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Ravichandar R, Gadelkarim F, Muthaiah R, Glynos N, Murlanova K, Rai NK, Saraswat D, Polanco JJ, Dutta R, Pal D, Sim FJ. Dysregulated Cholinergic Signaling Inhibits Oligodendrocyte Maturation Following Demyelination. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0051242024. [PMID: 38749703 PMCID: PMC11236584 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0051-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) recruitment and oligodendrocyte differentiation contribute to failure of remyelination in human demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Deletion of muscarinic receptor enhances OPC differentiation and remyelination. However, the role of ligand-dependent signaling versus constitutive receptor activation is unknown. We hypothesized that dysregulated acetylcholine (ACh) release upon demyelination contributes to ligand-mediated activation hindering myelin repair. Following chronic cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination (male and female mice), we observed a 2.5-fold increase in ACh concentration. This increase in ACh concentration could be attributed to increased ACh synthesis or decreased acetylcholinesterase-/butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)-mediated degradation. Using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) reporter mice, we identified increased ChAT-GFP expression following both lysolecithin and CPZ demyelination. ChAT-GFP expression was upregulated in a subset of injured and uninjured axons following intraspinal lysolecithin-induced demyelination. In CPZ-demyelinated corpus callosum, ChAT-GFP was observed in Gfap+ astrocytes and axons indicating the potential for neuronal and astrocytic ACh release. BChE expression was significantly decreased in the corpus callosum following CPZ demyelination. This decrease was due to the loss of myelinating oligodendrocytes which were the primary source of BChE. To determine the role of ligand-mediated muscarinic signaling following lysolecithin injection, we administered neostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, to artificially raise ACh. We identified a dose-dependent decrease in mature oligodendrocyte density with no effect on OPC recruitment. Together, these results support a functional role of ligand-mediated activation of muscarinic receptors following demyelination and suggest that dysregulation of ACh homeostasis directly contributes to failure of remyelination in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Ravichandar
- Neuroscience Program, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Farah Gadelkarim
- Neuroscience Program, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Rupadevi Muthaiah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Nicolas Glynos
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kateryna Murlanova
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Nagendra K Rai
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Darpan Saraswat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Jessie J Polanco
- Neuroscience Program, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Dinesh Pal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Fraser J Sim
- Neuroscience Program, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
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Liu M, Zhu D, Yan H, Dong Z, Zhang J, Kong N, Zhang G, Xu Q, Han T, Ke P, Liu C. Combined administration of anisodamine and neostigmine alleviated colitis by inducing autophagy and inhibiting inflammation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0291543. [PMID: 38354108 PMCID: PMC10866466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Our previous work demonstrated that the anisodamine (ANI) and neostigmine (NEO) combination produced an antiseptic shock effect and rescued acute lethal crush syndrome by activating the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). This study documents the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanisms of the ANI/NEO combination in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Treating mice with ANI and NEO at a ratio of 500:1 alleviated the DSS-induced colitis symptoms, reduced body weight loss, improved the disease activity index, enhanced colon length, and alleviated colon inflammation. The combination treatment also enhanced autophagy in the colon of mice with DSS-induced colitis and lipopolysaccharide/DSS-stimulated Caco-2 cells. Besides, the ANI/NEO treatment significantly reduced INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-22 expression in colon tissues and decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA levels in Caco-2 cells. Meanwhile, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and ATG5 siRNA attenuated these effects. Furthermore, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and the α7nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA) weakened the ANI/NEO-induced protection on DSS-induced colitis in mice. Overall, these results indicate that the ANI/NEO combination exerts therapeutic effects through autophagy and α7nAChR in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University/Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Air Force Hangzhou Special Service Recuperation Center Sanatorium Area 4, Nanjing, China
