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Su MSW, Cheng YL, Lin YS, Wu JJ. Interplay between group A Streptococcus and host innate immune responses. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0005222. [PMID: 38451081 PMCID: PMC10966951 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00052-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYGroup A Streptococcus (GAS), also known as Streptococcus pyogenes, is a clinically well-adapted human pathogen that harbors rich virulence determinants contributing to a broad spectrum of diseases. GAS is capable of invading epithelial, endothelial, and professional phagocytic cells while evading host innate immune responses, including phagocytosis, selective autophagy, light chain 3-associated phagocytosis, and inflammation. However, without a more complete understanding of the different ways invasive GAS infections develop, it is difficult to appreciate how GAS survives and multiplies in host cells that have interactive immune networks. This review article attempts to provide an overview of the behaviors and mechanisms that allow pathogenic GAS to invade cells, along with the strategies that host cells practice to constrain GAS infection. We highlight the counteractions taken by GAS to apply virulence factors such as streptolysin O, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotidase, and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B as a hindrance to host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Shu-Wei Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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2
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Nozawa T, Toh H, Iibushi J, Kogai K, Minowa-Nozawa A, Satoh J, Ito S, Murase K, Nakagawa I. Rab41-mediated ESCRT machinery repairs membrane rupture by a bacterial toxin in xenophagy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6230. [PMID: 37802980 PMCID: PMC10558455 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenophagy, a type of selective autophagy, is a bactericidal membrane trafficking that targets cytosolic bacterial pathogens, but the membrane homeostatic system to cope with bacterial infection in xenophagy is not known. Here, we show that the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is needed to maintain homeostasis of xenophagolysosomes damaged by a bacterial toxin, which is regulated through the TOM1L2-Rab41 pathway that recruits AAA-ATPase VPS4. We screened Rab GTPases and identified Rab41 as critical for maintaining the acidification of xenophagolysosomes. Confocal microscopy revealed that ESCRT components were recruited to the entire xenophagolysosome, and this recruitment was inhibited by intrabody expression against bacterial cytolysin, indicating that ESCRT targets xenophagolysosomes in response to a bacterial toxin. Rab41 translocates to damaged autophagic membranes via adaptor protein TOM1L2 and recruits VPS4 to complete ESCRT-mediated membrane repair in a unique GTPase-independent manner. Finally, we demonstrate that the TOM1L2-Rab41 pathway-mediated ESCRT is critical for the efficient clearance of bacteria through xenophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Toh
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junpei Iibushi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Kogai
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junko Satoh
- Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Ito
- Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazunori Murase
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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3
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Du H, Li S, Lu J, Tang L, Jiang X, He X, Liang J, Liao X, Cui T, Huang Y, Liu H. Single-cell RNA-seq and bulk-seq identify RAB17 as a potential regulator of angiogenesis by human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in diabetic foot ulcers. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad020. [PMID: 37605780 PMCID: PMC10440157 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis is crucial in diabetic wound healing and is often impaired in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) are vital components in dermal angiogenesis; however, their functional and transcriptomic characteristics in DFU patients are not well understood. This study aimed to comprehensively analyse HDMECs from DFU patients and healthy controls and find the potential regulator of angiogenesis in DFUs. Methods HDMECs were isolated from skin specimens of DFU patients and healthy controls via magnetic-activated cell sorting. The proliferation, migration and tube-formation abilities of the cells were then compared between the experimental groups. Both bulk RNA sequencing (bulk-seq) and single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) were used to identify RAB17 as a potential marker of angiogenesis, which was further confirmed via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and least absolute shrink and selection operator (LASSO) regression. The role of RAB17 in angiogenesis was examined through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results The isolated HDMECs displayed typical markers of endothelial cells. HDMECs isolated from DFU patients showed considerably impaired tube formation, rather than proliferation or migration, compared to those from healthy controls. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), fGSEA, and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) of bulk-seq and scRNA-seq indicated that angiogenesis was downregulated in DFU-HDMECs. LASSO regression identified two genes, RAB17 and CD200, as characteristic of DFU-HDMECs; additionally, the expression of RAB17 was found to be significantly reduced in DFU-HDMECs compared to that in the HDMECs of healthy controls. Overexpression of RAB17 was found to enhance angiogenesis, the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor A, and diabetic wound healing, partially through the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling pathway. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the impaired angiogenic capacity in DFUs may be related to the dysregulated expression of RAB17 in HDMECs. The identification of RAB17 as a potential molecular target provides a potential avenue for the treatment of impaired angiogenesis in DFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Du
- Department of Plastic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Shenghong Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jinqiang Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Lingzhi Tang
- Department of Plastic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Department of Plastic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xi He
- Department of Plastic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jiaji Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Liao
- Department of Plastic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Taixing Cui
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, 134 Research Park Dr, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yuesheng Huang
- Institute of Wound Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, and Department of Wound Repair, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Institute of New Technology of Plastic Surgery of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
