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Li WR, Ren LL, Zhao TT, Dai DQ, Gao XF, Liang HZ, Xiong LZ. Multidimensional Analgesia of Acupuncture by Increasing Expression of MD2 in Central Nervous System. Chin J Integr Med 2024:10.1007/s11655-024-4106-9. [PMID: 39073516 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-024-4106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate changes of myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) in inflammation-induced pain and acupuncture-mediated analgesia. METHODS Mice were randomly divided into three groups by a random number table method: saline group (n=16), complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) group (n=24) and CFA+electroacupuncture (EA) group (n=26). Inflammation-induced pain was modelled by injecting CFA to the plantar surface of the hind paw of mice and EA was applied to bilateral Zusanli (ST 36) to alleviate pain. Only mice in the CFA+EA group received EA treatment (30 min/d for 2 weeks) 24 h after modelling. Mice in the saline and CFA groups received sham EA. von-Frey test and Hargreaves test were used to assess the pain threshold. Brain and spinal tissues were collected for immunofluorescence staining or Western blotting to quantify changes of MD2 expression. RESULTS CFA successfully induced plantar pain and EA significantly alleviated pain 3 days after modelling (P<0.01). Compared with the CFA group, the number of MD2+/c-fos+ neurons was significantly increased in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord 7 and 14 days after EA, especially in laminae I - IIo (P<0.01). The proportion of double positive cells to the number of c-fos positive cells and the mean fluorescence intensity of MD2 neurons were also significantly increased in laminae I - IIo (P<0.01). Western blotting showed that the level of MD2 was significantly decreased by EA only in the hippocampus on day 7 and 14 (both P<0.01) and no significant changes were observed in the cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, or the brainstem (P<0.05). Fluorescence staining showed significant decrease in the level of MD2 in periagueductal gray (PAG) and locus coeruleus (LC) after CFA injection on day 7 (P<0.01 for PAG, P<0.05 for LC) and EA significantly reversed this decrease (P<0.01 for PAG, P<0.05 for LC). CONCLUSION The unique changes of MD2 suggest that EA may exert the analgesic effect through modulating neuronal activities of the superficial laminae of the spinal cord and certain regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Rong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Lu-Lu Ren
- School of Rehabilitation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 618099, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Dan-Qing Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Hua-Zheng Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Monash Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215125, China
| | - Li-Ze Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China.
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Bian Z, Luo N, Sun J, Yu B, Fang J. The efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302228. [PMID: 38662762 PMCID: PMC11045088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus, which is the most common neuropathy worldwide. Owing to the inadequacies of existing treatment methods, managing DPN remains a significant challenge. Studies suggest that electroacupuncture (EA) could potentially serve as a beneficial alternative treatment for this condition. Nevertheless, there is still inadequate proof of its therapeutic effectiveness and safety. As a result, the goal of this protocol is to methodically compile the data pertaining to the effectiveness and security of EA in the management of DPN. METHODS To find appropriate randomized controlled trials (RCTs), nine reliable databases in the English and Chinese languages will be examined. RevMan5.3 will be used to combine the retrieved data and perform meta-analyses. The methodological quality of the included RCTs will be evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment 2.0 tool. The Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system will be utilized to evaluate the degree of strength and certainty of the evidence. We will also perform publication bias, sensitivity and subgroup analyses. DISCUSSION This protocol describes the intended scope and approach for a forthcoming systematic review and meta-analysis that will inform therapeutic decision-making by offering current information on the efficacy and safety of EA in the treatment of DPN. The results of the study will help standardize strategies for EA in the treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- The Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- The Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Department of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Massage, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Bian
- The Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Luo
- The Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binyan Yu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Sun Q, Zhang S, Zhang BY, Zhang Y, Yao L, Hu J, Zhang HH. microRNA-181a contributes to gastric hypersensitivity in rats with diabetes by regulating TLR4 expression. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231159356. [PMID: 36750423 PMCID: PMC9989404 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231159356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism and interaction of microRNA-181a (miR-181a), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in gastric hypersensitivity in diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg) in female SD rats. Gastric balloon distension technique was used to measure diabetic gastric hypersensitivity. Gastric-specific (T7-T10) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were acutely dissociated to measure excitability with patch-clamp techniques. Western blotting was employed to measure the expressions of TLR4, TRAF6 and NF-κB subunit p65 in T7-T10 DRGs. The expressions of microRNAs in T7-T10 DRGs were measured with quantitative real-time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was used to detect the targeting regulation of microRNAs on TLR4. Results: (1) Diabetic rats were more sensitive to graded gastric balloon distention at 2 and 4 weeks. (2) The expression of TLR4 was significantly up-regulated in T7-T10 DRGs of diabetic rats. Intrathecal injection of CLI-095 (TLR4-selective inhibitor) attenuated diabetic gastric hypersensitivity, and markedly reversed the hyper-excitability of gastric-specific DRG neurons. (3) The expressions of miR-181a and miR-7a were significantly decreased in diabetic rats. MiR-181a could directly regulate the expression of TLR4, while miR-7a couldn't. (4) Intrathecal injection of miR-181a agomir down-regulated the expression of TLR4, reduced the hyper-excitability of gastric-specific neurons, and alleviated gastric hypersensitivity. (5) p65 and TLR4 were co-expressed in Dil-labeled DRG neurons. (6) Inhibition of p65 attenuated diabetic gastric hypersensitivity and hyper-excitability of gastric-specific DRG neurons. (7) The expression of TRAF6 was significantly up-regulated in diabetic rats. CLI-095 treatment also reduced the expression of TRAF6 and p65. Conclusion: The reduction of microRNA-181a in T7-T10 DRGs might up-regulate TLR4 expression. TLR4 activated NF-κB through MyD88-dependent signaling pathway, increased excitability of gastric-specific DRG neurons, and contributed to diabetic gastric hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, 12582Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, 12582Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bing-Yu Zhang