| | - Danni Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University/Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University/Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University/Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ni Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University/Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University/Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University/Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University/Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ke
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University/Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Air Force Hangzhou Special Service Recuperation Center Sanatorium Area 4, Nanjing, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University/Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Si S, Zhao X, Su F, Lu H, Zhang D, Sun L, Wang F, Xu L. New advances in clinical application of neostigmine: no longer focusing solely on increasing skeletal muscle strength. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1227496. [PMID: 37601044 PMCID: PMC10436336 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1227496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neostigmine is a clinical cholinesterase inhibitor, that is, commonly used to enhance the function of the cholinergic neuromuscular junction. Recent studies have shown that neostigmine regulates the immune-inflammatory response through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, affecting perioperative neurocognitive function. This article reviews the relevant research evidence over the past 20 years, intending to provide new perspectives and strategies for the clinical application of neostigmine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangkun Si
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongxiu Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dongbin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fulei Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Zhang Y, Zou J, Wan F, Peng F, Peng C. Update on the sources, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological action, and clinical application of anisodamine. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114522. [PMID: 37002581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisodamine is an anticholinergic drug extracted and isolated from the Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher of the Solanaceae family which is also a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Owing to the lack of natural sources of anisodamine, synthetic products are now used. Using ornithine and arginine as precursor compounds, putrescine is catalyzed by different enzymes and then undergoes a series of reactions to produce anisodamine. It has been used clinically to protect cardiac function and treat septic shock, acute pancreatitis, calculous renal colic, bronchial asthma, blood circulation disturbances, jaundice, analgesia, vertigo, acute poisoning, and other conditions.This review describes the relevant pharmacokinetic parameters. Anisodamine is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, and it is not as effective as intravenous administration. For clinical medication, intravenous infusion should be used rather than rapid intravenous injection. With the advancement of research in recent years, the application scope of anisodamine has expanded, with significant developments and application values surging.This review systematically describes the sources, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects and clinical application of anisodamine, in order to provide a basis for clinical use.
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Lyu SC, Wang J, Xu WL, Wang HX, Pan F, Jiang T, He Q, Lang R. Therapeutic Effect of Combining Anisodamine With Neostigmine on Local Scar Formation Following Roux-en-Y Choledochojejunostomy in a Novel Rat Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:700050. [PMID: 34658849 PMCID: PMC8511430 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.700050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study aimed to explore the potential effect of combining anisodamine with neostigmine on local scar formation following Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy (RCJS) in a novel rat model. Methods: The biliary obstruction model of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats was established in advance, and 54 rats were divided into nine groups randomly (sham operation group, anisodamine group, neostigmine group, combination group, and control group). Anisodamine (25 mg/kg) and neostigmine (50 μg/kg) were injected to the abdominal cavity separately or simultaneously for 1 week since the first day after surgery according to their allocated intervention, while the same amount of saline (0.5 ml) was injected intraperitoneally in the control group. Indexes including body weight, the diameter of the common bile duct, liver function, inflammatory indexes, and the condition of scar formation in different groups at certain time were evaluated in our study. Results: Recovery of liver function (ALT, AST, TB, DB, and GGT) and systematic inflammation indexes (CRP, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in the combination group was prior to that in the control group (p < 0.05), while no statistical difference in the serum level of IL-10 was observed among groups. Rats in the combination group represented a wider anastomotic diameter and lower expression of α-SMA and TGF-β1 at anastomotic stoma compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Histopathological staining showed