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Hou YF, Wei JF, Zhao TY, Li CF, Wang F. First complete mitochondrial genome of the tribe Coccini (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Coccidae) and its phylogenetic implications. Zookeys 2023; 1180:333-354. [PMID: 38312323 PMCID: PMC10838174 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1180.109116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccidae) are important pests of various agricultural and horticultural crops and ornamental plants. They have negative impacts on agriculture and forestry. The tribe Coccini represents one of the most ancient evolutionary lineages of soft scale insects. However, no complete Coccini mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is available in public databases. Here, we described the complete mitogenome of Coccushesperidum L., 1758. The 15,566 bp mitogenome of C.hesperidum had a high A+T content (83.4%) and contained a typical set of 37 genes, with 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). Only seven tRNAs had the typical clover-leaf secondary structure and the remaining tRNAs lacked the DHU arm, TψC arm or both. Moreover, a comparative analysis of all reported scale insect mitogenomes from GenBank database was performed. The mitogenomes of scale insects showed high similarities in base composition and A+T content. Additionally, our phylogenetic analysis confirmed the monophyly of Coccomorpha and revealed that the archaeococcoids were the most basal lineage within Coccomorpha, while Ericeruspela and Didesmococcuskoreanus, belonging to Coccidae, were often mixed with Aclerdidae, making Coccidae a paraphyletic group. These findings expand the mitogenome database of scale insects and provide new insights on mitogenome evolution for future studies across different insect groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Jiu-Feng Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China Shanxi Agricultural University Jinzhong China
| | - Tian-You Zhao
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Cai-Feng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Fang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang China
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Chang H, Guo J, Li M, Gao Y, Wang S, Wang X, Liu Y. Comparative genome and phylogenetic analysis revealed the complex mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic position of Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4989. [PMID: 36973296 PMCID: PMC10042987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley is a destructive pest that causes severe economic damage to litchi and longan. Previous C. sinensis research has focused on population life tables, oviposition selectivity, pest population prediction, and control technology. However, there are few studies on its mitogenome and phylogenetic evolution. In this study, we sequenced the whole mitogenome of C. sinensis by the third-generation sequencing, and analyzed the characteristics of its mitogenome by comparative genome. The complete mitogenome of C. sinensis is a typical circular and double-stranded structure. The ENC-plot analyses revealed that natural selection could affect the information of codon bias of the protein-coding genes in the mitogenome of C. sinensis in the evolutionary process. Compared with 12 other Tineoidea species, the trnA-trnF gene cluster of tRNA in the C. sinensis mitogenome appears to have a new arrangement pattern. This new arrangement has not been found in other Tineoidea or other Lepidoptera, which needs further exploration. Meanwhile, a long AT repeated sequence was inserted between trnR and trnA, trnE and trnF, ND1 and trnS in the mitogenome of C. sinensis, and the reason for this sequence remains to be further studied. Furthermore, the results of phylogenetic analysis showed that the litchi fruit borer belonged to Gracillariidae, and Gracillariidae was monophyletic. The results will contribute to an improved understanding of the complex mitogenome and phylogeny of C. sinensis. It also will provide a molecular basis for further research on the genetic diversity and population differentiation of C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jianglong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management On Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, IPM Center of Hebei Province, Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Bio&Data Biotechnologies Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Siwei Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Yu P, Cao C, Liu X, Hayashi F. Adults of Alderflies, Fishflies, and Dobsonflies (Megaloptera) Expel Meconial Fluid When Disturbed. INSECTS 2023; 14:86. [PMID: 36662014 PMCID: PMC9864192 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemical secretions are an effective means by which insects may deter potential enemies, already being studied extensively with regard to their chemicals, synthesis, toxicity, and functions. However, these defensive secretions have been little studied in Megaloptera. Herein, the fluid expelling behavior of adult alderflies (Sialidae), fishflies (Corydalidae: Chauliodinae), and dobsonflies (Corydalidae: Corydalinae), all of the order Megaloptera, is described in detail regarding the timing and possible function of this behavior. When disturbed artificially, both males and females could expel fluid from the anus. However, the frequency of expelling was much lower in alderflies than in fishflies and dobsonflies. The amount of expelled fluid relative to body weight was also smaller in alderflies. In fishflies and dobsonflies, the amount of expelled fluid decreased with adult age, probably because the fluid is little replenished once expelled. The cream-colored fluid seems to be meconial fluid produced via the Malpighian tubules at the pupal stage, which is usually discharged at adult emergence in most other holometabolous insects. However, adult fishflies and dobsonflies often expel it vigorously by bending their abdomen when disturbed after emergence. Thus, the fluid expelling may be an anti-predatory behavior, particularly in younger adults that can expel a relatively large amount of fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yu
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chengquan Cao
- College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614004, China