- Department of Emergency, 199193The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yilian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, 12582Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, 602846The Affiliated Haian Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ji Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, 12582Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong-Hong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, 12582Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, 12582The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Tian YQ, Li JH, Li YC, Xu YC, Zhang PA, Wang Q, Li R, Xu GY. Overexpression of GRK6 alleviates chronic visceral hypersensitivity through downregulation of P2Y6 receptors in anterior cingulate cortex of rats with prenatal maternal stress. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:851-861. [PMID: 35349212 PMCID: PMC9062565 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Visceral hypersensitivity is a major clinic symptom in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in processing the information of pain. Both G protein‐coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) and P2Y purinoceptor 6 (P2Y6) are associated with neuroinflammation and pathological pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between GRK6 and P2Y6 in ACC in the development of visceral hypersensitivity of adult offspring rats with prenatal maternal stress (PMS). Methods Visceral hypersensitivity was quantified by abdominal withdrawal reflex threshold to colorectal distension (CRD). The expression and cellular distribution of GRK6 and P2Y6 were determined by Western blotting, qPCR, and fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Co‐immunoprecipitation was used to evaluate the interaction between GRK6 and P2Y6. Results The mRNA and protein levels of GRK6 were significantly decreased in ACC of PMS rats. The injection of GRK6 overexpression virus significantly attenuated visceral hypersensitivity of PMS rats. P2Y6’s mRNA level, protein level, and ratio of membrane protein over total protein expression was markedly increased in PMS rats. P2Y6 antagonist MRS2578 microinjection reversed visceral hypersensitivity of PMS rats. GRK6 overexpression significantly reduced P2Y6’s expression in membrane proteins and P2Y6’s ratio of membrane protein over total protein expression. Conclusions These results indicate that decreased GRK6 leads to the accumulation of P2Y6 at neuron membrane in ACC, thereby contributing to visceral hypersensitivity of PMS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qing Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong-Chang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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5
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Xu M, Fei Y, He Q, Fu J, Zhu J, Tao J, Ni C, Xu C, Zhou Q, Yao M, Ni H. Electroacupuncture Attenuates Cancer-Induced Bone Pain via NF-κB/CXCL12 Signaling in Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3323-3334. [PMID: 34460214 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) is effective in various chronic pains. NF-κB and CXCL12 modulate the formation of chronic pain. Herein, we hypothesized that EA alleviates cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) through NF-κB/CXCL12 axis in midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), which participates in "top-down" pain modulatory circuits. In order to filter the optimum EA frequency for CIBP treatment, 2, 100, or 2/100 Hz EA was set up. In addition, ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral EA groups were established to affirm the optimal EA scheme. Bilateral 2/100 Hz EA was considered as the optimal therapeutic scheme and was applied in a subsequent experiment. Western blotting along with immunofluorescence illustrated that CIBP induces a rapid and substantial increase in CXCL12 protein level and NF-κB phosphorylation in vlPAG from day 6 to day 12. Anti-CXCL12 neutralizing antibody and pAAV-U6-shRNA(CXCL12)-CMV-EGFP-WPRE in vlPAG remarkably improved the mechanical pain threshold of the hind paw in CIBP model relative to the control. EA inhibited the upregulation of pNF-κB and CXCL12 in vlPAG of CIBP. The recombinant CXCL12 and pAAV-CMV-CXCL12-EF1a-EGFP-3Xflag-WPRE reversed the abirritation of EA in the CIBP rat model. NF-κB phosphorylation mediated-CXCL12 expression contributed to CIBP allodynia, whereas EA suppressed NF-κB phosphorylation in CIBP. According to the above evidence, we conclude that bilateral 2/100 Hz EA is an optimal therapeutic scheme for CIBP. The abirritation mechanism of EA might reduce the expression of CXCL12 by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB, which might lead to the restraint of descending facilitation of CIBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yong Fei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Qiuli He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Jiachun Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Chaobo Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Chengfei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Qinghe Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Huadong Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan South Road, Jiaxing 314001, China
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Cho E, Kim W. Effect of Acupuncture on Diabetic Neuropathy: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168575. [PMID: 34445280 PMCID: PMC8395323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy, a major complication of diabetes mellitus, refers to a collection of clinically diverse disorders affecting the nervous system that may present with pain. Although the number of patients suffering from severe neuropathy is increasing, no optimal treatment method has been developed yet. Acupuncture is well known for its ability to reduce various kinds of pain, and a number of studies have also reported its effect on diabetes mellitus; however, its effect and underlying mechanism against diabetic neuropathy are not yet clearly understood. In this review, ten and five studies performed in humans and animals, respectively, were analyzed. All studies reported that acupuncture significantly relieved diabetic neuropathy. ST36, BL13, BL20, SP6, and SP9 were the most widely used acupoints. Five studies used electro-acupuncture, whereas other studies used manual acupuncture. Furthermore, the effect of acupuncture was shown to be mediated through the various molecules present in the peripheral nerves and spinal cord, such as P65, GPR78, and TRPV1. Five studies reported side effects, such as swelling, numbness, and nausea, but none were reported to be serious. Based on these results, we suggest that acupuncture should be considered as a treatment option for diabetic neuropathy.
