea classification has traditionally been based on structure of the tarsal claws of the hind legs. However, it is now clear that tarsal claw structure is a poor taxonomic character due to homoplasy at all taxonomic levels. Here, we utilize DNA sequences derived from capture of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) to reconstruct travunioid relationships. Data matrices consisting of 317-677 loci were used in maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and species tree analyses. Resulting phylogenies recover four consistent and highly supported clades; the phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of the enigmatic genus Yuria is less certain. Based on the resulting phylogenies, a revision of Travunioidea is proposed, now consisting of the Travuniidae, Cladonychiidae, Paranonychidae (Nippononychidae is synonymized), and the new family Cryptomastridae Derkarabetian & Hedin, fam. n., diagnosed here. The phylogenetic utility and diagnostic features of the intestinal complex and male genitalia are discussed in light of phylogenomic results, and the inappropriateness of the tarsal claw in diagnosing higher-level taxa is further corroborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahan Derkarabetian
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-4614, USA
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Present address: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James Starrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Nobuo Tsurusaki
- Laboratory of Zoological Systematics, Faculty of Agriculture, in Faculty of Regional Sciences Building, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8551, Japan
| | - Darrell Ubick
- Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118, USA
| | - Stephanie Castillo
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Marshal Hedin
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-4614, USA
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8
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Rodriguez J, Jones TH, Sierwald P, Marek PE, Shear WA, Brewer MS, Kocot KM, Bond JE. Step-wise evolution of complex chemical defenses in millipedes: a phylogenomic approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3209. [PMID: 29453332 PMCID: PMC5816663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With fossil representatives from the Silurian capable of respiring atmospheric oxygen, millipedes are among the oldest terrestrial animals, and likely the first to acquire diverse and complex chemical defenses against predators. Exploring the origin of complex adaptive traits is critical for understanding the evolution of Earth's biological complexity, and chemical defense evolution serves as an ideal study system. The classic explanation for the evolution of complexity is by gradual increase from simple to complex, passing through intermediate "stepping stone" states. Here we present the first phylogenetic-based study of the evolution of complex chemical defenses in millipedes by generating the largest genomic-based phylogenetic dataset ever assembled for the group. Our phylogenomic results demonstrate that chemical complexity shows a clear pattern of escalation through time. New pathways are added in a stepwise pattern, leading to greater chemical complexity, independently in a number of derived lineages. This complexity gradually increased through time, leading to the advent of three distantly related chemically complex evolutionary lineages, each uniquely characteristic of each of the respective millipede groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Tappey H Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
| | - Petra Sierwald
- Zoology Department, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Paul E Marek
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - William A Shear
- Biology Department, Hampden-Sydney College, Farmville, VA, 23943, USA
| | - Michael S Brewer
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Kevin M Kocot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Jason E Bond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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9
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Raspotnig G, Schaider M, Föttinger P, Schönhofer A. A Model for Phylogenetic Chemosystematics: Evolutionary History of Quinones in the Scent Gland Secretions of Harvestmen. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [PMID: 29527526 PMCID: PMC5844456 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
By the possession of unique exocrine scent glands, Opiliones (harvestmen) arise as a perfect model for studies on the evolutionary history of secretion chemistry. Among gland compounds of harvestmen, it is the quinones that represent recurring elements across the secretions of all suborders. Reliable data on quinone-distribution, however, is only known for Laniatores (benzoquinones) and Cyphophthalmi (naphthoquinones). We here unraveled the quinone-distribution across scent gland secretions of the third large harvestman suborder, the Palpatores (= Eu- and Dyspnoi): Naphthoquinones were found in phalangiid Eupnoi across all subfamilies as well as in nemastomatid (and at least one ischyropsalid) Dyspnoi. Benzoquinones (1,4-benzoquinone) were restricted to a small entity within Eupnoi, namely platybunine Phalangiidae, probably misplaced Gyantinae (currently Sclerosomatidae) and Amilenus (incertae sedis). Our findings, combined with data from Laniatores and Cyphophthalmi, allow evaluation of a comprehensive chemosystematic model for Opiliones for the first time. Evolutionary scenarios imply naphthoquinones as scent gland compounds of common ancestry, having evolved in an early harvestman ancestor and present in cyphophthalmids and palpatoreans, but lost in laniatoreans. Benzoquinones evolved later and independently at least twice: once in the secretions of gonyleptoid Laniatores (alkylated benzoquinones), and a second time in a lineage of phalangiid Eupnoi (1,4-benzoquinone).
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Raspotnig
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit of Osteology and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Petra Föttinger
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit of Osteology and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Axel Schönhofer
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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10
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Storage and release of hydrogen cyanide in a chelicerate ( Oribatula tibialis). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3469-3472. [PMID: 28289203 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618327114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanogenesis denotes a chemical defensive strategy where hydrogen cyanide (HCN, hydrocyanic or prussic acid) is produced, stored, and released toward an attacking enemy. The high toxicity and volatility of HCN requires both chemical stabilization for storage and prevention of accidental self-poisoning. The few known cyanogenic animals are exclusively mandibulate arthropods (certain myriapods and insects) that store HCN as cyanogenic glycosides, lipids, or cyanohydrins. Here, we show that cyanogenesis has also evolved in the speciose Chelicerata. The oribatid mite Oribatula tibialis uses the cyanogenic aromatic ester mandelonitrile hexanoate (MNH) for HCN storage, which degrades via two different pathways, both of which release HCN. MNH is emitted from exocrine opisthonotal oil glands, which are potent organs for chemical defense in most oribatid mites.