slighter proliferation of collagen and smooth muscle fibers in rats’ bile duct wall and less local scar formation at anastomotic stoma compared to the control group. Conclusion: The combination of anisodamine and neostigmine can alleviate local and systemic inflammatory response, promote the recovery of liver function, and reduce scar formation in rats after the RCJS procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cheng Lyu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Li Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Xuan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ren Lang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Tang N, Dong Y, Chen C, Zhao H. Anisodamine Maintains the Stability of Intervertebral Disc Tissue by Inhibiting the Senescence of Nucleus Pulposus Cells and Degradation of Extracellular Matrix via Interleukin-6/Janus Kinases/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:519172. [PMID: 33384595 PMCID: PMC7769940 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.519172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Anisodamine (ANI) has been used to treat a variety of diseases. However, the study of ANI in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is unclear. This study investigated the effects of ANI on degenerative nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and IVDD rats, and its possible mechanisms. Methods: Human nucleus pulposus cells (HNPCs) were treated with IL-1β (20 ng/ml) to simulate IVDD, and an IVDD rat model was constructed. IL-1β-induced HNPCs were treated with different concentrations (10, 20, or 40 μM) of ANI, and IVDD rats were also treated with ANI (1 mg/kg). Results: ANI treatment significantly reduced the apoptosis, caspase-3 and SA-β-gal activities, and p53 and p21 proteins expression, while promoted telomerase activity and aggrecan and collagen II synthesis in IL-1β-induced HNPCs. Moreover, the introduction of ANI inhibited the expression of IL-6, phosphorylation of JAK and STAT3, and nuclear translocation of p-STAT3 in Degenerated HNPCs. Additionally, the application of ANI abolished the effects of IL-6 on apoptosis, SA-β-gal and telomerase activity, and the expression of p53, p21, aggrecan and collagen II proteins in degenerated HNPCs. Simultaneously, ANI treatment enhanced the effects of AG490 (inhibitor of JAK/STAT3 pathway) on IL-1β-induced apoptosis, senescence and ECM degradation in HNPCs. Furthermore, ANI treatment markedly inhibited the apoptosis and senescence in the nucleus pulposus of IVDD rats, while promoted the synthesis of aggrecan and collagen II. ANI treatment obviously inhibited JAK and STAT3 phosphorylation and inhibited nuclear translocation of p-STAT3 in IVDD rats. Conclusion: ANI inhibited the senescence and ECM degradation of NPCs by regulating the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway to improve the function of NPCs in IVDD, which may provide new ideas for the treatment of IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Department of Orthopedic, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulei Dong
- Department of Orthopedic, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Orthopedic, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xia ZB, Yuan YJ, Zhang QH, Li H, Dai JL, Min JK. Salvianolic Acid B Suppresses Inflammatory Mediator Levels by Downregulating NF-κB in a Rat Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:2524-2532. [PMID: 29691361 PMCID: PMC5939601 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salvianolic acid B (SB) is a major active phyto-component of the plant Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza, which is traditionally used to treat joint pain and arthritis. The present study examined the anti-rheumatoid arthritis efficacy of SB on collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA) in a rat model. Material/Methods Forty-eight rats were divided into 4 groups: Control rats treated with saline (Group I), rats subjected to CIA induction by intradermal injection of bovine collagen II type at the tail (Group II), and rats subjected to CIA and supplemented with either 20 or 40 mg/kg of SB for 28 days (group III or IV). Results Paw swelling, edema, arthritis score, thymus and spleen indexes, and neutrophil infiltration were significantly decreased (p<0.01) by treatment with 20 or 40 mg/kg of SB. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, -6, and -17, and TNF-α) and anti-collagen II-specific immunoglobulins (IgG1 and IgG2a) were markedly decreased (p<0.01), and those of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH) were significantly increased (p<0.01) in SB-treated rats. Administration with SB (20 or 40 mg/kg) resulted in lower phosphorylated IκB-α and NF-κB p65 protein levels and markedly downregulated IκB-α expression. Furthermore, CIA rats revealed the presence of highly diffused polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) infiltration with eroded cartilage; however, these phenomena were considerably ameliorated by SB. Conclusions SB alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation in CIA rats, thus verifying its anti-rheumatoid arthritis property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Bing Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yong-Jian Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang-Hua Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ji-Lin Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ji-Kang Min