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7
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Ma Y, Chen J, Yu D, Wei B, Jin H, Zeng J, Liu X. cAMP-PKA signaling is involved in regulation of spinal HCN channels function in diabetic neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2021; 750:135763. [PMID: 33617945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) signaling acts a pivotal part in hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels-mediated neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, there has been no evidence of cAMP-PKA signaling is involved in regulation of spinal HCN channels function in the occurrence of diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP). The study aimed to elucidate the impact of HCN channels on neuropathic pain in a rat model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin, and whether cAMP-PKA signaling is involved in regulation of HCN channels function. In this report, we evaluated the effect of intrathecal administration of HCN channel blockers ZD7288, cAMP inhibitor SQ22536 and PKA inhibitor H-89 on nociceptive behavior in DNP rats. The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) was measured to evaluate pain behavior in rats. Protein expression levels of HCN2, HCN4 channels and PKA in the spinal dorsal horn of rats were assessed. Furthermore, the levels of cAMP in rat spinal dorsal horn was analyzed. We discovered that DNP rats showed significant mechanical allodynia and are related to the increased HCN2 and HCN4 channels expression, enhanced cAMP production and elevated the expression of PKA protein in the spinal dorsal horn, which were attenuated by intrathecal ZD7288. Furthermore, intrathecal injection of SQ22536 and H-89 significantly reduced the HCN2 and HCN4 channels expression in the spinal dorsal horn of DNP rats. Our findings indicate that HCN channels of the spinal dorsal horn participate in the pathogenesis of allodynia in rats with DNP, which could be regulated by cAMP-PKA signaling. Therefore, HCN channels and cAMP-PKA signaling are potential targets for hyperalgesia treatment in DNP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiao Ma
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Ji Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Deqian Yu
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Bangcong Wei
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Huan Jin
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Junwei Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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8
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Yu X, Chen X, Liu W, Jiang M, Wang Z, Tao J. Proteomics Analysis of the Spinal Dorsal Horn in Diabetic Painful Neuropathy Rats With Electroacupuncture Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:608183. [PMID: 34177794 PMCID: PMC8224168 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.608183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical evidence demonstrates that electro-acupuncture (EA) of the Zu sanli (ST36) and Shen shu (BL23) acupoints is effective in relieving diabetic painful neuropathy (DPN); however, the underlying molecular mechanism requires further investigation, including the protein molecules associated with EA's effects on DPN. METHODS Sprague-Dawley adult male rats (n =36) were randomly assigned into control, DPN, and EA groups (n=12 each). After four weeks of EA treatment, response to mechanical pain and fasting blood glucose were analyzed. A tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling approach coupled with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify potential biomarkers in the spinal dorsal horn. Further, proteomics analysis was used to quantify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and gene ontology, KEGG pathways, cluster, and string protein network interaction analyses conducted to explore the main protein targets of EA. RESULTS Compared with the DPN model group, the mechanical pain threshold was significantly increased, while the fasting blood glucose levels were clearly decreased in EA group rats. Proteomics analysis was used to quantify 5393 proteins, and DEPs were chosen for further analyses, based on a threshold of 1.2-fold difference in expression level (P < 0.05) compared with control groups. Relative to the control group, 169 down-regulated and 474 up-regulated proteins were identified in the DPN group, while 107 and 328 proteins were up- and down-regulated in the EA treatment group compared with the DPN group. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that levels of proteins involved in oxidative stress injury regulation were dramatically altered during the EA effects on DPN. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the valuable protein biomarkers, which facilitates unique mechanistic insights into the DPN pathogenesis and EA analgesic, antioxidant stress and hypoglycemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Yu
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiting Liu
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Menghong Jiang
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhifu Wang
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhifu Wang, ; Jing Tao,
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhifu Wang, ; Jing Tao,
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9
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Mooventhan A, Ningombam R, Nivethitha L. Effect of bilateral needling at an acupuncture point, ST-36 (Zusanli) on blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A pilot randomized placebo controlled trial. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 17:jcim-2019-0100. [PMID: 32406384 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2019-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus is one of the major current public health problems. Electro-acupuncture at ST-36 showed a significant reduction in plasma glucose levels in diabetic rats. There are lacks of studies reporting its hypoglycemic effect in humans and thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of needling at ST-36 (Zusanli) on blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Sixty T2DM participants were recruited and randomized into acupuncture group (n=30) and placebo control group (n=30). The participants of the acupuncture group received needling at ST-36 (one finger breadth lateral to the inferior border of the tibial tuberosity), and the participants those in the placebo control group received needling at placebo point (midpoint between the apex of the patella and tibial tuberosity). For both the groups, needles were retained for 30 min. Baseline and post-test assessments were performed prior to and after each intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Results The present study showed a significant reduction in random blood glucose levels in the acupuncture group compared to the placebo control group. Conclusion This study suggests that 30 min of bilateral acupuncture needling at ST-36 with manual stimulation is effective in reducing blood glucose levels in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mooventhan
- Department of Research and Development, Government Yoga and Naturopathy Medical College, Arumbakkam,Chennai-600106, India
| | - Reema Ningombam
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, The School of Yoga and Naturopathic Medicine, S-VYASA (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - L Nivethitha
- Department of Naturopathy, Government Yoga and Naturopathy Medical College, Arumbakkam,Chennai-600106, India
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10
