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Shtuhin-Rahav R, Olender A, Zlotkin-Rivkin E, Bouman EA, Danieli T, Nir-Keren Y, Weiss AM, Nandi I, Aroeti B. Enteropathogenic E. coli infection co-elicits lysosomal exocytosis and lytic host cell death. mBio 2023; 14:e0197923. [PMID: 38038448 PMCID: PMC10746156 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01979-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection is a significant cause of gastroenteritis, mainly in children. Therefore, studying the mechanisms of EPEC infection is an important research theme. EPEC modulates its host cell life by injecting via a type III secretion machinery cell death modulating effector proteins. For instance, while EspF and Map promote mitochondrial cell death, EspZ antagonizes cell death. We show that these effectors also control lysosomal exocytosis, i.e., the trafficking of lysosomes to the host cell plasma membrane. Interestingly, the capacity of these effectors to induce or protect against cell death correlates completely with their ability to induce LE, suggesting that the two processes are interconnected. Modulating host cell death is critical for establishing bacterial attachment to the host and subsequent dissemination. Therefore, exploring the modes of LE involvement in host cell death is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms underlying EPEC infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Shtuhin-Rahav
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aaron Olender
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Alexander Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Zlotkin-Rivkin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Etan Amse Bouman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tsafi Danieli
- The Protein Production Facility, Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Nir-Keren
- The Protein Production Facility, Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aryeh M. Weiss
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ipsita Nandi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Aroeti
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus–Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
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Haritan N, Bouman EA, Nandi I, Shtuhin-Rahav R, Zlotkin-Rivkin E, Danieli T, Melamed-Book N, Nir-Keren Y, Aroeti B. Topology and function of translocated EspZ. mBio 2023; 14:e0075223. [PMID: 37341483 PMCID: PMC10470495 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00752-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
EspZ and Tir are essential virulence effectors of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). EspZ, the second translocated effector, has been suggested to antagonize host cell death induced by the first translocated effector, Tir (translocated intimin receptor). Another characteristic of EspZ is its localization to host mitochondria. However, studies that explored the mitochondrial localization of EspZ have examined the ectopically expressed effector and not the more physiologically relevant translocated effector. Here, we confirmed the membrane topology of translocated EspZ at infection sites and the involvement of Tir in confining its localization to these sites. Unlike the ectopically expressed EspZ, the translocated EspZ did not colocalize with mitochondrial markers. Moreover, no correlation has been found between the capacity of ectopically expressed EspZ to target mitochondria and the ability of translocated EspZ to protect against cell death. Translocated EspZ may have to some extent diminished F-actin pedestal formation induced by Tir but has a marked effect on protecting against host cell death and on promoting host colonization by the bacteria. Taken together, our results suggest that EspZ plays an essential role in facilitating bacterial colonization, likely by antagonizing cell death mediated by Tir at the onset of bacterial infection. This activity of EspZ, which occurs by targeting host membrane components at infection sites, and not mitochondria, may contribute to successful bacterial colonization of the infected intestine. IMPORTANCE EPEC is an important human pathogen that causes acute infantile diarrhea. EspZ is an essential virulence effector protein translocated from the bacterium into the host cells. Detailed knowledge of its mechanisms of action is, therefore, critical for better understanding the EPEC disease. We show that Tir, the first translocated effector, confines the localization of EspZ, the second translocated effector, to infection sites. This activity is important for antagonizing the pro-cell death activity conferred by Tir. Moreover, we show that translocated EspZ leads to effective bacterial colonization of the host. Hence, our data suggest that translocated EspZ is essential because it confers host cell survival to allow bacterial colonization at an early stage of bacterial infection. It performs these activities by targeting host membrane components at infection sites. Identifying these targets is critical for elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the EspZ activity and the EPEC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Haritan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Etan Amse Bouman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ipsita Nandi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raisa Shtuhin-Rahav
