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Ding H, Xiang R, Jia Y, Ye J, Xia Z. Cyclosporin A-mediated translocation of HuR improves MTX-induced cognitive impairment in a mouse model via NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:12537-12550. [PMID: 37950727 PMCID: PMC10683624 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) is a subject that requires critical solutions in neuroscience and oncology. However, its potential mechanism of action remains ambiguous. The aim of this study was to investigate the vital role of HuR in the neuroprotection of cyclosporin A (CsA) during methotrexate (MTX)-induced cognitive impairment. A series of Hu-antigen R (HuR) gain and loss experiments were used to examine cyclosporin A (CsA)-mediated translocation of HuR's ability to improve MTX-induced cognitive impairment through NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in vitro and in vivo. Obtained results show that the administration of CsA alleviated MTX-induced cognitive impairment in mice. The presence of MTX promoted the shuttling of HuR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, whereas treatment with CsA increased cytoplasmic HuR expression levels and the levels of ferritinophagy-related proteins, such as NCOA4 and LC3II, compared to the MTX group. However, applying KH-3, an inhibitor of HuR, reversed CsA's impact on the expression of ferritinophagy-related proteins in the hippocampus and in vitro. Also, treatment with CsA attenuated microglial activation by altering Iba-1 expression and decreased TNF-α and IL-1β levels in mice hippocampi. Moreover, KH-3 neutralized CsA's effects on the expression of both Iba-1 and HuR in vivo and in vitro. In summary, CsA was confirmed to have a neuroprotective role in CICI. Its possible underlying mechanisms may be involved in the translocation of HuR. Mediating the translocation of HuR during CICI could mitigate neruoinflammation and neuronal apoptosis via NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy and, thus, alleviate cognitive impairment in mice with CICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Ding
- Department of Pain, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifan Jia
- Department of Pain, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jishi Ye
- Department of Pain, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Xia
- Department of Pain, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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Lin W, Zhao XY, Cheng JW, Li LT, Jiang Q, Zhang YX, Han F. Signaling pathways in brain ischemia: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108541. [PMID: 37783348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke occurs when the arteries supplying blood to the brain are narrowed or blocked, inducing damage to brain tissue due to a lack of blood supply. One effective way to reduce brain damage and alleviate symptoms is to reopen blocked blood vessels in a timely manner and reduce neuronal damage. To achieve this, researchers have focused on identifying key cellular signaling pathways that can be targeted with drugs. These pathways include oxidative/nitrosative stress, excitatory amino acids and their receptors, inflammatory signaling molecules, metabolic pathways, ion channels, and other molecular events involved in stroke pathology. However, evidence suggests that solely focusing on protecting neurons may not yield satisfactory clinical results. Instead, researchers should consider the multifactorial and complex mechanisms underlying stroke pathology, including the interactions between different components of the neurovascular unit. Such an approach is more representative of the actual pathological process observed in clinical settings. This review summarizes recent research on the multiple molecular mechanisms and drug targets in ischemic stroke, as well as recent advances in novel therapeutic strategies. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future prospects of new strategies based on the biological characteristics of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lin
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jia-Wen Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Li-Tao Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi-Xuan Zhang
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China.