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Electroacupuncture Pretreatment Alleviates LPS-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via Regulating the PPAR Gamma/NF-Kappa B Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4594631. [PMID: 32774418 PMCID: PMC7396021 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4594631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) is reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties and has beneficial effects on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the underlying mechanisms of the effects of EA on ARDS remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of EA on LPS-induced ARDS. In this study, Sprague-Dawley male rats were treated with EA at Hegu (LI4) for 45 minutes before LPS instillation (0.4 mg/kg, 100 ul). H&E staining, wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio, PaO2, and protein content in BALF were employed to determine the function of lung tissues. Inflammatory cytokines in serum and BALF were detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay assay (ELISA). The levels of oxidative stress markers were detected to determine the oxidative stress status. Cell apoptosis was observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining and western blot. Here, we found that EA pretreatment effectively alleviated lung pathological damage. Moreover, EA suppressed the oxidative stress damage by upregulating glutathione and superoxide dismutase and downregulating malondialdehyde. EA pretreatment also regulated apoptosis-related proteins, such as Bax and Bcl-2. We found that peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) play a critical role during ARDS, EA up-regulated the expression of PPARγ, which inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and decreased the inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α). When rats were treated with GW9662, a selective PPARγ antagonist, these effects of EA were reversed. Our study demonstrated that EA pretreatment had a beneficial effect on LPS-induced ARDS in rats by anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic properties which was regulated via PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Zhang BY, Zhang YL, Sun Q, Zhang PA, Wang XX, Xu GY, Hu J, Zhang HH. Alpha-lipoic acid downregulates TRPV1 receptor via NF-κB and attenuates neuropathic pain in rats with diabetes. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:762-772. [PMID: 32175676 PMCID: PMC7298987 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a refractory complication of diabetes. The study aimed to investigate the role of α‐lipoic acid (ALA) on the regulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of rats with diabetes. Methods Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings were employed to measure neuronal excitability in DiI‐labeled DRG neurons of control and streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were used to determine the expression and location of NF‐κBp65 and TRPV1. Results STZ‐induced hindpaw pain hypersensitivity and neuronal excitability in L4‐6 DRG neurons were attenuated by intraperitoneal injection with ALA once a day lasted for one week. TRPV1 expression was enhanced in L4‐6 DRGs of diabetic rats compared with age‐matched control rats, which was also suppressed by ALA treatment. In addition, TRPV1 and p65 colocated in the same DRG neurons. The expression of p65 was upregulated in L4‐6 DRGs of diabetic rats. Inhibition of p65 signaling using recombinant lentiviral vectors designated as LV‐NF‐κBp65 siRNA remarkably suppressed TRPV1 expression. Finally, p65 expression was downregulated by ALA treatment. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that ALA may alleviate neuropathic pain in diabetes by regulating TRPV1 expression via affecting NF‐κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi-Lian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xi-Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ji Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong-Hong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Sun Q, Zhang BY, Zhang PA, Hu J, Zhang HH, Xu GY. Downregulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase contributes to diabetic neuropathic pain through upregulation of toll-like receptor 4 in rats. Mol Pain 2019; 15:1744806919838659. [PMID: 30838902 PMCID: PMC6487759 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919838659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Diabetic neuropathic pain is a refractory and disabling complication of diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of the diabetic neuropathic pain is still unclear, and treatment is insufficient. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in neuropathic pain in rats with diabetes. Methods Type 1 diabetes model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 75 mg/kg) in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency of rats were measured by von Frey filaments and thermal radiation, respectively. The expressions of G6PD and TLR4 in L4-L6 dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) were measured by western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry was employed to detect expressions of G6PD and TLR4 and co-location of G6PD with TLR4. Results The mRNA and protein expression levels of G6PD in DRGs were significantly decreased in diabetic rats when compared with age-matched control rats. Upregulation of G6PD by intrathecal injection of G6PD overexpression adenovirus markedly attenuated hindpaw pain hypersensitivity of diabetic rats. The mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4 in DRGs of diabetic rats were significantly increased when compared with control rats. Intrathecal injection of TLR4-selective inhibitor CLI-095 attenuated diabetic pain in dose- and time-dependent manners. Furthermore, G6PD and TLR4 were co-localized in DRG neurons. Intrathecal injection of G6PD overexpression adenovirus greatly reduced TLR4 expression, while intrathecal injection of CLI-095 had no significant effect on G6PD expression in diabetic rats. Conclusions Our results suggest that decrease in G6PD expression was involved in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, which was most likely through upregulation of TLR4 expression in the DRGs of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China.,2 Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Yu Zhang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- 2 Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ji Hu
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hong Zhang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- 2 Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
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SMN deficiency causes pain hypersensitivity in a mild SMA mouse model through enhancing excitability of nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6493. [PMID: 31019235 PMCID: PMC6482187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating motor neuron degeneration disease caused by a deficiency of the SMN protein. Majority of patients also suffer from chronic pain. However, the pathogenesis of pain in the context of SMA has never been explored. In this study, using various pain tests, we found that a mild SMA mouse model presents with multiple forms of pain hypersensitivity. Patch-clamp recording showed that nociceptive neurons in SMA mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) are hyperexcitable and their sodium current densities are markedly increased. Using quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence, we observed enhanced expression of two main voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 in SMA mouse DRGs, which is at least in part due to increase in both expression and phosphorylation of NF-κB p50/p65 heterodimer. Moreover, we revealed that plasma norepinephrine levels are elevated in SMA mice, which contributes to mechanical hypersensitivity via the β2-adrenergic receptor. Finally, we uncovered that β2-adrenergic signaling positively modulates expression as well as phosphorylation of p50 and p65 in SMA mouse DRGs. Therefore, our data demonstrate that SMA mice, similar to humans, also develop pain hypersensitivity, and highlight a peripheral signaling cascade that elicits the mechanical sensitization in the mouse model, suggesting potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Acupuncture-Analgesia-Mediated Alleviation of Central Sensitization. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:6173412. [PMID: 30984277 PMCID: PMC6431485 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6173412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pain can trigger central amplification called central sensitization, which ultimately results in hyperalgesia and/or allodynia. Many reports have showed acupuncture has an analgesic effect. We searched the related article on PubMed database and Cochrane database to discover central sensitization pathway in acupuncture analgesia. We summarized that acupuncture enhances the descending inhibitory effect and modulates the feeling of pain, thus modifying central sensitization. The possible mechanisms underlying the analgesic effects of acupuncture include segmental inhibition and the activation of the endogenous opioid, adrenergic, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/kainate pathways. Moreover, acupuncture can locally reduce the levels of inflammatory mediators. In clinical settings, acupuncture can be used to treat headache, neuropathic pain, low back pain, osteoarthritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. These mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia may be involved in the alleviation of central sensitization.