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Lu Q, Xu S, Hao Z, Li Y, Huang Y, Ying S, Jing W, Zou S, Xu Y, Wang H. Dinotefuran exposure induces autophagy and apoptosis through oxidative stress in Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131997. [PMID: 37423129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
As a third-generation neonicotinoid insecticide, dinotefuran is extensively used in agriculture, and its residue in the environment has potential effects on nontarget organisms. However, the toxic effects of dinotefuran exposure on nontarget organism remain largely unknown. This study explored the toxic effects of sublethal dose of dinotefuran on Bombyx mori. Dinotefuran upregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the midgut and fat body of B. mori. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the expression levels of many autophagy and apoptosis-associated genes were significantly altered after dinotefuran exposure, consistent with ultrastructural changes. Moreover, the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins (ATG8-PE and ATG6) and apoptosis-related proteins (BmDredd and BmICE) were increased, whereas the expression level of an autophagic key protein (sequestosome 1) was decreased in the dinotefuran-exposed group. These results indicate that dinotefuran exposure leads to oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in B. mori. In addition, its effect on the fat body was apparently greater than that on the midgut. In contrast, pretreatment with an autophagy inhibitor effectively downregulated the expression levels of ATG6 and BmDredd, but induced the expression of sequestosome 1, suggesting that dinotefuran-induced autophagy may promote apoptosis. This study reveals that ROS generation regulates the impact of dinotefuran on the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis, laying the foundation for studying cell death processes such as autophagy and apoptosis induced by pesticides. Furthermore, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the toxicity of dinotefuran on silkworm and contributes to the ecological risk assessment of dinotefuran in nontarget organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shiliang Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhihua Hao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuxin Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuye Ying
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenhui Jing
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shiyu Zou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yusong Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Palmitate Inhibits Mouse Macrophage Efferocytosis by Activating an mTORC1-Regulated Rho Kinase 1 Pathway: Therapeutic Implications for the Treatment of Obesity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213502. [PMID: 36359898 PMCID: PMC9657837 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, billions of our cells die and get cleared without inducing inflammation. When, clearance is improper, uncleared cells undergo secondary necrosis and trigger inflammation. In addition, proper efferocytosis would be required for inducing resolution of inflammation, thus clearance deficiencies in the long term lead to development of various chronic inflammatory diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that obesity, itself being a low-grade inflammatory disease, predisposes to a variety of other chronic inflammatory diseases. Previous studies indicated that this later might be partially related to an impaired efferocytosis induced by increased uptake of circulating saturated fatty acids by macrophages in obese people. Here, we show that palmitate inhibits efferocytosis by bone marrow-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Palmitate triggers autophagy but also activates an energy-sensing mTORC1/ROCK1 signaling pathway, which interferes with the autophagosome–lysosome fusion, resulting in accumulation of the cellular membranes in autophagosomes. We propose that lack of sufficient plasma membrane supply attenuates efferocytosis of palmitate-exposed macrophages. AMP-activated protein kinase activators lead to mTORC1 inhibition and, consequently, released the palmitate-induced efferocytosis block in macrophages. Thus, they might be useful in the treatment of obesity not only by affecting metabolism thought so far. ROCK1 inhibitors could also be considered.
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6
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Zheng L, Wei F, Li G. The crosstalk between bacteria and host autophagy: host defense or bacteria offense. J Microbiol 2022; 60:451-460. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-2009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Li M, Hu Y, Zhao B, Chen L, Huang H, Huai C, Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhou W, Shen L, Zhen Q, Li B, Wang W, He L, Qin S. A next generation sequencing combined genome-wide association study identifies novel tuberculosis susceptibility loci in Chinese population. Genomics 2021; 113:2377-2384. [PMID: 34052317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The genetic factors of tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility have been widely recognized. Here we performed a two-stage study in 616 TB patients and 709 healthy controls to systematically identify the genetic markers of TB susceptibility. In the discovery stage, we identified 93 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 3 human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles that had potential associations with TB susceptibility. In the validation stage, we confirmed that 6 nominally significant SNPs, including 2 novel missense variants at RAB17 and DCTN4 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.40, P = 4.98 × 10-3 and OR = 2.30, P = 3.17 × 10-2 respectively), were associated with the predisposition to TB. Moreover, our study found that HLA-II allele DQA1*05:05 (P = 0.0011, OR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.15-1.77) was a TB susceptibility locus for the first time. This study comprehensively investigated the genetic variants that were associated with TB susceptibility and provided insight into the tuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, China and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Baihui Zhao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Luan Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Cong Huai
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinghong Zhang
- Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qi Zhen
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital and Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Ministry of Education), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Bao Li
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital and Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Ministry of Education), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital and Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Ministry of Education), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, China.