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Zlotkin-Rivkin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tsafi Danieli
- The Protein Production Facility, Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naomi Melamed-Book
- Bioimaging Unit, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Nir-Keren
- The Protein Production Facility, Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Aroeti
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Reprogramming of Cell Death Pathways by Bacterial Effectors as a Widespread Virulence Strategy. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0061421. [PMID: 35467397 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00614-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of programmed cell death (PCD) processes during bacterial infections is an evolving arms race between pathogens and their hosts. The initiation of apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis pathways are essential to immunity against many intracellular and extracellular bacteria. These cellular self-destructive mechanisms are used by the infected host to restrict and eliminate bacterial pathogens. Without a tight regulatory control, host cell death can become a double-edged sword. Inflammatory PCDs contribute to an effective immune response against pathogens, but unregulated inflammation aggravates the damage caused by bacterial infections. Thus, fine-tuning of these pathways is required to resolve infection while preserving the host immune homeostasis. In turn, bacterial pathogens have evolved secreted virulence factors or effector proteins that manipulate PCD pathways to promote infection. In this review, we discuss the importance of controlled cell death in immunity to bacterial infection. We also detail the mechanisms employed by type 3 secreted bacterial effectors to bypass these pathways and their importance in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Larson MR, Biddle K, Gorman A, Boutom S, Rosenshine I, Saper MA. Escherichia coli O127 group 4 capsule proteins assemble at the outer membrane. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259900. [PMID: 34780538 PMCID: PMC8592465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O127 is encapsulated by a protective layer of polysaccharide made of the same strain specific O-antigen as the serotype lipopolysaccharide. Seven genes encoding capsule export functions comprise the group 4 capsule (gfc) operon. Genes gfcE, etk and etp encode homologs of the group 1 capsule secretion system but the upstream gfcABCD genes encode unknown functions specific to group 4 capsule export. We have developed an expression system for the large-scale production of the outer membrane protein GfcD. Contrary to annotations, we find that GfcD is a non-acylated integral membrane protein. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, light-scattering data, and the HHomp server suggested that GfcD is a monomeric β-barrel with 26 β-strands and an internal globular domain. We identified a set of novel protein-protein interactions between GfcB, GfcC, and GfcD, both in vivo and in vitro, and quantified the binding properties with isothermal calorimetry and biolayer interferometry. GfcC and GfcB form a high-affinity heterodimer with a KD near 100 nM. This heterodimer binds to GfcD (KD = 28 μM) significantly better than either GfcB or GfcC alone. These gfc proteins may form a complex at the outer membrane for group 4 capsule secretion or for a yet unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Larson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kassia Biddle
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Adam Gorman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sarah Boutom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ilan Rosenshine
- Dept of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mark A. Saper
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chatterjee S, Lekmeechai S, Constantinou N, Grzybowska EA, Kozik Z, Choudhary JS, Berger CN, Frankel G, Clements A. The type III secretion system effector EspO of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli inhibits apoptosis through an interaction with HAX-1. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13366. [PMID: 34021690 PMCID: PMC7613270 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many enteric pathogens employ a type III secretion system (T3SS) to translocate effector proteins directly into the host cell cytoplasm, where they subvert signalling pathways of the intestinal epithelium. Here, we report that the anti-apoptotic regulator HS1-associated protein X1 (HAX-1) is an interaction partner of the T3SS effectors EspO of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Citrobacter rodentium, OspE of Shigella flexneri and Osp1STYM of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. EspO, OspE and Osp1STYM have previously been reported to interact with the focal adhesions protein integrin linked kinase (ILK). We found that EspO localizes both to the focal adhesions (ILK localisation) and mitochondria (HAX-1 localisation), and that increased expression of HAX-1 leads to enhanced mitochondrial localisation of EspO. Ectopic expression of EspO, OspE and Osp1STYM protects cells from apoptosis induced by staurosporine and tunicamycin. Depleting cells of HAX-1 indicates that the anti-apoptotic activity of EspO is HAX-1 dependent. Both HAX-1 and ILK were further confirmed as EspO1-interacting proteins during infection using T3SS-delivered EspO1. Using cell detachment as a proxy