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Li F, Xue Z, Yuan Y, Huang S, Fan Y, Zhu X, Wei L. Upregulation of CXCR4 through promoter demethylation contributes to inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:947-956. [PMID: 29577638 PMCID: PMC6489799 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM AND METHODS Chronic pain associated with inflammation is a common clinical problem, and the underlying mechanisms yet are incompletely defined. DNA methylation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic pain. However, the specific genes regulated by DNA methylation under inflammatory pain condition remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated how chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression is regulated by DNA methylation and how it contributes to inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in rats. RESULTS Intraplantar injection of CFA could not only induce significant hyperalgesia in rats, but also significantly increase the expression of CXCR4 mRNA and protein in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Intrathecal injection of CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 significantly relieved hyperalgesia in inflammatory rats in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Bisulfite sequencing and methylation-specific PCR demonstrate that CFA injection led to a significant demethylation of CpG island at CXCR4 gene promoter. Consistently, the expression of DNMT3b was significantly downregulated after CFA injection. Online software prediction reveals three binding sites of p65 in the CpG island of CXCR4 gene promoter, which has confirmed by the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, CFA treatment significantly increases the recruitment of p65 to CXCR4 gene promoter. Inhibition of NF-kB signaling using p65 inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate significantly prevented the increases of the CXCR4 expression. CONCLUSION Upregulation of CXCR4 expression due to promoter demethylation followed by increased recruitment of p65 to promoter of CXCR4 gene contributes to inflammatory hyperalgesia. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of chronic pain from an epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First People's Hospital of YanchengYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Zhou‐Ya Xue
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First People's Hospital of YanchengYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of OtolaryngologyThe First People's Hospital of YanchengYanchengJiangsuChina
| | - Sai‐Sai Huang
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantonChina
| | - Yi‐Hui Fan
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineNantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantonChina
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of AnesthesiologySuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
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Zhou R, Xu T, Liu X, Chen Y, Kong D, Tian H, Yue M, Huang D, Zeng J. Activation of spinal dorsal horn P2Y 13 receptors can promote the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in rats with diabetic neuropathic pain. J Pain Res 2018; 11:615-628. [PMID: 29628771 PMCID: PMC5877493 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s154437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The dorsal horn P2Y13 receptor is involved in the development of pain behavior induced by peripheral nerve injury. It is unclear whether the expression of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 at the spinal dorsal horn are influenced after the activation of P2Y13 receptor in rats with diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP). Methods A rat model of type 1 DNP was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). We examined the expression of P2Y13 receptor, Iba-1, IL-1β, IL-6, JAK2, STAT3, pTyr1336, and pTyr1472 NR2B in rat spinal dorsal horn. Results Compared with normal rats, STZ-diabetic rats displayed obvious mechanical allodynia and the increased expression of P2Y13 receptor, Iba-1, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the dorsal spinal cord that was continued for 6 weeks in DNP rats. The data obtained indicated that, in DNP rats, administration of MRS2211 significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia. Compared with DNP rats, after MRS2211 treatment, expression of the P2Y13 receptor, Iba-1, IL-1β, and IL-6 were reduced 4 weeks after the STZ injection. However, MRS2211 treatment did not attenuate the expression of the P2Y13 receptor, Iba-1, IL-1β, and IL-6 at 6 weeks after the STZ injection. MRS2211 suppressed JAK2 and STAT3 expression in the early stage, but not in the later stage. Moreover, pTyr1336 NR2B was significantly decreased, whereas pTyr1472 NR2B was unaffected in the dorsal spinal cord of MRS2211-treated DNP rats. Conclusion Intrathecal MRS2211 produces an anti-nociceptive effect in early-stage DNP. A possible mechanism involved in MRS2211-induced analgesia is that blocking the P2Y13 receptor downregulates levels of IL-1β and IL-6, which subsequently inhibit the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, blocking the activation of the P2Y13 receptor can decrease NR2B-containing NMDAR phosphorylation in dorsal spinal cord neurons, thereby attenuating central sensitization in STZ-induced DNP rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoHong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - YuanShou Chen
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - DeYing Kong
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Tian
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Yue
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dujuan Huang
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