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Harms FL, Parthasarathy P, Zorndt D, Alawi M, Fuchs S, Halliday BJ, McKeown C, Sampaio H, Radhakrishnan N, Radhakrishnan SK, Gorce M, Navet B, Ziegler A, Sachdev R, Robertson SP, Nampoothiri S, Kutsche K. Biallelic loss-of-function variants in TBC1D2B cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with seizures and gingival overgrowth. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1645-1661. [PMID: 32623794 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The family of Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16 (TBC)-domain containing GTPase activating proteins (RABGAPs) is not only known as key regulatorof RAB GTPase activity but also has GAP-independent functions. Rab GTPases are implicated in membrane trafficking pathways, such as vesicular trafficking. We report biallelic loss-of-function variants in TBC1D2B, encoding a member of the TBC/RABGAP family with yet unknown function, as the underlying cause of cognitive impairment, seizures, and/or gingival overgrowth in three individuals from unrelated families. TBC1D2B messenger RNA amount was drastically reduced, and the protein was absent in fibroblasts of two patients. In immunofluorescence analysis, ectopically expressed TBC1D2B colocalized with vesicles positive for RAB5, a small GTPase orchestrating early endocytic vesicle trafficking. In two independent TBC1D2B CRISPR/Cas9 knockout HeLa cell lines that serve as cellular model of TBC1D2B deficiency, epidermal growth factor internalization was significantly reduced compared with the parental HeLa cell line suggesting a role of TBC1D2B in early endocytosis. Serum deprivation of TBC1D2B-deficient HeLa cell lines caused a decrease in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis. Our data reveal that loss of TBC1D2B causes a neurodevelopmental disorder with gingival overgrowth, possibly by deficits in vesicle trafficking and/or cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike L Harms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Padmini Parthasarathy
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dennis Zorndt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Fuchs
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin J Halliday
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Colina McKeown
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugo Sampaio
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick Campus, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Natasha Radhakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Suresh K Radhakrishnan
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Magali Gorce
- Department of Metabolic Disease, Children University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Navet
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.,MitoLab, Institut MitoVasc, UMR CNRS6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Alban Ziegler
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.,MitoLab, Institut MitoVasc, UMR CNRS6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Rani Sachdev
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Ochaba J, Powers AF, Tremble KA, Greenlee S, Post NM, Matson JE, MacLeod AR, Guo S, Aghajan M. A novel and translational role for autophagy in antisense oligonucleotide trafficking and activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:11284-11303. [PMID: 31612951 PMCID: PMC6868497 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a mechanism by which cells sense their environment and internalize various nutrients, growth factors and signaling molecules. This process initiates at the plasma membrane, converges with autophagy, and terminates at the lysosome. It is well-established that cellular uptake of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) proceeds through the endocytic pathway; however, only a small fraction escapes endosomal trafficking while the majority are rendered inactive in the lysosome. Since these pathways converge and share common molecular machinery, it is unclear if autophagy-related trafficking participates in ASO uptake or whether modulation of autophagy affects ASO activity and localization. To address these questions, we investigated the effects of autophagy modulation on ASO activity in cells and mice. We found that enhancing autophagy through small-molecule mTOR inhibition, serum-starvation/fasting, and ketogenic diet, increased ASO-mediated target reduction in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, autophagy activation enhanced the localization of ASOs into autophagosomes without altering intracellular concentrations or trafficking to other compartments. These results support a novel role for autophagy and the autophagosome as a previously unidentified compartment that participates in and contributes to enhanced ASO activity. Further, we demonstrate non-chemical methods to enhance autophagy and subsequent ASO activity using translatable approaches such as fasting or ketogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ochaba
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | | | | | - Noah M Post
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - John E Matson
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | - Shuling Guo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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Nozawa T, Nakagawa I. Identification of Group A Streptococcus-Containing Autophagosome-Like Vacuoles. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2136:223-231. [PMID: 32430824 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0467-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is one of the major human pathogens that can invade nonphagocytic cells. GAS internalized through endocytosis secretes the pore-forming toxin Streptolysin O (SLO) to escape into the cytoplasm. The cytosolic GAS is selectively captured by autophagic membranes (GAS-containing autophagosome-like vacuoles, GcAVs) and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Macroautophagy (referred to as autophagy hereafter) is a highly conserved lysosome-mediated catabolic process, which is critical for cellular homeostasis. Autophagy also acts as an intracellular immune system. In this section, we describe how to identify GcAVs in infected cells using fluorescent microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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11