| | - Feng Han
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China; Institute of Brain Science, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Yu M, Zhang M, Fu P, Wu M, Yin X, Chen Z. Research progress of mitophagy in chronic cerebral ischemia. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1224633. [PMID: 37600521 PMCID: PMC10434995 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1224633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI), a condition that can result in headaches, dizziness, cognitive decline, and stroke, is caused by a sustained decrease in cerebral blood flow. Statistics show that 70% of patients with CCI are aged > 80 years and approximately 30% are 45-50 years. The incidence of CCI tends to be lower, and treatment for CCI is urgent. Studies have confirmed that CCI can activate the corresponding mechanisms that lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which, in turn, can induce mitophagy to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. Simultaneously, mitochondrial dysfunction can aggravate the insufficient energy supply to cells and various diseases caused by CCI. Regulation of mitophagy has become a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of CCI. This article reviews the latest progress in the important role of mitophagy in CCI and discusses the induction pathways of mitophagy in CCI, including ATP synthesis disorder, oxidative stress injury, induction of reactive oxygen species, and Ca2+ homeostasis disorder, as well as the role of drugs in CCI by regulating mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayue Yu
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical School of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Manqing Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Peijie Fu
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical School of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Moxin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical School of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical School of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical School of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
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Mohammed MM, Okasha AMM, Naiem AHA, Mohamed RF, Abdelwahab SF, Mohamed HA. Cyclosporine Ameliorates Silica-Induced Autoimmune Hepatitis in Rat Model by Altering the Expression of Toll-Like Receptor-4, Interleukin-2, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:87-95. [PMID: 34994326 DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666220106154111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an inflammatory liver disease that is characterized histologically by interface hepatitis, biochemically by elevated transaminase levels, and serologically by the presence of autoantibodies. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 is a TLR family member that, upon activation in hepatocytes, initiates a cascade of events. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) are potent inflammatory cytokines secreted in AIH, playing an important role in the early development of inflammation and hepatocyte damage. OBJECTIVES This study examined the role of cyclosporine in AIH and illustrated its actions on altered hepatic function in the silica-induced AIH model. METHODS AIH was induced in Wistar rats using sodium silicate. The rats were divided into four groups: the control group, silica-AIH group, cyclosporine-treated group, and prevention group. TLR-4 and IL-2 mRNA expressions in liver tissues were tested by RTPCR. RESULTS AIH was associated with up-regulation of liver enzymes, IL-2 and TLR-4 gene expression, while cyclosporine significantly down-regulated the expression of both. The relative quantity of TLR-4 mRNA was 1±0, 13.57±1.91, 4±0.38, and 2±0 in control, AIH, cyclosporine, and prevention groups, respectively (p<0.001). Also, the relative quantity of IL-2 mRNA was 1±0, 14.79±1.42, 7.07±0.96, and 3.4±0.55 in control, AIH, cyclosporine, and prevention groups, respectively (p<0.001). Additionally, immunohistochemical staining for TNF-α in liver sections was increased in the silica-AIH group but was found to decrease in the cyclosporine-treated and prevention groups. CONCLUSION This study advocates the therapeutic role of cyclosporine in treating immune-mediated hepatic diseases. Cyclosporine improves histological alterations in the liver and inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed M M Okasha
- Departments of Biochemistry, Minia University Minia 61511, Egypt
| | | | - Reham F Mohamed
- Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University Minia 61511, Egypt
| | - Sayed F Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Al-Haweiah, PO Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A Mohamed
- Departments of Biochemistry, Minia University Minia 61511, Egypt
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Zhou Q, Yuan M, Qiu W, Cao W, Xu R. Preclinical studies of mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systemic review and metaanalysis. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3637-3646. [PMID: 33433755 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-05036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the quality of preclinical evidence for mesenchymal stromal cell (MSCs) therapy of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), decide the effect size of MSCs treatment, and identify clinical parameters that associate with differences in MSCs effects. METHODS A literature search identified studies of MSCs in animal models of ALS. Four main indicators (age of onset, disease progression deceleration, survival time, hazard ratio reduction) obtained through specific neurobehavioral assessment, and 14 relative clinical parameters were extracted for metaanalysis and systematic review. Subgroup analysis and metaregression were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 25 studies and 41 independent treated arms were used for systematic review and metaanalysis. After adjusted by sensitivity analysis, the mean effect sizes were significantly improved by 0.28 for the age of onset, 0.25 for the disease progression deceleration, 0.54 for the survival time, and 0.48 for hazard ratio reduction. With further analysis, we demonstrated that both the clinical parameter of animal gender and immunosuppressive drug of cyclosporin A (CSA) had a close correlation with disease progression deceleration effect size. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that MSCs transplantation was beneficial for neurobehavioral improvement in the treatment of ALS animal model and recommended that all potential reparative roles of MSCs postdelivery, should be carefully considered and fused to maximize the effectiveness of MSCs therapy in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 152, Aiguo Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 152, Aiguo Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weiwen Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 152, Aiguo Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenfeng Cao
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 152, Aiguo Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 152, Aiguo Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Danese A, Leo S, Rimessi A, Wieckowski MR, Fiorica F, Giorgi C, Pinton P. Cell death as a result of calcium signaling modulation: A cancer-centric prospective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119061. [PMID: 33991539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) and the complex regulatory system governed by Ca2+ signaling have been described to be of crucial importance in numerous aspects related to cell life and death decisions, especially in recent years. The growing attention given to this second messenger is justified by the pleiotropic nature of Ca2+-binding proteins and transporters and their consequent involvement in cell fate decisions. A growing number of works highlight that deregulation of Ca2+ signaling and homoeostasis is often deleterious and drives pathological conditions; in particular, a disruption of the main Ca2+-mediated death mechanisms may lead to uncontrolled cell growth that results in cancer. In this work, we review the latest useful evidence to better understand the complex network of pathways by which Ca2+ regulates cell life and death decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Danese