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Combined administration of anisodamine and neostigmine rescued acute lethal crush syndrome through α7nAChR-dependent JAK2-STAT3 signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37709. [PMID: 27874086 PMCID: PMC5118690 DOI: 10.1038/srep37709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we showed that Ani (anisodamine)/Neo (neostigmine) combination produced anti-shock effect via activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). In this study, we aim to investigate the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanisms of Ani/Neo combination in acute lethal crush syndrome (CS). In rat and rabbit CS models, Ani/Neo combination increased the 24 h survival rates, improved hemodynamics and decreased the levels of creatine kinase, MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, K+ in serum. It also decreased the levels of H2O2, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO) in serum and compressed muscle in rat CS model. In wild-type (WT) mice with CS, Ani/Neo combination increased 24 h survival rate and decreased the levels of H2O2, MPO, NO, TNFα, IL-6 and IL-10 in compressed muscle. These effects were attenuated by α7nAChR knockout (KO). Moreover, Ani/Neo combination prevented the decrease of phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) induced by CS. These effects of Ani/Neo in CS mice were cancelled by methyllycaconitine (α7nAChR antagonist) and α7nAChR KO. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Ani/Neo combination could produce therapeutic effects in CS. The underlying mechanism involves the activation of α7nAChR-dependent JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Eisenkraft A, Falk A. Possible role for anisodamine in organophosphate poisoning. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1719-27. [PMID: 27010563 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In cases of organophosphate poisoning, patients are treated with a combination of antidotes. In addition to these poison-directed antidotes, patients may require extra oxygen and artificial ventilation; other modalities may also be needed due to the wide range of toxic effects. Anisodamine is a belladonna alkaloid, and like other drugs from this family is non subtype-selective muscarinic, and a nicotinic cholinoceptor antagonist, which has been employed in traditional Chinese medicine. As a muscarinic antagonist, it displays similar pharmacological effects to atropine and scopolamine. However, anisodamine is not only less potent than atropine and scopolamine but also less toxic. Current in vitro and animal model studies have demonstrated that anisodamine has protective effects in a variety of diseases. Organophosphate poisoning involves not only the central and peripheral nervous systems, but also the cardiac and respiratory systems, as well as activation of inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. Therefore, the anticholinergic and additional activities of anisodamine appear to be relevant and justify its consideration as an addition to the existing remedies. However, more research is needed, as at present data on the role of anisodamine in the management of organophosphate poisoning are limited. Here, we review the beneficial effects of anisodamine on processes relevant to organophosphate poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Eisenkraft
- Israel Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Israel Defense Force Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Institute for Research in Military Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avshalom Falk
- Israel Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Jiang Q, Li RP, Tang Y, Wang YQ, Liu C, Guo ML. Bakkenolide-IIIa Protects Against Cerebral Damage Via Inhibiting NF-κB Activation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:943-52. [PMID: 26511680 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study was designed to examine the neuroprotective effects of bakkenolide-IIIa, a major novel compound extracted from the rhizome of P. trichinous. METHODS Transient focal cerebral damage model in rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in cultured hippocampal neurons were performed. The amount of apoptotic neurons was determined using TUNEL assay. The expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, Akt, ERK1/2, IKKβ, IκBα were measured using Western blot. The nuclear translocation and activation of NF-κB was measured using a fluorescence microscope and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). RESULTS Bakkenolide-IIIa (4, 8, 16 mg/kg; i.g.) was administered immediately after reperfusion could reduce the brain infarct volume, and the neurological deficit, as well as a high dose of bakkenolide-IIIa, increases the 72 h survival rate in cerebrally damaged rats. In vitro data demonstrated that bakkenolide-IIIa could increase cell viability and decrease the amount of apoptotic cells in cultured primary hippocampal neurons exposed to OGD. Bakkenolide-IIIa also dose-dependently increased the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax. These results indicated that inhibition of apoptosis partly mediated the neuroprotection of bakkenolide-IIIa. Furthermore, bakkenolide-IIIa inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, IKKβ, IκBα, and p65 in cultured hippocampal neurons exposed to OGD. Bakkenolide-IIIa not only inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in cultured neurons exposed to OGD, but also inhibited the activation of NF-κB in peri-infarct area in cerebrally damaged rats. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings indicated that bakkenolide-IIIa protects against cerebral damage by inhibiting AKT and ERK1/2 activation and inactivated NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Run-Ping Li