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Sato R, Okura T, Kawahara M, Takizawa N, Momose F, Morikawa Y. Apical Trafficking Pathways of Influenza A Virus HA and NA via Rab17- and Rab23-Positive Compartments. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1857. [PMID: 31456775 PMCID: PMC6700264 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope proteins of influenza A virus, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), play critical roles in viral entry to host cells and release from the cells, respectively. After protein synthesis, they are transported from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the apical plasma membrane (PM) and assembled into virus particles. However, the post-TGN transport pathways of HA and NA have not been clarified. Temporal study by confocal microscopy revealed that HA and NA colocalized soon after their synthesis, and relocated together from the TGN to the upper side of the cell. Using the Rab family protein, we investigated the post-TGN transport pathways of HA and NA. HA partially colocalized with AcGFP-Rab15, Rab17, and Rab23, but rarely with AcGFP-Rab11. When analyzed in cells stably expressing AcGFP-Rab, HA/NA colocalized with Rab15 and Rab17, markers of apical sorting and recycling endosomes, and later colocalized with Rab23, which distributes to the apical PM and endocytic vesicles. Overexpression of the dominant-negative (DN) mutants of Rab15 and Rab17, but not Rab23, significantly delayed HA transport to the PM. However, Rab23DN impaired cell surface expression of HA. Live-cell imaging revealed that NA moved rapidly with Rab17 but not with Rab15. NA also moved with Rab23 in the cytoplasm, but this motion was confined at the upper side of the cell. A fraction of HA was localized to Rab17 and Rab23 double-positive vesicles in the cytoplasm. Coimmunoprecipitation indicated that HA was associated with Rab17 and Rab23 in lipid raft fractions. When cholesterol was depleted by methyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment, the motion of NA and Rab17 signals ceased. These results suggest that HA and NA are incorporated into lipid raft microdomains and are cotransported to the PM by Rab17-positive and followed by Rab23-positive vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sato
- Graduate School for Infection Control, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okura
- Graduate School for Infection Control, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kawahara
- Graduate School for Infection Control, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Takizawa
- Laboratory of Basic Biology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Momose
- Graduate School for Infection Control, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Graduate School for Infection Control, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Toh H, Nozawa T, Minowa-Nozawa A, Hikichi M, Nakajima S, Aikawa C, Nakagawa I. Group A Streptococcus modulates RAB1- and PIK3C3 complex-dependent autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 16:334-346. [PMID: 31177902 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1628539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy selectively targets invading bacteria to defend cells, whereas bacterial pathogens counteract autophagy to survive in cells. The initiation of canonical autophagy involves the PIK3C3 complex, but autophagy targeting Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is PIK3C3-independent. We report that GAS infection elicits both PIK3C3-dependent and -independent autophagy, and that the GAS effector NAD-glycohydrolase (Nga) selectively modulates PIK3C3-dependent autophagy. GAS regulates starvation-induced (canonical) PIK3C3-dependent autophagy by secreting streptolysin O and Nga, and Nga also suppresses PIK3C3-dependent GAS-targeting-autophagosome formation during early infection and facilitates intracellular proliferation. This Nga-sensitive autophagosome formation involves the ATG14-containing PIK3C3 complex and RAB1 GTPase, which are both dispensable for Nga-insensitive RAB9A/RAB17-positive autophagosome formation. Furthermore, although MTOR inhibition and subsequent activation of ULK1, BECN1, and ATG14 occur during GAS infection, ATG14 recruitment to GAS is impaired, suggesting that Nga inhibits the recruitment of ATG14-containing PIK3C3 complexes to autophagosome-formation sites. Our findings reveal not only a previously unrecognized GAS-host interaction that modulates canonical autophagy, but also the existence of multiple autophagy pathways, using distinct regulators, targeting bacterial infection.Abbreviations: ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG14: autophagy related 14; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; BECN1: beclin 1; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; GAS: group A streptococcus; GcAV: GAS-containing autophagosome-like vacuole; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; Nga: NAD-glycohydrolase; PIK3C3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PtdIns4P: phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate; RAB: RAB, member RAS oncogene GTPases; RAB1A: RAB1A, member RAS oncogene family; RAB11A: RAB11A, member RAS oncogene family; RAB17: RAB17, member RAS oncogene family; RAB24: RAB24, member RAS oncogene family; RPS6KB1: ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; SLO: streptolysin O; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Toh
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miyako Hikichi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakajima
- Department of Life Science Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Dentistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Aikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Abstract
In the past decade, the field of the cellular microbiology of group A Streptococcus (S. pyogenes) infection has made tremendous advances and touched upon several important aspects of pathogenesis, including receptor biology, invasive and evasive phenomena, inflammasome activation, strain-specific autophagic bacterial killing, and virulence factor-mediated programmed cell death. The noteworthy aspect of S. pyogenes-mediated cell signaling is the recognition of the role of M protein in a variety of signaling events, starting with the targeting of specific receptors on the cell surface and on through the induction and evasion of NETosis, inflammasome, and autophagy/xenophagy to pyroptosis and apoptosis. Variations in reports on S. pyogenes-mediated signaling events highlight the complex mechanism of pathogenesis and underscore the importance of the host cell and S. pyogenes strain specificity, as well as in vitro/in vivo experimental parameters. The severity of S. pyogenes infection is, therefore, dependent on the virulence gene expression repertoire in the host environment and on host-specific dynamic signaling events in response to infection. Commonly known as an extracellular pathogen, S. pyogenes finds host macrophages as safe havens wherein it survives and even multiplies. The fact that endothelial cells are inherently deficient in autophagic machinery compared to epithelial cells and macrophages underscores the invasive nature of S. pyogenes and its ability to cause severe systemic diseases. S. pyogenes is still one of the top 10 causes of infectious mortality. Understanding the orchestration of dynamic host signaling networks will provide a better understanding of the increasingly complex mechanism of S. pyogenes diseases and novel ways of therapeutically intervening to thwart severe and often fatal infections.