for cell death we confirmed that T3SS-delivered EspO1 could inhibit cell death induced during EPEC infection, to a similar extent as the anti-apoptotic effector NleH, or treatment with the pan caspase inhibitor z-VAD. In contrast, in cells lacking HAX-1, EspO1 was no longer able to protect against cell detachment, while NleH1 and z-VAD maintained their protective activity. Therefore, during both infection and ectopic expression EspO protects cells from cell death by interacting with HAX-1. These results suggest that despite the differences between EHEC, C. rodentium, Shigella and S. typhimurium infections, hijacking HAX-1 anti-apoptotic signalling is a common strategy to maintain the viability of infected cells. TAKE AWAY: EspO homologues are found in EHEC, Shigella, S. typhimurium and some EPEC. EspO homologues interact with HAX-1. EspO protects infected cells from apoptosis. EspO joins a growing list of T3SS effectors that manipulate cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Chatterjee
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sujinna Lekmeechai
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Nicolas Constantinou
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ewa A. Grzybowska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Kozik
- Functional Proteomics Group, The Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jyoti S. Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics Group, The Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Cedric N. Berger
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Abigail Clements
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College, London, UK
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Nandi I, Aroeti L, Ramachandran RP, Kassa EG, Zlotkin-Rivkin E, Aroeti B. Type III secreted effectors that target mitochondria. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13352. [PMID: 33960116 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A type III secretion system (T3SS) is used by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens to secrete and translocate a battery of proteins, termed effectors, from the bacteria directly into the host cells. These effectors, which are thought to play a key role in bacterial virulence, hijack and modify the activity of diverse host cell organelles, including mitochondria. Mitochondria-the energy powerhouse of the cell-are important cell organelles that play role in numerous critical cellular processes, including the initiation of apoptosis and the induction of innate immunity. Therefore, it is not surprising that pathogenic bacteria use mitochondrially targeted effectors to control host cell death and immunity pathways. Surprisingly, however, we found that despite their importance, only a limited number of type III secreted effectors have been characterised to target host mitochondria, and the mechanisms underlying their mitochondrial activity have not been sufficiently analysed. These include effectors secreted by the enteric attaching and effacing (A/E), Salmonella and Shigella bacterial pathogens. Here we give an overview of key findings, present gaps in knowledge and hypotheses concerning the mode by which these type III secreted effectors control the host and the bacterial cell life (and death) through targeting mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Nandi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lior Aroeti
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachana Pattani Ramachandran
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ephrem G Kassa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Zlotkin-Rivkin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Aroeti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Emerging connectivity of programmed cell death pathways and its physiological implications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:678-695. [PMID: 32873928 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The removal of functionally dispensable, infected or potentially neoplastic cells is driven by programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, highlighting their important roles in homeostasis, host defence against pathogens, cancer and a range of other pathologies. Several types of PCD pathways have been described, including apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis; they employ distinct molecular and cellular processes and differ in their outcomes, such as the capacity to trigger inflammatory responses. Recent genetic and biochemical studies have revealed remarkable flexibility in the use of these PCD pathways and indicate a considerable degree of plasticity in their molecular regulation; for example, despite having a primary role in inducing pyroptosis, inflammatory caspases can also induce apoptosis, and conversely, apoptotic stimuli can trigger pyroptosis. Intriguingly, this flexibility is most pronounced in cellular responses to infection, while apoptosis is the dominant cell death process through which organisms prevent the development of cancer. In this Review, we summarize the mechanisms of the different types of PCD and describe the physiological and pathological processes that engage crosstalk between these pathways, focusing on infections and cancer. We discuss the intriguing notion that the different types of PCD could be seen as a single, coordinated cell death system, in which the individual pathways are highly interconnected and can flexibly compensate for one another.