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sara Leo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteur 3 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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7
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Abolhasanpour N, Alihosseini S, Golipourkhalili S, Badalzadeh R, Mahmoudi J, Hosseini L. Insight into the effects of melatonin on endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial function, and their cross-talk in the stroke. Arch Med Res 2021; 52:673-682. [PMID: 33926763 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke has remained a principal cause of mortality and neurological disabilities worldwide. Blood flow resumption, reperfusion, in the cerebral ischemia prompts a cascade in the brain characterized by various cellular mechanisms like mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stresses, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and excitotoxicity, finally resulting in programmed cell death. Any changes in the ER-mitochondria axis are probably responsible for both the onset and progression of central nervous system diseases. Melatonin, a neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland, has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Most studies have shown that it exerts neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke. It was observed that melatonin therapy after the stroke not only leads to reduce mitochondrial dysfunction but also cause to alleviate ER stress and inflammation. This review discusses the impact of melatonin on mitochondrial, ER function, and on the crosstalk between two organelles as a therapeutic target for stroke. Given that the influences of melatonin on each organelle separately, its effects on mechanisms of crosstalk between ER and mitochondria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Abolhasanpour
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
| | - Samin Alihosseini
- Student research center, Tabriz university of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sevda Golipourkhalili
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Badalzadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Hosseini
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran; Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Wang X, Fang Y, Huang Q, Xu P, Lenahan C, Lu J, Zheng J, Dong X, Shao A, Zhang J. An updated review of autophagy in ischemic stroke: From mechanisms to therapies. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113684. [PMID: 33676918 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is important for developing effective therapies for treating stroke. Autophagy is a self-eating cellular catabolic pathway, which plays a crucial homeostatic role in the regulation of cell survival. Increasing evidence shows that autophagy, observed in various cell types, plays a critical role in brain pathology after ischemic stroke. Therefore, the regulation of autophagy can be a potential target for ischemic stroke treatment. In the present review, we summarize the recent progress that research has made regarding autophagy and ischemic stroke, including common signaling pathways, the role of autophagic subtypes (e.g. mitophagy, pexophagy, aggrephagy, endoplasmic reticulum-phagy, and lipophagy) in ischemic stroke, as well as the current methods for autophagy detection and potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Department of Echocardiography, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Penglei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Jiao Y, Liu YW, Chen WG, Liu J. Neuroregeneration and functional recovery after stroke: advancing neural stem cell therapy toward clinical application. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:80-92. [PMID: 32788451 PMCID: PMC7818886 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a main cause of death and disability worldwide. The ability of the brain to self-repair in the acute and chronic phases after stroke is minimal; however, promising stem cell-based interventions are emerging that may give substantial and possibly complete recovery of brain function after stroke. Many animal models and clinical trials have demonstrated that neural stem cells (NSCs) in the central nervous system can orchestrate neurological repair through nerve regeneration, neuron polarization, axon pruning, neurite outgrowth, repair of myelin, and remodeling of the microenvironment and brain networks. Compared with other types of stem cells, NSCs have unique advantages in cell replacement, paracrine action, inflammatory regulation and neuroprotection. Our review summarizes NSC origins, characteristics, therapeutic mechanisms and repair processes, then highlights current research findings and clinical evidence for NSC therapy. These results may be helpful to inform the direction of future stroke research and to guide clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cells and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu-Wan Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei-Gong Chen
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cells and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cells and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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The neuroprotective action of 3,3'-diindolylmethane against ischemia involves an inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy that depends on HDAC and AhR/CYP1A1 but not ERα/CYP19A1 signaling. Apoptosis 2020; 24:435-452. [PMID: 30778709 PMCID: PMC6522467 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There are no studies examining the effects of 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) in neuronal cells subjected to ischemia. Little is also known about the roles of apoptosis and autophagy as well as AhR and ERα signaling and HDACs in DIM action. We demonstrated for the first time the strong neuroprotective capacity of DIM in mouse primary hippocampal cell cultures exposed to ischemia at early and later stages of neuronal development. The protective effects of DIM were mediated via inhibition of ischemia-induced apoptosis and autophagy that was accompanied by a decrease in AhR/CYP1A1 signaling and an increase in HDAC activity. DIM decreased the levels of pro-apoptotic factors, i.e., Fas, Caspase-3, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). DIM also reduced the protein levels of autophagy-related Beclin-1 (BECN1) and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain (LC3), partially reversed the ischemia-induced decrease in Nucleoporin 62 (NUP62) and inhibited autophagosome formation. In addition, DIM completely reversed the ischemia-induced decrease in histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in hippocampal neurons. Although DIM inhibited AhR/CYP1A1 signaling, it did not influence the protein expression levels of ERα and ERα-regulated CYP19A1 which are known to be controlled by AhR. This study demonstrated for the first time, that the neuroprotective action of 3,3′-diindolylmethane against ischemia involves an inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy and depends on AhR/CYP1A1 signaling and HDAC activity, thus creating the possibility of developing new therapeutic strategies that target neuronal degeneration at specific molecular levels.