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14
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Thellung S, Corsaro A, Nizzari M, Barbieri F, Florio T. Autophagy Activator Drugs: A New Opportunity in Neuroprotection from Misfolded Protein Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040901. [PMID: 30791416 PMCID: PMC6412775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to critically analyze promises and limitations of pharmacological inducers of autophagy against protein misfolding-associated neurodegeneration. Effective therapies against neurodegenerative disorders can be developed by regulating the “self-defense” equipment of neurons, such as autophagy. Through the degradation and recycling of the intracellular content, autophagy promotes neuron survival in conditions of trophic factor deprivation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial and lysosomal damage, or accumulation of misfolded proteins. Autophagy involves the activation of self-digestive pathways, which is different for dynamics (macro, micro and chaperone-mediated autophagy), or degraded material (mitophagy, lysophagy, aggrephagy). All neurodegenerative disorders share common pathogenic mechanisms, including the impairment of autophagic flux, which causes the inability to remove the neurotoxic oligomers of misfolded proteins. Pharmacological activation of autophagy is typically achieved by blocking the kinase activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) enzymatic complex 1 (mTORC1), removing its autophagy suppressor activity observed under physiological conditions; acting in this way, rapamycin provided the first proof of principle that pharmacological autophagy enhancement can induce neuroprotection through the facilitation of oligomers’ clearance. The demand for effective disease-modifying strategies against neurodegenerative disorders is currently stimulating the development of a wide number of novel molecules, as well as the re-evaluation of old drugs for their pro-autophagic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Thellung
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Tullio Florio
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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15
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Wei F, Duan Y. Crosstalk between Autophagy and Nanomaterials: Internalization, Activation, Termination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:e1800259. [PMID: 32627344 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) are comprehensively applied in biomedicine due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Autophagy, as an evolutionarily conserved cellular quality control process, is closely associated with the effect of NMs on cells. In this review, the recent advances in NM-induced/inhibited autophagy (NM-phagy) are summarized, with an aim to present a comprehensive description of the mechanisms of NM-phagy from the perspective of internalization, activation, and termination, thereby bridging autophagy and nanomaterials. Several possible mechanisms are extensively reviewed including the endocytosis pathway of NMs and the related cross components (clathrin and adaptor protein 2 (AP-2), adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6), Rab, UV radiation resistance associated gene (UVRAG)), three main stress mechanisms (oxidative stress, damaged organelles stress, and toxicity stress), and several signal pathway-related molecules. The mechanistic insight is beneficial to understand the autophagic response to NMs or NMs' regulation of autophagy. The challenges currently encountered and research trend in the field of NM-phagy are also highlighted. It is hoped that the NM-phagy discussion in this review with the focus on the mechanistic aspects may serve as a guideline for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujing Wei
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-enviroment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-enviroment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, P. R. China
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16
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Nakajima K, Nozawa T, Minowa-Nozawa A, Toh H, Yamada S, Aikawa C, Nakagawa I. RAB30 regulates PI4KB (phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta)-dependent autophagy against group A Streptococcus. Autophagy 2018; 15:466-477. [PMID: 30290718 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1532260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy plays an important role in the immune response to invasion by intracellular pathogens such as group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes). We previously identified RAB30, a Golgi-resident GTPase, as a novel anti-bacterial autophagic regulator in the formation of GAS-containing autophagosome-like vacuoles (GcAVs); however, the precise mechanism underlying this process remains elusive. Here, we elucidate a novel property of RAB30: the ability to recruit PI4KB (phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta) to the Golgi apparatus and GcAVs. We found that trans-Golgi network (TGN) vesicles were incorporated into GcAVs via RAB30 to promote GcAV formation. Moreover, depletion of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns4P), a phosphatidylinositol enriched in the TGN, by wortmannin and phenylarsine oxide, followed by subsequent repletion with exogenous PtdIns4P revealed that PtdIns4P is crucial for GcAV formation. Furthermore, we identify an interaction between RAB30 and PI4KB, in which the knockdown of RAB30 decreased the localization of PI4KB to the TGN and GcAVs. Finally, PI4KB knockout suppressed autophagy by inhibiting GcAV formation, resulting in the increased survival of GAS. Our results demonstrate a novel autophagosomal formation mechanism involving coordinative functions of RAB30 and PI4KB distinct from those utilized in canonical autophagy. Abbreviations: GAS: group A Streptococcus; GcAVs: GAS-containing autophagosome-like vacuoles; PI4KB: phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta; PtdIns: phosphatidylinositol; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PtdIns4P: phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate; PtdIns5P: phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate; SLO: streptolysin O; TGN: trans-Golgi network; TGOLN2: trans-golgi network protein 2; PH: plekstrin homology; OSBP: oxysterol binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nakajima
- a Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Takashi Nozawa
- a Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- a Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hirotaka Toh
- a Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamada
- a Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Chihiro Aikawa
- a Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- a Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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17
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Nozawa T. [Selective autophagy mechanism against Group A Streptococcus infection]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2018; 73:193-199. [PMID: 30158393 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.73.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy acts as an intracellular host defense system against invading pathogenic microorganisms such as Group A Streptococcus (GAS). Autophagy is a membrane-mediated degradation system that is regulated by intracellular membrane trafficking regulators, including small GTPase Rab proteins. Here, we revealed Rab GTPase network that regulate autophagosome formation against GAS. A unique set of Rab GTPases coordinates autophagy to enable to form huge autophagosomes surrounding GAS by linking recycling endosomes and trans Golgi-network. We also found that NLRP4, one of intracellular pathogen recognition receptor, directs Rho signaling to facilitate autophagosome formation. In this article, we would like to show our findings on how host autophagy regulators coordinate autophagy during GAS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