| | - Xingyue Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fumio Hayashi
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan
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Yu P, Liu X, Hayashi F. Functions of Egg-Coating Substances Secreted by Female Accessory Glands in Alderflies, Fishflies and Dobsonflies (Megaloptera). INSECTS 2022; 13:766. [PMID: 36135467 PMCID: PMC9504246 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eggs of insects are immobile and must endure harsh environmental conditions (e.g., low temperatures in winter and aridity in summer) and avoid attack by egg-eating predators, egg parasites, and microbes. Females of Megaloptera lay their eggs as a single- or multi-layered egg mass, which is coated with chemical substances secreted from the female reproductive accessory glands. In this study, we observed the egg masses laid by females of two species of Sialidae (alderflies), nine species of Chauliodinae (fishflies), and 23 species of Corydalinae (dobsonflies) belonging to the order Megaloptera and examined the functions of accessory gland substances coating the laid eggs. The female accessory gland is a single tube in alderflies and fishflies but a paired pouch in dobsonflies. The amount and color of the gland substances differ greatly among species. These substances prevent egg desiccation, inhibit egg feeding by ladybird beetles, and repel ants. Most characteristics of the egg mass structures and the effectiveness of accessory gland substances reflect the phylogeny of Megaloptera, although some differ among closely related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yu
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xingyue Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fumio Hayashi
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan
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Ge XY, Peng L, Du J, Sun CH, Wang BX. New species of the genus Molanna Curtis, 1834 (Trichoptera, Molannidae) in China inferred from morphology and DNA barcodes. Zookeys 2022; 1112:161-178. [PMID: 36760623 PMCID: PMC9848726 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1112.84475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The male adult of Molannatruncata Ge, Peng & Sun sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on material collected in Si-chuan, China. It could be diagnosed by the subtriangular superior appendages when viewed dorsally, and by the mesal appendages each having a slender thorn and inferior appendages with a tiny inner process. Based on morphology of genitalia, we provide a dichotomous key to adult males of Molanna from the Oriental region. The DNA barcodes (partial mtCOI sequences) of M.truncata sp. nov. are generated and compared with existing sequences of Molanna species from Oriental and Palearctic regions. The mean intraspecific divergence of Molanna was 1.58% with a maximum of 8.50% in M.moesta. The Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analysis of Molanna inferred 9 OTUs and thresholds of interspecific divergence of 10%. Divergence of M.truncata sp. nov. haplotypes from all other Molanna haplotypes ranged from 10.1% to 18%. We discuss distribution and potential groups of species within the Oriental Molanna species based on morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-yu Ge
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, ChinaNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lang Peng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, ChinaNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jie Du
- Jiuzhaigou Administration Bureau, 623402, Jiuzhaigou County, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, ChinaJiuzhaigou Administration BureauSichuanChina
| | - Chang-hai Sun
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, ChinaNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bei-xin Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, ChinaNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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Zhang Y, Fu YT, Yao C, Deng YP, Nie Y, Liu GH. Mitochondrial phylogenomics provides insights into the taxonomy and phylogeny of fleas. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:223. [PMID: 35733168 PMCID: PMC9215091 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites of humans and animals and serve as vectors of many disease-causing agents. Despite past and current research efforts on fleas due to their medical and veterinary importance, correct identification and robust phylogenetic analysis of these ectoparasites have often proved challenging. Methods We decoded the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the human flea Pulex irritans and nearly complete mt genome of the dog flea Ctenocephalides canis, and subsequently used this information to reconstruct the phylogeny of fleas among Endopterygota insects. Results The complete mt genome of P. irritans was 20,337 bp, whereas the clearly sequenced coding region of the C. canis mt genome was 15,609 bp. Both mt genomes were found to contain 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes. The coding region of the C. canis mt genome was only 93.5% identical to that of the cat flea C. felis, unequivocally confirming that they are distinct species. Our phylogenomic analyses of the mt genomes showed a sister relationship between the order Siphonaptera and orders Diptera + Mecoptera + Megaloptera + Neuroptera and positively support the hypothesis that the fleas in the order Siphonaptera are monophyletic. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the mt genomes of P. irritans and C. canis are different. The phylogenetic tree shows that fleas are monophyletic and strongly support an order-level objective. These mt genomes provide novel molecular markers for studying the taxonomy and phylogeny of fleas in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05334-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan province, China
| | - Yi-Tian Fu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan province, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - Yuan-Ping Deng
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan province, China
| | - Yu Nie
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan province, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan province, China.
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