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Li Y, Sun J, Wu R, Bai J, Hou Y, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Meng X. Mitochondrial MPTP: A Novel Target of Ethnomedicine for Stroke Treatment by Apoptosis Inhibition. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:352. [PMID: 32269527 PMCID: PMC7109312 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), across the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria, is a nonspecific channel for signal transduction or material transfer between mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasm such as maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis, regulation of oxidative stress signals, and protein translocation evoked by some of stimuli. Continuous MPTP opening has been proved to stimulate neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. Meanwhile, inhibition of MPTP overopening-induced apoptosis has shown excellent efficacy in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Among of which, the potential molecular mechanisms of drug therapy for stroke has also been gradually revealed by researchers. The characteristics of multi-components or multi-targets for ethnic drugs also provide the possibility to treat stroke from the perspective of mitochondrial MPTP. The advantages mentioned above make it necessary for us to explore and clarify the new perspective of ethnic medicine in treating stroke and to determine the specific molecular mechanisms through advanced technologies as much as possible. In this review, we attempt to uncover the relationship between abnormal MPTP opening and neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. We further summarized currently authorized drugs, ethnic medicine prescriptions, herbs, and identified monomer compounds for inhibition of MPTP overopening-induced ischemic neuron apoptosis. Finally, we strive to provide a new perspective and enlightenment for ethnic medicine in the prevention and treatment of stroke by inhibition of MPTP overopening-induced neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxin Li
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixia Wu
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinrong Bai
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Hou
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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12
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Ozawa K, Tsumoto H, Miura Y, Yamaguchi J, Iguchi-Ariga SMM, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Uchiyama Y. DJ-1 is indispensable for the S-nitrosylation of Parkin, which maintains function of mitochondria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4377. [PMID: 32152416 PMCID: PMC7062835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The DJ-1 gene, a causative gene for familial Parkinson’s disease (PD), has been reported to have various functions, including transcriptional regulation, antioxidant response, and chaperone and protease functions; however, the molecular mechanism associated with the pathogenesis of PD remains elusive. To further explore the molecular function of DJ-1 in the pathogenesis of PD, we compared protein expression profiles in brain tissues from wild-type and DJ-1-deficient mice. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis analysis and subsequent analysis using data mining methods revealed alterations in the expression of molecules associated with energy production. We demonstrated that DJ-1 deletion inhibited S-nitrosylation of endogenous Parkin as well as overexpressed Parkin in neuroblastoma cells and mouse brain tissues. Thus, we used genome editing to generate neuroblastoma cells with DJ-1 deletion or S-nitrosylated cysteine mutation in Parkin and demonstrated that these cells exhibited similar phenotypes characterized by enhancement of cell death under mitochondrial depolarization and dysfunction of mitochondria. Our data indicate that DJ-1 is required for the S-nitrosylation of Parkin, which positively affects mitochondrial function, and suggest that the denitrosylation of Parkin via DJ-1 inactivation might contribute to PD pathogenesis and act as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ozawa
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan. .,Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8521, Japan. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku 2-1-1, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan. .,Asakayama General Hospital, Sakai-ku, Sakai City, Osaka, 590-0018, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Tsumoto
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yuri Miura
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Junji Yamaguchi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku 2-1-1, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sanae M M Iguchi-Ariga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku 2-1-1, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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13
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Xue X, Wang H, Su J. Inhibition of MiR-122 Decreases Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Upregulating DJ-1-Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue Deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN)/Phosphonosinol-3 Kinase (PI3K)/AKT. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e915825. [PMID: 32061171 PMCID: PMC7043345 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury is caused by a blood reperfusion injury in ischemic brain tissue, and usually occurs in the treatment stage of ischemic disease, which can aggravate brain tissue injury. MiR-122 is closely related to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the myocardium, kidney, and liver; however, the role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury has not been established. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was established in a rat model, and the control group was a sham-operated group. After ischemia-reperfusion injury for 6, 12, and 24 hours, brain tissue specimens were collected and the expression of miR-122 and DJ-1 were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Flow cytometry was used to determine the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. The modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) scale was used to evaluate the sensory and motor function defects of the rats. The malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and enzyme activity were determined. The rats in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model were divided into 2 groups (antagomir-NC group and antagomir miR-122 group). Brain neuron RN-c cells were divided into the following 4 groups: antagomir-NC, antagomir miR-122, pIRES2-blank, and pIRES2-DJ-1. Seventy-two hours after transfection, ischemia-reperfusion treatment was carried out and conventional cultured RN-c cells were used as the control group. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and western blot was used to detect the expression of DJ-1, PTEN, AKT, and p-AKT. RESULTS The expression of miR-122 increased significantly in the process of ischemia-reperfusion damage after cerebral infarction, while the expression of DJ-1 decreased significantly. Downregulation of miR-122 significantly increased the expression of DJ-1, enhanced the activity of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway, reduced cell apoptosis, and alleviated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of miR-122 can decrease cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by upregulating DJ-1-PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinHong Xue
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - HongRu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - JiangLi Su
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, China (mainland)
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Enhancing Base Excision Repair of Mitochondrial DNA to Reduce Ischemic Injury Following Reperfusion. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:664-671. [PMID: 30535792 PMCID: PMC6842339 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that enhancing mitochondrial base excision repair (BER) capability in brain will reduce reperfusion-associated ischemic brain injury. Post-stroke reperfusion was modeled in mice via transient filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (60 min) (transient MCAO). Administration of a TAT-modified form of a DNA glycosylase (EndoIII) following reperfusion of the brain reduced resultant brain infarct volume. Protection was dose-dependent, BER enzyme specific, and regionally specific (more effective via the jugular vein). EndoIII is compatible with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The time window of a single dose of EndoIII effect is 3 h following reperfusion onset. These data suggest a novel approach to enhance protection of reperfused brain in the setting of revascularization procedures (thrombectomy or thrombolytic therapy) following stroke.
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15
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Piotrowski M, Jantas D, Leśkiewicz M, Szczepanowicz K, Warszyński P, Lasoń W. Polyelectrolyte-coated nanocapsules containing cyclosporine A protect neuronal-like cells against oxidative stress-induced cell damage. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Liu F, Lu J, Manaenko A, Tang J, Hu Q. Mitochondria in Ischemic Stroke: New Insight and Implications. Aging Dis 2018; 9:924-937. [PMID: 30271667 PMCID: PMC6147588 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death and adult disability worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been regarded as one of the hallmarks of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced neuronal death. Maintaining the function of mitochondria is crucial in promoting neuron survival and neurological improvement. In this article, we review current progress regarding the roles of mitochondria in the pathological process of cerebral I/R injury. In particular, we emphasize on the most critical mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial quality control, as well as the recent findings on mitochondrial transfer in acute stroke. We highlight the potential of mitochondria as therapeutic targets for stroke treatment and provide valuable insights for clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- 1Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfei Lu
- 1Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- 2Departments of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Junjia Tang
- 3Department of neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Hu
- 1Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Charriaut-Marlangue C, Baud O. A Model of Perinatal Ischemic Stroke in the Rat: 20 Years Already and What Lessons? Front Neurol 2018; 9:650. [PMID: 30131764 PMCID: PMC6090994 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and ischemia are a common cause of neonatal brain injury resulting in cerebral palsy with subsequent learning disabilities and epilepsy. Recent data suggest a higher incidence of focal ischemia-reperfusion located in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory in near-term and newborn babies. Pre-clinical studies in the field of cerebral palsy research used, and still today, the classical HI model in the P7 rat originally described by Rice et al. (1). At the end of the 90s, we designed a new model of focal ischemia in the P7 rat to explore the short and long-term pathophysiology of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke, particularly the phenomenon of reperfusion injury and its sequelae (reported in 1998). Cerebral blood-flow and cell death/damage correlates have been fully characterized. Pharmacologic manipulations have been applied to the model to test therapeutic targets. The model has proven useful for the study of seizure occurrence, a clinical hallmark for neonatal ischemia in babies. Main pre-clinical findings obtained within these 20 last years are discussed associated to clinical pattern of neonatal brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Baud