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Mannan rich fraction from yeast modulates inflammatory responses in intestinal cells (HT-29) exposed toEscherichia coli. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/jan.2019.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMannan from yeast has been demonstrated to limit infection in animals susceptible to gastrointestinal infection, including pigs, poultry and cows, by blocking the mechanism by which gram-negative bacteria adhere to and invade the intestines. EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) cause post weaning diarrhoea (PWD) which results in poor weight gain and potential death at great economic cost to the farmer. A mannan rich fraction (MRF) was assessedin vitrofor its impact on ETEC infection of HT-29 intestinal cell line. Gene expression markers for inflammation (TNFαandIL-1β) and TLR4 (TICAM-1andLY96) associated recognition of bacteria were significantly elevated following exposure toE. colialone, but not in combination with MRF compared to the control. HT-29 cells exposed to MRF alone demonstrated significantly reduced expression of immune signalling genesIRAK1,IRF7andJUNwhen compared to the control. HT-29 cell protein abundance for TNFα and TLR4 associated proteins were significantly increased in response toE. coliexposure alone while no significant change was observed for MRF treatment withE. coliinfection.E. coliadhesion to HT-29 cells was significantly decreased with addition of MRF compared toE. coliinfection alone. The action of MRF demonstrated its potential capacity to limit infection on anin vitrolevel through blocking bacterial interaction with the intestines that leads to infection as marked by a reduction in proinflammatory responses. MRF on its own demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory effects on intestinal cells with the reduction of proinflammatory responses observed.
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Cavalcante PA, Prata MMG, Medeiros PHQS, Alves da Silva AV, Quetz JS, Reyes MAV, Rodrigues TS, Santos AKS, Ribeiro SA, Veras HN, Bona MD, Amaral MSMG, Rodrigues FAP, Lima IFN, Havt A, Lima AAM. Intestinal cell migration damage induced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e7423. [PMID: 30066727 PMCID: PMC6065879 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell migration is an essential response to enteric pathogens such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). This study aimed to investigate the effects of EPEC infection on intestinal epithelial cell migration in vitro, as well as the involvement of type III secretion system (T3SS) and Rho GTPases. Crypt intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were infected with EPEC strains (E2348/69, ΔescF, and the LDI001 strain isolated from a malnourished Brazilian child) and commensal E. coli HS. Wound migration and cell death assays were performed at different time-points. Transcription and expression of Rho GTPases were evaluated using real-time PCR and western blotting. Overall, EPEC E2348/69 reduced migration and increased apoptosis and necrosis levels compared to EPEC LDI001 and E. coli HS strains. Moreover, EPEC LDI001 impaired cell migration at a higher level than E. coli HS and increased necrosis after 24 hours compared to the control group. The different profiles of virulence genes between the two wild-type EPEC strains, characterized by the absence of espL and nleE genes in the LDI001, might explain the phenotypic results, playing significant roles on cell migration impairment and cell death-related events. Moreover, the type III secretion system is determinant for the inhibition of intestinal epithelial cell migration by EPEC 2348/69, as its deletion prevented the effect. Active Rac1 concentrations were increased in E2348/69 and LDI001-infected cells, while the T3SS-deficient strain did not demonstrate this activation. This study contributes with valuable insight to characterize the mechanisms involved in the impairment of intestinal cell migration induced by EPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Cavalcante
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M M G Prata
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P H Q S Medeiros
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A V Alves da Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - J S Quetz
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M A V Reyes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - T S Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A K S Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S A Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - H N Veras
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M D Bona
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M S M G Amaral
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - F A P Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - I F N Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A Havt
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A A M Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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10
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Multitalented EspB of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) enters cells autonomously and induces programmed cell death in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:387-404. [PMID: 29550166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) subvert host cell signaling pathways by injecting effector proteins via a Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS). The T3SS-dependent EspB protein is a multi-functional effector protein, which contributes to adherence and translocator pore formation and after injection exhibits several intracellular activities. In addition, EspB is also secreted into the environment. Effects of secreted EspB have not been reported thus far. As a surrogate for secreted EspB we employed recombinant EspB (rEspB) derived from the prototype EPEC strain E2348/69 and investigated the interactions of the purified protein with different human epithelial and immune cells including monocytic THP-1 cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, U-937, epithelial T84, Caco-2, and HeLa cells. To assess whether these proteins might exert a cytotoxic effect we monitored the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as propidium iodide (PI) uptake. For comparison, we also investigated several homologs of EspB such as IpaD of Shigella, and SipC, SipD, SseB, and SseD of Salmonella as purified recombinant proteins. Interestingly, cytotoxicity was only observed in THP-1 cells and macrophages, whereas epithelial cells remained unaffected. Cell fractionation and immune fluorescence experiments showed that rEspB enters cells autonomously, which suggests that EspB might qualify as a novel cell-penetrating effector protein (CPE). Using specific organelle tracers and inhibitors of signaling pathways we found that rEspB destroys the mitochondrial membrane potential - an indication of programmed cell death induction in THP-1 cells. Here we show that EspB not only constitutes an essential part of the T3SS-nanomachine and contributes to the arsenal of injected effector proteins but, furthermore, that secreted (recombinant) EspB autonomously enters host cells and selectively induces cell death in immune cells.