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18
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Puri C, Vicinanza M, Ashkenazi A, Gratian MJ, Zhang Q, Bento CF, Renna M, Menzies FM, Rubinsztein DC. The RAB11A-Positive Compartment Is a Primary Platform for Autophagosome Assembly Mediated by WIPI2 Recognition of PI3P-RAB11A. Dev Cell 2018; 45:114-131.e8. [PMID: 29634932 PMCID: PMC5896254 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical pathway that degrades intracytoplasmic contents by engulfing them in double-membraned autophagosomes that are conjugated with LC3 family members. These membranes are specified by phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), which recruits WIPI2, which, in turn, recruits ATG16L1 to specify the sites of LC3-conjugation. Conventionally, phosphatidylinositides act in concert with other proteins in targeting effectors to specific membranes. Here we describe that WIPI2 localizes to autophagic precursor membranes by binding RAB11A, a protein that specifies recycling endosomes, and that PI3P is formed on RAB11A-positive membranes upon starvation. Loss of RAB11A impairs the recruitment and assembly of the autophagic machinery. RAB11A-positive membranes are a primary direct platform for canonical autophagosome formation that enables autophagy of the transferrin receptor and damaged mitochondria. While this compartment may receive membrane inputs from other sources to enable autophagosome biogenesis, RAB11A-positive membranes appear to be a compartment from which autophagosomes evolve. RAB11A binds WIPI2 via a conserved RAB11-binding domain and regulates autophagy Proteins regulating autophagosome formation localize on RAB11A-positive compartment Transferrin receptor is an autophagy substrate recruited to forming autophagosomes Damaged mitochondria are engulfed by RAB11A-positive compartment
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Puri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mariella Vicinanza
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Avraham Ashkenazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Matthew J Gratian
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Carla F Bento
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Maurizio Renna
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Fiona M Menzies
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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19
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Banworth MJ, Li G. Consequences of Rab GTPase dysfunction in genetic or acquired human diseases. Small GTPases 2018. [PMID: 29239692 DOI: 10.1080/215412481397833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are important regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Both activating and inactivating mutations in Rab genes have been identified and implicated in human diseases ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. In addition, altered Rab expression is often associated with disease prognosis. As such, the study of diseases associated with Rabs or Rab-interacting proteins has shed light on the important role of intracellular membrane trafficking in disease etiology. In this review, we cover recent advances in the field with an emphasis on cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcellus J Banworth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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20
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Banworth MJ, Li G. Consequences of Rab GTPase dysfunction in genetic or acquired human diseases. Small GTPases 2017; 9:158-181. [PMID: 29239692 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1397833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are important regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Both activating and inactivating mutations in Rab genes have been identified and implicated in human diseases ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. In addition, altered Rab expression is often associated with disease prognosis. As such, the study of diseases associated with Rabs or Rab-interacting proteins has shed light on the important role of intracellular membrane trafficking in disease etiology. In this review, we cover recent advances in the field with an emphasis on cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcellus J Banworth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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21
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Nozawa T, Aikawa C, Minowa-Nozawa A, Nakagawa I. The intracellular microbial sensor NLRP4 directs Rho-actin signaling to facilitate Group A Streptococcus-containing autophagosome-like vacuole formation. Autophagy 2017; 13:1841-1854. [PMID: 29099277 PMCID: PMC5788493 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1358343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenophagy, also known as antibacterial autophagy, functions as a crucial defense system that can utilize intracellular pattern recognition sensors, such as NLRP4, to recognize and selectively eliminate bacterial pathogens. However, little is known about how NLRP4 regulates xenophagy. Here, we report that NLRP4 binds ARHGDIA (Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor α) to regulate Rho GTPase signaling and facilitate actin-mediated xenophagy. Specifically, NLRP4 is recruited to Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and colocalizes with GAS-containing autophagosome-like vacuoles (GcAVs), where it regulates ARHGDIA-Rho GTPase recruitment to promote autophagosome formation. The interaction between NLRP4, ARHGDIA, and Rho GTPases is regulated by ARHGDIA Tyr156 phosphorylation, which acts as a gate to induce Rho-mediated xenophagy. Moreover, ARHGDIA and Rho GTPase are involved in actin-mediated ATG9A recruitment to phagophores, facilitating elongation to form autophagosomes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NLRP4 functions as a Rho receptor complex to direct actin dynamics regulating xenophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Aikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Abstract
Macroautophagy is an intracellular pathway used for targeting of cellular components to the lysosome for their degradation and involves sequestration of cytoplasmic material into autophagosomes formed from a double membrane structure called the phagophore. The nucleation and elongation of the phagophore is tightly regulated by several autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, but also involves vesicular trafficking from different subcellular compartments to the forming autophagosome. Such trafficking must be tightly regulated by various intra- and extracellular signals to respond to different cellular stressors and metabolic states, as well as the nature of the cargo to become degraded. We are only starting to understand the interconnections between different membrane trafficking pathways and macroautophagy. This review will focus on the membrane trafficking machinery found to be involved in delivery of membrane, lipids, and proteins to the forming autophagosome and in the subsequent autophagosome fusion with endolysosomal membranes. The role of RAB proteins and their regulators, as well as coat proteins, vesicle tethers, and SNARE proteins in autophagosome biogenesis and maturation will be discussed.