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Sun Y, Yang PP, Song ZY, Feng Y, Hu DM, Hu J, Xu GY, Zhang HH. α-lipoic acid suppresses neuronal excitability and attenuates colonic hypersensitivity to colorectal distention in diabetic rats. J Pain Res 2017; 10:1645-1655. [PMID: 28769585 PMCID: PMC5529097 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s135017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Patients with long-standing diabetes often demonstrate intestinal dysfunction, characterized as constipation or colonic hypersensitivity. Our previous studies have demonstrated the roles of voltage-gated sodium channels NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in colonic hypersensitivity of rats with diabetes. This study was designed to determine roles of antioxidant α-lipoic acid (ALA) on sodium channel activities and colonic hypersensitivity of rats with diabetes. METHODS Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes in adult female rats. Colonic sensitivity was measured by behavioral responses to colorectal distention in rats. The excitability and sodium channel currents of colon projection DRG neurons labeled with DiI were measured by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. The expressions of NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 of colon DRGs were measured by western blot analysis. RESULTS ALA treatment significantly increased distention threshold in responding to colorectal distension in diabetic rats compared with normal saline treatment. ALA treatment also hyper-polarized the resting membrane potentials, depolarized action potential threshold, increased rheobase, and decreased frequency of action potentials evoked by ramp current stimulation. Furthermore, ALA treatment also reduced neuronal sodium current densities of DRG neurons innervating the colon from rats with diabetes. In addition, ALA treatment significantly downregulated NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 expression in colon DRGs from rats with diabetes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that ALA plays an analgesic role, which was likely mediated by downregulation of NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 expressions and functions, thus providing experimental evidence for using ALA to treat colonic hypersensitivity in patients with diabetic visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-Pan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The East District of Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Duan-Min Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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18
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Shi J, Jiang K, Li Z. Involvement of spinal glutamate transporter-1 in the development of mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia associated with type 2 diabetes. J Pain Res 2016; 9:1121-1129. [PMID: 27932896 PMCID: PMC5135479 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s118412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of the development of type 2 diabetes on glutamate homeostasis in the spinal cord. Therefore, we quantified the extracellular levels of glutamate in the spinal cord of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats using in vivo microdialysis. In addition, protein levels of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in the spinal cord of ZDF rats were measured using Western blot. Finally, the effects of repeated intrathecal injections of ceftriaxone, which was previously shown to enhance GLT-1 expression, on the development of mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia as well as on basal extracellular level of glutamate and the expression of GLT-1 in the spinal cord of ZDF rats were evaluated. It was found that ZDF rats developed mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia, which were associated with increased basal extracellular levels of glutamate and attenuated levels of GLT-1 expression in the spinal cord, particularly in the dorsal horn. Furthermore, repeated intrathecal administrations of ceftriaxone dose-dependently prevented the development of mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia in ZDF rats, which were correlated with enhanced GLT-1 expression without altering the basal glutamate levels in the spinal cord of ZDF rats. Overall, the results suggested that impaired glutamate reuptake in the spinal cord may contribute to the development of neuropathic pains in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital
| | - Ke Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang
| | - Zhaoduan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Enhanced binding capability of nuclear factor-κB with demethylated P2X3 receptor gene contributes to cancer pain in rats. Pain 2016; 156:1892-1905. [PMID: 26049406 PMCID: PMC4770335 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Epigenetic regulations of P2X3 receptors play a crucial role in cancer pain. Targeting p65 binding to demethylated P2X3 receptor gene suppresses cancer pain. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling is implicated in both cancer development and inflammation processes. However, the roles and mechanisms of NF-κB signaling in the development of cancer-induced pain (CIP) remain unknown. This study was designed to investigate the roles of the p65 subunit of NF-κB in regulation of the purinergic receptor (P2X3R) plasticity in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of CIP rats. We showed here that tumor cell injection produced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, and an enhanced body weight–bearing difference, which was correlated with an upregulation of p65 and P2X3R expression in lumber DRGs and a potentiation of ATP-evoked responses of tibia-innervating DRG neurons. Inhibition of NF-κB signaling using p65 inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, BAY-11-7082, or lentiviral-p65 short-hairpin RNA significantly attenuated CIP and reversed the activities of P2X3R. Interestingly, tumor cell injection led to a significant demethylation of CpG island in p2x3r gene promoter and enhanced ability of p65 to bind the promoter of p2x3r gene. Our findings suggest that upregulation of P2X3R expression was mediated by the enhanced binding capability of p65 with demethylated promoter of p2x3r gene, thus contributing to CIP. NF-κBp65 might be a potential target for treating CIP, a neuropathic pain generated by tumor cell–induced injury to nerves that innervate the skin.