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Attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion formation by enteropathogenic E. coli on human intestinal mucosa is dependent on non-LEE effectors. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006706. [PMID: 29084270 PMCID: PMC5685641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) is a human pathogen that causes acute and chronic pediatric diarrhea. The hallmark of EPEC infection is the formation of attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions in the intestinal epithelium. Formation of A/E lesions is mediated by genes located on the pathogenicity island locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), which encode the adhesin intimin, a type III secretion system (T3SS) and six effectors, including the essential translocated intimin receptor (Tir). Seventeen additional effectors are encoded by genes located outside the LEE, in insertion elements and prophages. Here, using a stepwise approach, we generated an EPEC mutant lacking the entire effector genes (EPEC0) and intermediate mutants. We show that EPEC0 contains a functional T3SS. An EPEC mutant expressing intimin but lacking all the LEE effectors but Tir (EPEC1) was able to trigger robust actin polymerization in HeLa cells and mucin-producing intestinal LS174T cells. However, EPEC1 was unable to form A/E lesions on human intestinal in vitro organ cultures (IVOC). Screening the intermediate mutants for genes involved in A/E lesion formation on IVOC revealed that strains lacking non-LEE effector/s have a marginal ability to form A/E lesions. Furthermore, we found that Efa1/LifA proteins are important for A/E lesion formation efficiency in EPEC strains lacking multiple effectors. Taken together, these results demonstrate the intricate relationships between T3SS effectors and the essential role non-LEE effectors play in A/E lesion formation on mucosal surfaces. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) causes diarrhea and generates the attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion in human gut epithelium. A/E lesion formation requires the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) in the bacterial genome, which encodes a protein injection system delivering the translocated intimin receptor (Tir), which binds to intimin on the bacterial surface. Intimin-Tir interaction is sufficient for bacterial attachment to epithelial cells in vitro but additional effectors may be needed for A/E lesion formation in the human gut. By generating deletion mutants lacking combinations or the whole repertoire of protein effectors encoded by EPEC, we show that intimin-Tir interaction is not sufficient and reveal an additive role of non-LEE effectors for A/E lesion formation in human intestinal tissue.
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12
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Shi J, Wang Y, He J, Li P, Jin R, Wang K, Xu X, Hao J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Chen X, Wu H, Ge Q. Intestinal microbiota contributes to colonic epithelial changes in simulated microgravity mouse model. FASEB J 2017; 31:3695-3709. [PMID: 28495755 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700034r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to microgravity leads to alterations in multiple systems, but microgravity-related changes in the gastrointestinal tract and its clinical significance have not been well studied. We used the hindlimb unloading (HU) mouse model to simulate a microgravity condition and investigated the changes in intestinal microbiota and colonic epithelial cells. Compared with ground-based controls (Ctrls), HU affected fecal microbiota composition with a profile that was characterized by the expansion of Firmicutes and decrease of Bacteroidetes. The colon epithelium of HU mice showed decreased goblet cell numbers, reduced epithelial cell turnover, and decreased expression of genes that are involved in defense and inflammatory responses. As a result, increased susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium-induced epithelial injury was observed in HU mice. Cohousing of Ctrl mice with HU mice resulted in HU-like epithelial changes in Ctrl mice. Transplantation of feces from Ctrl to HU mice alleviated these epithelial changes in HU mice. Results indicate that HU changes intestinal microbiota, which leads to altered colonic epithelial cell homeostasis, impaired barrier function, and increased susceptibility to colitis. We further demonstrate that alteration in gastrointestinal motility may contribute to HU-associated dysbiosis. These animal results emphasize the necessity of evaluating astronauts' intestinal homeostasis during distant space travel.-Shi, J., Wang, Y., He, J., Li, P., Jin, R., Wang, K., Xu, X., Hao, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Chen, X., Wu, H., Ge, Q. Intestinal microbiota contributes to colonic epithelial changes in simulated microgravity mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jian He
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Li
- Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Hepin District, Shenyang, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongju Liu
- Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Hepin District, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Hepin District, Shenyang, China
| | - Hounan Wu