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23
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Minowa-Nozawa A, Nozawa T, Okamoto-Furuta K, Kohda H, Nakagawa I. Rab35 GTPase recruits NDP52 to autophagy targets. EMBO J 2017; 36:2790-2807. [PMID: 28848034 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy targets intracellular molecules, damaged organelles, and invading pathogens for degradation in lysosomes. Recent studies have identified autophagy receptors that facilitate this process by binding to ubiquitinated targets, including NDP52. Here, we demonstrate that the small guanosine triphosphatase Rab35 directs NDP52 to the corresponding targets of multiple forms of autophagy. The active GTP-bound form of Rab35 accumulates on bacteria-containing endosomes, and Rab35 directly binds and recruits NDP52 to internalized bacteria. Additionally, Rab35 promotes interaction of NDP52 with ubiquitin. This process is inhibited by TBC1D10A, a GAP that inactivates Rab35, but stimulated by autophagic activation via TBK1 kinase, which associates with NDP52. Rab35, TBC1D10A, and TBK1 regulate NDP52 recruitment to damaged mitochondria and to autophagosomes to promote mitophagy and maturation of autophagosomes, respectively. We propose that Rab35-GTP is a critical regulator of autophagy through recruiting autophagy receptor NDP52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Okamoto-Furuta
- Division of Electron Microscopic Study, Center for Anatomical Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruyasu Kohda
- Division of Electron Microscopic Study, Center for Anatomical Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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24
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Up-regulation of the active form of small GTPase Rab13 promotes macroautophagy in vascular endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:613-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Nakajima S, Aikawa C, Nozawa T, Minowa-Nozawa A, Toh H, Nakagawa I. Bcl-xL Affects Group A Streptococcus-Induced Autophagy Directly, by Inhibiting Fusion between Autophagosomes and Lysosomes, and Indirectly, by Inhibiting Bacterial Internalization via Interaction with Beclin 1-UVRAG. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170138. [PMID: 28085926 PMCID: PMC5235370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are proposed to regulate starvation-induced autophagy by directly interacting with Beclin 1. Beclin 1 is also thought to be involved in multiple vesicle trafficking pathways such as endocytosis by binding to Atg14L and UVRAG. However, how the interaction of Bcl-2 family proteins and Beclin 1 regulates anti-bacterial autophagy (xenophagy) is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed these interactions using Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) infection as a model. GAS is internalized into epithelial cells through endocytosis, while the intracellular fate of GAS is degradation by autophagy. Here, we found that Bcl-xL but not Bcl-2 regulates GAS-induced autophagy. Autophagosome-lysosome fusion and the internalization process during GAS infection were promoted in Bcl-xL knockout cells. In addition, knockout of Beclin 1 phenocopied the internalization defect of GAS. Furthermore, UVRAG interacts not only with Beclin 1 but also with Bcl-xL, and overexpression of UVRAG partially rescued the internalization defect of Beclin 1 knockout cells during GAS infection. Thus, our results indicate that Bcl-xL inhibits GAS-induced autophagy directly by suppressing autophagosome-lysosome fusion and indirectly by suppressing GAS internalization via interaction with Beclin 1-UVRAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Nakajima
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Aikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Toh
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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26
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Yin C, Kim Y, Argintaru D, Heit B. Rab17 mediates differential antigen sorting following efferocytosis and phagocytosis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2529. [PMID: 28005073 PMCID: PMC5261003 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens (phagocytosis) and apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), and can subsequently initiate adaptive immune responses by presenting antigens derived from engulfed materials. Both phagocytosis and efferocytosis share a common degradative pathway in which the target is engulfed into a membrane-bound vesicle, respectively, termed the phagosome and efferosome, where they are degraded by sequential fusion with endosomes and lysosomes. Despite this shared maturation pathway, macrophages are immunogenic following phagocytosis but not efferocytosis, indicating that differential processing or trafficking of antigens must occur. Mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence microscopy of efferosomes and phagosomes in macrophages demonstrated that efferosomes lacked the proteins required for antigen presentation and instead recruited the recycling regulator Rab17. As a result, degraded materials from efferosomes bypassed the MHC class II loading compartment via the recycling endosome - a process not observed in phagosomes. Combined, these results indicate that macrophages prevent presentation of apoptotic cell-derived antigens by preferentially trafficking efferocytosed, but not phagocytosed, materials away from the MHC class II loading compartment via the recycling endosome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and The Centre for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Yohan Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and The Centre for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Dean Argintaru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and The Centre for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and The Centre for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
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27
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Sui X, Liang X, Chen L, Guo C, Han W, Pan H, Li X. Bacterial xenophagy and its possible role in cancer: A potential antimicrobial strategy for cancer prevention and treatment. Autophagy 2016; 13:237-247. [PMID: 27924676 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1252890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved catabolic process through which cellular excessive or dysfunctional proteins and organelles are transported to the lysosome for terminal degradation and recycling. Over the past few years increasing evidence has suggested that autophagy is not only a simple metabolite recycling mechanism, but also plays a critical role in the removal of intracellular pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. When autophagy engulfs intracellular pathogens, the pathway is called 'xenophagy' because it leads to the elimination of foreign microbes. Recent studies support the idea that xenophagy can be modulated by bacterial infection. Meanwhile, convincing evidence indicates that xenophagy may be involved in malignant transformation and cancer therapy. Xenophagy can suppress tumorigenesis, particularly during the early stages of tumor initiation. However, in established tumors, xenophagy may also function as a prosurvival pathway in response to microenvironment stresses including bacterial infection. Therefore, bacterial infection-related xenophagy may have an effect on tumor initiation and cancer treatment. However, the role and machinery of bacterial infection-related xenophagy in cancer remain elusive. Here we will discuss recent developments in our understanding of xenophagic mechanisms targeting bacteria, and how they contribute to tumor initiation and anticancer therapy. A better understanding of the role of xenophagy in bacterial infection and cancer will hopefully provide insight into the design of novel and effective therapies for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbing Sui