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Hu J, Song ZY, Zhang HH, Qin X, Hu S, Jiang X, Xu GY. Colonic Hypersensitivity and Sensitization of Voltage-gated Sodium Channels in Primary Sensory Neurons in Rats with Diabetes. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 22:129-40. [PMID: 26459453 PMCID: PMC4699730 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Patients with long-standing diabetes often demonstrate intestinal dysfunction and abdominal pain. However, the pathophysiology of abdominal pain in diabetic patients remains elusive. The purpose of study was to determine roles of voltage-gated sodium channels in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in colonic hypersensitivity of rats with diabetes. Methods Diabetic models were induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg) in adult female rats, while the control rats received citrate buffer only. Behavioral responses to colorectal distention were used to determine colonic sensitivity in rats. Colon projection DRG neurons labeled with DiI were acutely dissociated for measuring excitability and sodium channel currents by whole-cell patch clamp recordings. Western blot analysis was employed to measure the expression of NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 of colon DRGs. Results STZ injection produced a significantly lower distention threshold than control rats in responding to colorectal distention. STZ injection also depolarized the resting membrane potentials, hyperpolarized action potential threshold, decreased rheobase and increased frequency of action potentials evoked by 2 and 3 times rheobase and ramp current stimulation. Furthermore, STZ injection enhanced neuronal sodium current densities of DRG neurons innervating the colon. STZ injection also led to a significant upregulation of NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 expression in colon DRGs compared with age and sex-matched control rats. Conclusions Our results suggest that enhanced neuronal excitability following STZ injection, which may be mediated by upregulation of NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 expression in DRGs, may play an important role in colonic hypersensitivity in rats with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Song
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,The East District of Suzhou Municipal Hospital Suzhou, China
| | - Hong-Hong Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Qin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shufen Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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21
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Zhang HH, Hu J, Zhou YL, Qin X, Song ZY, Yang PP, Hu S, Jiang X, Xu GY. Promoted Interaction of Nuclear Factor-κB With Demethylated Purinergic P2X3 Receptor Gene Contributes to Neuropathic Pain in Rats With Diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:4272-84. [PMID: 26130762 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Painful diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes produced by mechanisms that as yet are incompletely defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the regulation of purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 3 (P2X3R) plasticity in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of rats with painful diabetes. Here, we showed that hindpaw pain hypersensitivity in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats was attenuated by treatment with purinergic receptor antagonist suramin or A-317491. The expression and function of P2X3Rs was markedly enhanced in hindpaw-innervated DRG neurons in diabetic rats. The CpG (cytosine guanine dinucleotide) island in the p2x3r gene promoter region was significantly demethylated, and the expression of DNA methyltransferase 3b was remarkably downregulated in DRGs in diabetic rats. The binding ability of p65 (an active form of NF-κB) with the p2x3r gene promoter region and p65 expression were enhanced significantly in diabetes. The inhibition of p65 signaling using the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or recombinant lentiviral vectors designated as lentiviral vector-p65 small interfering RNA remarkably suppressed P2X3R activities and attenuated diabetic pain hypersensitivity. Insulin treatment significantly attenuated pain hypersensitivity and suppressed the expression of p65 and P2X3Rs. Our findings suggest that the p2x3r gene promoter DNA demethylation and enhanced interaction with p65 contributes to P2X3R sensitization and diabetic pain hypersensitivity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CpG Islands/drug effects
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/genetics
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/metabolism
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetic Neuropathies/enzymology
- Diabetic Neuropathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Neuropathies/prevention & control
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/enzymology
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hindlimb
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin/therapeutic use
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neuralgia/complications
- Neuralgia/metabolism
- Neuralgia/prevention & control
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/enzymology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Purinergic P2X Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- RNA Interference
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X3/chemistry
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X3/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X3/metabolism
- Transcription Factor RelA/agonists
- Transcription Factor RelA/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factor RelA/genetics
- Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism
- DNA Methyltransferase 3B
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Lang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-Pan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufen Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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22
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Wang Q, Zhu H, Zou K, Yuan B, Zhou YL, Jiang X, Yan J, Xu GY. Sensitization of P2X3 receptors by cystathionine β-synthetase mediates persistent pain hypersensitivity in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation. Mol Pain 2015; 11:15. [PMID: 25885215 PMCID: PMC4372268 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a major cause of discogenic low back pain and sciatica, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is becoming recognized for its involvement in a wide variety of processes including inflammation and nociception. The present study was designed to investigate the roles of the H2S signaling pathway in the regulation of expression and function of purinergic receptors (P2XRs) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from rats with LDH. LDH was induced by implantation of autologous nucleus pulposus (NP), harvested from rat tail, in lumbar 5 and 6 spinal nerve roots. Implantation of autologous NP induced persistent pain hypersensitivity, which was partially reversed by an intrathecal injection of A317491, a potent inhibitor of P2X3Rs and P2X2/3Rs. The NP induced persistent pain hypersensitivity was associated with the increased expression of P2X3Rs, but not P2X1Rs and P2X2Rs, receptors in L5-6 DRGs. NP implantation also produced a 2-fold increase in ATP-induced intracellular calcium signals in DRG neurons when compared to those of controls (P < 0.05). Interestingly, NP implantation significantly enhanced expression of the endogenous hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme, cystathionine-β-synthetase (CBS). Systematic administration of O-(Carboxymethyl) hydroxylamine hemihydrochloride (AOAA), an inhibitor of CBS, suppressed the upregulation of P2X3R expression and the potentiation of ATP-induced intracellular calcium signals in DRG neurons (P < 0.05). Intrathecal injection of AOAA markedly attenuated NP induced- persistent pain hypersensitivity. Our results suggest that sensitization of P2X3Rs, which is likely mediated by CBS-H2S signaling in primary sensory neurons, contributes to discogenic pain. Targeting CBS/H2S-P2X3R signaling may represent a potential treatment for neuropathic pain caused by LDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianliang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Kang Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Bo Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - You-Lang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China. .,Laboratory for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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23
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Guo F, Song W, Jiang T, Liu L, Wang F, Zhong H, Yin H, Wang Q, Xiong L. Electroacupuncture pretreatment inhibits NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress in diabetic mice with cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2014; 1573:84-91. [PMID: 24854123 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the protective effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on cerebral ischemic injury in diabetic mice, and explored the role of NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected streptozotocin to induce diabetes. The mice were pretreated with EA at acupoint "Baihui" for 30 min. Two hours after the end of EA pretreatment, focal cerebral ischemia was induced following 24h reperfusion. The neurobehavioral scores and infarction volumes, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activation of NADPH oxidase were determined in the presence or absence of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin or activator tetrabromocinnamic acid (TBCA). EA pretreatment reduced infarct size and improved neurological outcomes 24h after reperfusion in the diabetic mice. EA also decreased cerebral MDA and ROS levels compared with the control group, and inhibited the NADPH oxidase activation. The beneficial effects were abolished by TBCA while pretreatment with apocynin mimicked the neuroprotective and anti-oxidative effects of EA. Our results demonstrated that EA attenuated cerebral ischemic injury by inhibiting NAPDH oxidase-mediated oxidative damage in diabetic mice. These results suggest a novel mechanism of EA pretreatment-induced tolerance in diabetic cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi׳an, China; Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi׳an, China
| | - Wenying Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi׳an, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi׳an, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY 11794-8480, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi׳an, China
| | - Haixing Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi׳an, China
| | - Hong Yin
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi׳an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi׳an, China.