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11
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Bodner M, Vagalinski B, Makarov SE, Antić DŽ, Vujisić LV, Leis HJ, Raspotnig G. "Quinone Millipedes" Reconsidered: Evidence for a Mosaic-Like Taxonomic Distribution of Phenol-Based Secretions across the Julidae. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:249-58. [PMID: 26971956 PMCID: PMC4839036 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The defensive chemistry of juliformian millipedes is characterized mainly by benzoquinones ("quinone millipedes"), whereas the secretions of the putative close outgroup Callipodida are considered to be exclusively phenolic. We conducted a chemical screening of julid secretions for phenolic content. Most species from tribes Cylindroiulini (15 species examined), Brachyiulini (5 species examined), Leptoiulini (15 species examined), Uncigerini (2 species examined), Pachyiulini (3 species examined), and Ommatoiulini (2 species examined) had non-phenolic, in most cases exclusively benzoquinonic secretions. In contrast, tribes Cylindroiulini, Brachyiulini, and Leptoiulini also contained representatives with predominantly phenol-based exudates. In detail, p-cresol was a major compound in the secretions of the cylindroiulines Styrioiulus pelidnus and S. styricus (p-cresol content 93 %) and an undetermined Cylindroiulus species (p-cresol content 51 %), in the brachyiulines Brachyiulus lusitanus (p-cresol content 21 %) and Megaphyllum fagorum (p-cresol content 92 %), as well as in an undescribed Typhloiulus species (p-cresol content 32 %, Leptoiulini). In all species, p-cresol was accompanied by small amounts of phenol. The secretion of M. fagorum was exclusively phenolic, whereas phenols were accompanied by benzoquinones in all other species. This is the first incidence of clearly phenol-dominated secretions in the Julidae. We hypothesize a shared biosynthetic route to phenols and benzoquinones, with benzoquinones being produced from phenolic precursors. The patchy taxonomic distribution of phenols documented herein supports multiple independent regression events in a common pathway of benzoquinone synthesis rather than multiple independent incidences of phenol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Bodner
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Boyan Vagalinski
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Slobodan E Makarov
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Dragan Ž Antić
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ljubodrag V Vujisić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Hans-Jörg Leis
- Research Unit of Osteology and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Medical University, University Children's Hospital, Auenbruggerplatz 30, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Günther Raspotnig
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Research Unit of Osteology and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Medical University, University Children's Hospital, Auenbruggerplatz 30, 8036, Graz, Austria.
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12
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Segovia JMG, Hara MR, Pagoti GF, Sannomiya M, Santos DYAC, Willemart RH. The Scent Glands of the Neotropical Harvestman Discocyrtus pectnifemur: Morphology, Behavior and Chemistry. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:716-23. [PMID: 26271673 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Harvestmen have a pair of scent glands that open through ozopores. The literature suggests a link between the morphology of the ozopore area and the emission of a defensive secretion. A previous study on a species that aggregates in open areas, where individuals are probably more easily spotted by predators, showed that this defensive secretion causes conspecifics to flee. However, it is unknown whether this behavior occurs in species that aggregate in sheltered areas, where prey are harder to find. Herein, we describe the morphology of the ozopore area, the mode of emission of the defensive secretion, and its chemical composition in the harvestman Discocyrtus pectinifemur. We also tested if the defensive secretion is used as an alarm pheromone. We found that D. pectinifemur releases the defensive secretion in different ways, one of them being as a jet. Emission as a jet contrasts with that known for all congeners previously studied, and is in accord with the expected morphology of the ozopore. We found that the defensive secretion of D. pectinifemur does not function as an alarm pheromone. The composition of the defensive secretion, a mixture of quinones, is congruent with those already described for the clade that includes Discocyrtus. Our results support the link between the morphology of the scent glands area and the emission behavior of the defensive secretion, and they suggest that the alarm pheromone function in harvestmen may be dependent on ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio M G Segovia
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes (LESCA), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Ryotaro Hara
- Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000 - Ermelino Matarazzo, 03828-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Ferreira Pagoti
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes (LESCA), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Miriam Sannomiya
- Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000 - Ermelino Matarazzo, 03828-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Deborah Y A C Santos
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Hirata Willemart
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes (LESCA), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000 - Ermelino Matarazzo, 03828-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Raspotnig G, Schaider M, Föttinger P, Leutgeb V, Komposch C. Benzoquinones from scent glands of phalangiid harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Eupnoi): a lesson from Rilaena triangularis. CHEMOECOLOGY 2014; 25:63-72. [PMID: 25774074 PMCID: PMC4353884 DOI: 10.1007/s00049-014-0177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In case of disturbance, the phalangiine harvestman Rilaena triangularis (Eupnoi, Phalangiidae) emits a directed jet from large prosomal scent ("defensive") glands. The pungent-smelling secretion was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and found to contain mainly 1,4-benzoquinone along with 1,4-naphthoquinone and caprylic (=octanoic) acid. While various alkylated benzoquinones are characteristic for the scent gland secretions of many grassatorean Laniatores, this is the first incidence of benzoquinone-based chemical defense in palpatorean harvestmen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Raspotnig
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit of Osteology and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Medical University, University Children’s Hospital, Auenbruggerplatz 30, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Miriam Schaider
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Föttinger
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Verena Leutgeb
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Komposch
- Institute of Animal Ecology and Landscape Planning, ÖKOTEAM, Bergmanngasse 22, 8010 Graz, Austria
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