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.,b Departments of Urology and Pathology , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Surgery , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,d Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xiao Liang
- e Department of General Surgery , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Liuxi Chen
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Chunming Guo
- b Departments of Urology and Pathology , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Surgery , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Weidong Han
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Hongming Pan
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xue Li
- b Departments of Urology and Pathology , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Surgery , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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28
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Nozawa T, Minowa-Nozawa A, Aikawa C, Nakagawa I. The STX6-VTI1B-VAMP3 complex facilitates xenophagy by regulating the fusion between recycling endosomes and autophagosomes. Autophagy 2016; 13:57-69. [PMID: 27791468 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1241924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy plays a critical role in immunity by directly degrading invading pathogens such as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), through a process that has been named xenophagy. We previously demonstrated that autophagic vacuoles directed against GAS, termed GAS-containing autophagosome-like vacuoles (GcAVs), use recycling endosomes (REs) as a membrane source. However, the precise molecular mechanism that facilitates the fusion between GcAVs and REs remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that STX6 (syntaxin 6) is recruited to GcAVs and forms a complex with VTI1B and VAMP3 to regulate the GcAV-RE fusion that is required for xenophagy. STX6 targets the GcAV membrane through its tyrosine-based sorting motif and transmembrane domain, and localizes to TFRC (transferrin receptor)-positive punctate structures on GcAVs through its H2 SNARE domain. Knockdown and knockout experiments revealed that STX6 is required for the fusion between GcAVs and REs to promote clearance of intracellular GAS by autophagy. Moreover, VAMP3 and VTI1B interact with STX6 and localize on the TFRC-positive puncta on GcAVs, and are also involved in the RE-GcAV fusion. Furthermore, knockout of RABGEF1 impairs the RE-GcAV fusion and STX6-VAMP3 interaction. These findings demonstrate that RABGEF1 mediates RE fusion with GcAVs through the STX6-VAMP3-VTI1B complex, and reveal the SNARE dynamics involved in autophagosome formation in response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nozawa
- a Department of Microbiology , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- a Department of Microbiology , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Chihiro Aikawa
- a Department of Microbiology , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- a Department of Microbiology , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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29
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Corcelle-Termeau E, Vindeløv SD, Hämälistö S, Mograbi B, Keldsbo A, Bräsen JH, Favaro E, Adam D, Szyniarowski P, Hofman P, Krautwald S, Farkas T, Petersen NH, Rohde M, Linkermann A, Jäättelä M. Excess sphingomyelin disturbs ATG9A trafficking and autophagosome closure. Autophagy 2016; 12:833-49. [PMID: 27070082 PMCID: PMC4854555 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1159378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin is an essential cellular lipid that traffics between plasma membrane and intracellular organelles until directed to lysosomes for SMPD1 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1)-mediated degradation. Inactivating mutations in the SMPD1 gene result in Niemann-Pick diseases type A and B characterized by sphingomyelin accumulation and severely disturbed tissue homeostasis. Here, we report that sphingomyelin overload disturbs the maturation and closure of autophagic membranes. Niemann-Pick type A patient fibroblasts and SMPD1-depleted cancer cells accumulate elongated and unclosed autophagic membranes as well as abnormally swollen autophagosomes in the absence of normal autophagosomes and autolysosomes. The immature autophagic membranes are rich in WIPI2, ATG16L1 and MAP1LC3B but display reduced association with ATG9A. Contrary to its normal trafficking between plasma membrane, intracellular organelles and autophagic membranes, ATG9A concentrates in transferrin receptor-positive juxtanuclear recycling endosomes in SMPD1-deficient cells. Supporting a causative role for ATG9A mistrafficking in the autophagy defect observed in SMPD1-deficient cells, ectopic ATG9A effectively reverts this phenotype. Exogenous C12-sphingomyelin induces a similar juxtanuclear accumulation of ATG9A and subsequent defect in the maturation of autophagic membranes in healthy cells while the main sphingomyelin metabolite, ceramide, fails to revert the autophagy defective phenotype in SMPD1-deficient cells. Juxtanuclear accumulation of ATG9A and defective autophagy are also evident in tissues of smpd1-deficient mice with a subsequent inability to cope with kidney ischemia-reperfusion stress. These data reveal sphingomyelin as an important regulator of ATG9A trafficking and maturation of early autophagic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Corcelle-Termeau
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Diness Vindeløv
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saara Hämälistö
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Baharia Mograbi
- Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN), Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Anne Keldsbo
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Elena Favaro
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Piotr Szyniarowski
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Hofman
- Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN), Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology and Human Tissue Biobank/CRB INSERM, Pasteur Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France
| | - Stefan Krautwald
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Farkas
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj H.T. Petersen
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Rohde
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Golgi-Resident GTPase Rab30 Promotes the Biogenesis of Pathogen-Containing Autophagosomes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147061. [PMID: 26771875 PMCID: PMC4714835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy acts as a host-defense system against pathogenic microorganisms such as Group A Streptococcus (GAS). Autophagy is a membrane-mediated degradation system that is regulated by intracellular membrane trafficking regulators, including small GTPase Rab proteins. Here, we identified Rab30 as a novel regulator of GAS-containing autophagosome-like vacuoles (GcAVs). We found that Rab30, a Golgi-resident Rab, was recruited to GcAVs in response to autophagy induction by GAS infection in epithelial cells. Rab30 recruitment was dependent upon its GTPase activity. In addition, the knockdown of Rab30 expression significantly reduced GcAV formation efficiency and impaired intracellular GAS degradation. Rab30 normally functions to maintain the structural integrity of the Golgi complex, but GcAV formation occurred even when the Golgi apparatus was disrupted. Although Rab30 also colocalized with a starvation-induced autophagosome, Rab30 was not required for autophagosome formation during starvation. These results suggest that Rab30 mediates autophagy against GAS independently of its normal cellular role in the structural maintenance of the Golgi apparatus, and autophagosome biogenesis during bacterial infection involves specific Rab GTPases.
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