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi׳an, China.
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24
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Luo XQ, Cai QY, Chen Y, Guo LX, Chen AQ, Wu ZQ, Lin C. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor in the spinal cord contributes to chronic visceral pain in rats. Brain Res 2013; 1542:167-75. [PMID: 24125810 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The roles of spinal N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor 2B (NR2B) subunit in central sensitization of chronic visceral pain were investigated. A rat model with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was established by colorectal distention (CRD) on post-natal days 8-14. Responses of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen to CRD were measured to evaluate the sensitivity of visceral pain in rats. The sensitivity of visceral pain significantly increased in IBS-like rats. Expressions of spinal NR2B subunit and phosphorylated NR2B subunit significantly increased by 50-55% in IBS-like rats when compared with those in control rats. Ro 25-6981, a selective antagonist of NR2B subunit, has a dose-dependent anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic effect without causing motor dysfunction in IBS-like rats. Furthermore, the activation mechanism of the spinal NR2B subunit in chronic visceral pain was also investigated. Spinal administration of genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, also decreased the visceral pain hypersensitivity of IBS-like rats in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the expression of phosphorylated NR2B subunit was decreased after spinal administration of Ro 25-6981 or genistein in IBS-like rats. In conclusion, tyrosine kinase activation-induced phosphorylation of NR2B subunit may play a crucial role in central sensitization of chronic visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Luo
- School of Foundational Medical sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xueyuan Road, Shangjie Zhen, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Qin-Yan Cai
- School of Foundational Medical sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xueyuan Road, Shangjie Zhen, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Foundational Medical sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xueyuan Road, Shangjie Zhen, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Guo
- School of Foundational Medical sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xueyuan Road, Shangjie Zhen, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Ai-Qin Chen
- School of Foundational Medical sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xueyuan Road, Shangjie Zhen, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Zhen-Quan Wu
- School of Foundational Medical sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
| | - Chun Lin
- School of Foundational Medical sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Pain Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuroscience Research Center, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xueyuan Road, Shangjie Zhen, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, PR China.
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25
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Zhang HH, Hu J, Zhou YL, Hu S, Wang YM, Chen W, Xiao Y, Huang LYM, Jiang X, Xu GY. Promoted interaction of nuclear factor-κB with demethylated cystathionine-β-synthetase gene contributes to gastric hypersensitivity in diabetic rats. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9028-38. [PMID: 23699514 PMCID: PMC6705038 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1068-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with long-standing diabetes frequently demonstrate gastric hypersensitivity with an unknown mechanism. The present study was designed to investigate roles for nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the endogenous H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine-β-synthetase (CBS) signaling pathways by examining cbs gene methylation status in adult rats with diabetes. Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) produced gastric hypersensitivity in female rats in response to gastric balloon distention. Treatment with the CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid significantly attenuated STZ-induced gastric hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent fashion. Aminooxyacetic acid treatment also reversed hyperexcitability of gastric-specific dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons labeled by the dye DiI in diabetic rats. Conversely, the H2S donor NaHS enhanced neuronal excitability of gastric DRG neurons. Expression of CBS and p65 were markedly enhanced in gastric DRGs in diabetic rats. Blockade of NF-κB signaling using pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate reversed the upregulation of CBS expression. Interestingly, STZ treatment led to a significant demethylation of CpG islands in the cbs gene promoter region, as determined by methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing. STZ treatment also remarkably downregulated the expression of DNA methyltransferase 3a and 3b. More importantly, STZ treatment significantly enhanced the ability of cbs to bind DNA at the p65 consensus site, as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Our findings suggest that upregulation of cbs expression is attributed to cbs promoter DNA demethylation and p65 activation and that the enhanced interaction of the cbs gene and p65 contributes to gastric hypersensitivity in diabetes. This finding may guide the development and evaluation of new treatment modalities for patients with diabetic gastric hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hong Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Ji Hu
- Division of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
| | - You-Lang Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
- Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, P.R. China, and
| | - Shufen Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Meng Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, P.R. China, and
| | - Ying Xiao
- Division of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yen Mae Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1069
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
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