- Peking University Medical and Health Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, China;
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Distinct Roles of the Antiapoptotic Effectors NleB and NleF from Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.01071-16. [PMID: 28138023 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01071-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) translocates effector proteins directly into the cytosol of infected enterocytes using a type III secretion system (T3SS). Once inside the host cell, these effector proteins subvert various immune signaling pathways, including death receptor-induced apoptosis. One such effector protein is the non-locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded effector NleB1, which inhibits extrinsic apoptotic signaling via the FAS death receptor. NleB1 transfers a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue to Arg117 in the death domain of Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and inhibits FAS ligand (FasL)-stimulated caspase-8 cleavage. Another effector secreted by the T3SS is NleF. Previous studies have shown that NleF binds to and inhibits the activity of caspase-4, -8, and -9 in vitro Here, we investigated a role for NleF in the inhibition of FAS signaling and apoptosis during EPEC infection. We show that NleF prevents the cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-3, and receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) in response to FasL stimulation. When translocated into host cells by the T3SS or expressed ectopically, NleF also blocked FasL-induced cell death. Using the EPEC-like mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, we found that NleB but not NleF contributed to colonization of mice in the intestine. Hence, despite their shared ability to block FasL/FAS signaling, NleB and NleF have distinct roles during infection.
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Priya A, Kaur K, Bhattacharyya S, Chakraborti A, Ghosh S. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:217-225. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Priya
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Kiranjeet Kaur
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Shalmoli Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Anuradha Chakraborti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sujata Ghosh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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15
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Pearson JS, Giogha C, Wong Fok Lung T, Hartland EL. The Genetics of EnteropathogenicEscherichia coliVirulence. Annu Rev Genet 2016; 50:493-513. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn S. Pearson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; , , ,
| | - Cristina Giogha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; , , ,
| | - Tania Wong Fok Lung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; , , ,
| | - Elizabeth L. Hartland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; , , ,
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16
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Serapio-Palacios A, Navarro-Garcia F. EspC, an Autotransporter Protein Secreted by Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Causes Apoptosis and Necrosis through Caspase and Calpain Activation, Including Direct Procaspase-3 Cleavage. mBio 2016; 7:e00479-16. [PMID: 27329750 PMCID: PMC4916375 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00479-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) has the ability to antagonize host apoptosis during infection through promotion and inhibition of effectors injected by the type III secretion system (T3SS), but the total number of these effectors and the overall functional relationships between these effectors during infection are poorly understood. EspC produced by EPEC cleaves fodrin, paxillin, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which are also cleaved by caspases and calpains during apoptosis. Here we show the role of EspC in cell death induced by EPEC. EspC is involved in EPEC-mediated cell death and induces both apoptosis and necrosis in epithelial cells. EspC induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by provoking (i) a decrease in the expression levels of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, (ii) translocation of the proapoptotic protein Bax from cytosol to mitochondria, (iii) cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm, (iv) loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, (v) caspase-9 activation, (vi) cleavage of procaspase-3 and (vii) an increase in caspase-3 activity, (viii) PARP proteolysis, and (ix) nuclear fragmentation and an increase in the sub-G1 population. Interestingly, EspC-induced apoptosis was triggered through a dual mechanism involving both independent and dependent functions of its EspC serine protease motif, the direct cleavage of procaspase-3 being dependent on this motif. This is the first report showing a shortcut for induction of apoptosis by the catalytic activity of an EPEC protein. Furthermore, this atypical intrinsic apoptosis appeared to induce necrosis through the activation of calpain and through the increase of intracellular calcium induced by EspC. Our data indicate that EspC plays a relevant role in cell death induced by EPEC. IMPORTANCE EspC, an autotransporter protein with serine protease activity, has cytotoxic