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye-Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Qian J, Zhang JM, Lin LL, Dong WZ, Cheng YQ, Su DF, Liu AJ. A combination of neostigmine and anisodamine protects against ischemic stroke by activating α7nAChR. Int J Stroke 2015; 10:737-44. [PMID: 25727643 DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing endogenous acetylcholine by neostigmine decreased the ischemic cerebral injury. The off-target action on muscarinic receptor produced a variety of adverse effects and limited the clinical application on stroke. AIM We combined neostigmine with anisodamine and investigated the neuroprotection and mechanism. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neuroprotective action of neostigmine in combination with anisodamine at varying ratios was examined to determine the optimal combination as well as ideal therapeutic window. Potential involvement of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was examined by measuring the infarct size, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and the biomarkers of apoptosis in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice. A set of in vitro experiments was conducted in RAW264.7 cells to probe into potential molecular mechanisms. RESULTS The neostigmine/anisodamine combination conferred neuroprotection. The protection was most potent at a ratio of 1:500. At such a ratio, the combination increased the binding of acetylcholine to α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and reduced proinflammatory cytokines. The neuroprotection was evident only in wild-type and not in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice. The combination significantly decreased the expression of Bad and Bax, and increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor wild-type mice but not in knockout mice. The combination did not affect caspase-8, cleaved caspase-8, or caspase-12. CONCLUSIONS Current study identified the optimal combination of neostigmine and anisodamine against ischemic stroke, and indicated that the acetylcholine-α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is involved in the protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Li Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Cheng
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Jun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Important poisonous plants in tibetan ethnomedicine. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:138-55. [PMID: 25594733 PMCID: PMC4303819 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibetan ethnomedicine is famous worldwide, both for its high effectiveness and unique cultural background. Many poisonous plants have been widely used to treat disorders in the Tibetan medicinal system. In the present review article, some representative poisonous plant species are introduced in terms of their significance in traditional Tibetan medicinal practices. They are Aconitumpendulum, Strychnos nux-vomica, Daturastramonium and Anisodus tanguticus, for which the toxic chemical constituents, bioactivities and pharmacological functions are reviewed herein. The most important toxins include aconitine, strychnine, scopolamine, and anisodamine. These toxic plants are still currently in use for pain-reduction and other purposes by Tibetan healers after processing.
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Effects of combined anisodamine and neostigmine treatment on the inflammatory response and liver regeneration of obstructive jaundice rats after hepatectomy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:362024. [PMID: 25478569 PMCID: PMC4244971 DOI: 10.1155/2014/362024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestasis is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing major liver resection. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combined anisodamine and neostigmine (Ani+Neo) treatment on the inflammatory response and liver regeneration in rats with obstructive jaundice (OJ) after partial hepatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS OJ was induced in the rats by bile duct ligation. After 7 days biliary drainage and partial hepatectomy were performed. These rats were assigned to a saline group or an Ani+Neo treatment group. The expressions of inflammatory mediators, liver regeneration, and liver damage were assessed at 48 h after hepatectomy. RESULTS The mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and MIP-1α, in the remnant livers, and the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were substantially reduced in the Ani+Neo group compared with saline group (P<0.05). The Ani+Neo treatment obviously promoted liver regeneration as indicated by the liver weights and Ki-67 labeling index (P<0.05). The serum albumin and γ-GT levels and liver neutrophil infiltration also significantly improved in the Ani+Neo group (P<0.05) compared with the saline group. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the combined anisodamine and neostigmine treatment is able to improve the liver regeneration in rats with OJ by substantially alleviating the inflammatory response.
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