effects on epithelial cells during EPEC infection. EspC causes cytotoxicity by cleaving fodrin, a cytoskeletal actin-associated protein, and focal adhesion proteins (i.e., FAK); interestingly, these proteins are also cleaved during apoptosis and necrosis. Here we show that EspC is able to cause cell death, which is characterized by apoptosis: by dissecting the apoptotic pathway and considering that EspC is translocated by an injectisome, we found that EspC induces the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Remarkably, EspC activates this pathway by two distinct mechanisms-either by using or not using its serine protease motif. Thus, we show for the first time that this serine protease motif is able to cleave procaspase-3, thereby reaching the terminal stages of caspase cascade activation leading to apoptosis. Furthermore, this overlapped apoptosis appears to potentiate cell death through necrosis, where EspC induces calpain activation and increases intracellular calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Serapio-Palacios
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Navarro-Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México City, Mexico
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Guignot J, Tran Van Nhieu G. Bacterial Control of Pores Induced by the Type III Secretion System: Mind the Gap. Front Immunol 2016; 7:84. [PMID: 27014264 PMCID: PMC4783396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are specialized secretion apparatus involved in the virulence of many Gram-negative pathogens, enabling the injection of bacterial type III effectors into host cells. The T3SS-dependent injection of effectors requires the insertion into host cell membranes of a pore-forming "translocon," whose effects on cell responses remain ill-defined. As opposed to pore-forming toxins that damage host cell plasma membranes and induce cell survival mechanisms, T3SS-dependent pore formation is transient, being regulated by cell membrane repair mechanisms or bacterial effectors. Here, we review host cell responses to pore formation induced by T3SSs associated with the loss of plasma membrane integrity and regulation of innate immunity. We will particularly focus on recent advances in mechanisms controlling pore formation and the activity of the T3SS linked to type III effectors or bacterial proteases. The implications of the regulation of the T3SS translocon activity during the infectious process will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Guignot
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7241, Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7241, Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
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18
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Ruano-Gallego D, Álvarez B, Fernández LÁ. Engineering the Controlled Assembly of Filamentous Injectisomes in E. coli K-12 for Protein Translocation into Mammalian Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2015; 4:1030-41. [PMID: 26017572 PMCID: PMC4603727 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
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Bacterial pathogens containing type
III protein secretion systems
(T3SS) assemble large needle-like protein complexes in the bacterial
envelope, called injectisomes, for translocation of protein effectors
into host cells. The application of these “molecular syringes”
for the injection of proteins into mammalian cells is hindered by
their structural and genomic complexity, requiring multiple polypeptides
encoded along with effectors in various transcriptional units (TUs)
with intricate regulation. In this work, we have rationally designed
the controlled expression of the filamentous injectisomes found in
enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in the nonpathogenic strain E. coli K-12. All structural components of EPEC injectisomes, encoded in
a genomic island called the locus of enterocyte effacement
(LEE), were engineered in five TUs (eLEEs) excluding effectors, promoters
and transcriptional regulators. These eLEEs were placed under the
control of the IPTG-inducible promoter Ptac and integrated into specific
chromosomal sites of E. coli K-12 using a marker-less
strategy. The resulting strain, named synthetic injector E.
coli (SIEC), assembles filamentous injectisomes similar to
those in EPEC. SIEC injectisomes form pores in the host plasma membrane
and are able to translocate T3-substrate proteins (e.g., translocated intimin receptor, Tir) into the cytoplasm of HeLa
cells reproducing the phenotypes of intimate attachment and polymerization
of actin-pedestals elicited by EPEC bacteria. Hence, SIEC strain allows
the controlled expression of functional filamentous injectisomes for
efficient translocation of proteins with T3S-signals into mammalian
cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ruano-Gallego
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology,
Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), Campus UAM Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Álvarez
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology,
Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), Campus UAM Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology,
Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), Campus UAM Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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