- INSERM U1141 PROTECT, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Peng Y, Shinde DN, Valencia CA, Mo JS, Rosenfeld J, Truitt Cho M, Chamberlin A, Li Z, Liu J, Gui B, Brockhage R, Basinger A, Alvarez-Leon B, Heydemann P, Magoulas PL, Lewis AM, Scaglia F, Gril S, Chong SC, Bower M, Monaghan KG, Willaert R, Plona MR, Dineen R, Milan F, Hoganson G, Powis Z, Helbig KL, Keller-Ramey J, Harris B, Anderson LC, Green T, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Kaylor J, Chen J, Guan MX, Sellars E, Sparagana SP, Gibson JB, Reinholdt LG, Tang S, Huang T. Biallelic mutations in the ferredoxin reductase gene cause novel mitochondriopathy with optic atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4937-4950. [PMID: 29040572 PMCID: PMC5886230 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ubiquitous cofactors essential to various cellular processes, including mitochondrial respiration, DNA repair, and iron homeostasis. A steadily increasing number of disorders are being associated with disrupted biogenesis of Fe-S clusters. Here, we conducted whole-exome sequencing of patients with optic atrophy and other neurological signs of mitochondriopathy and identified 17 individuals from 13 unrelated families with recessive mutations in FDXR, encoding the mitochondrial membrane-associated flavoprotein ferrodoxin reductase required for electron transport from NADPH to cytochrome P450. In vitro enzymatic assays in patient fibroblast cells showed deficient ferredoxin NADP reductase activity and mitochondrial dysfunction evidenced by low oxygen consumption rates (OCRs), complex activities, ATP production and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such defects were rescued by overexpression of wild-type FDXR. Moreover, we found that mice carrying a spontaneous mutation allelic to the most common mutation found in patients displayed progressive gait abnormalities and vision loss, in addition to biochemical defects consistent with the major clinical features of the disease. Taken together, these data provide the first demonstration that germline, hypomorphic mutations in FDXR cause a novel mitochondriopathy and optic atrophy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Peng
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | - C Alexander Valencia
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jun-Song Mo
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jill Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Adam Chamberlin
- Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - Zhuo Li
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Baoheng Gui
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rachel Brockhage
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alice Basinger
- Department of Metabolic Genetics, Cook Children's Physician Network, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
| | - Brenda Alvarez-Leon
- Department of Metabolic Genetics, Cook Children's Physician Network, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
| | - Peter Heydemann
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pilar L Magoulas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrea M Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Solange Gril
- Neuropediatric Department, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research -FLENI, Montañeses 2325 (C1428AQK), Argentina
| | - Shuk Ching Chong
- Center of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew Bower
- Fairview Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory Neurology Clinic, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | | | | | - Maria-Renee Plona
- Pediatric Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Rich Dineen
- Pediatric Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | | | - George Hoganson
- Pediatric Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Zoe Powis
- Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julie Kaylor
- Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Jiani Chen
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Min-Xin Guan
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Steven P Sparagana
- Pediatric Neurology, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | | | | | - Sha Tang
- Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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19
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Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening contributes to cannabinoid type 1 receptor agonist ACEA-induced neuroprotection. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:211-222. [PMID: 29574098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor agonist arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA) induces neuroprotection against brain ischemia, and the mechanism, however, is still elusive. In this study, we used bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) in mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in primary cultured neurons to mimic brain ischemic injury, and hypothesized that cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist ACEA protects ischemic neurons via inhibiting the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). In vivo, we found that BCCAO treatment reduced the neurological functions, increased the number of apoptotic neuronal cells and deteriorated the mitochondrial morphology in the ischemic brain tissue. And in vitro, we observed that OGD injury reduced cell viability, mitochondrial function and anti-oxidant SOD2 expression, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), mitochondrial cytochrome C (Cyto C) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) releases, elevated the cell apoptosis and mitochondrial superoxide level. And the CB1 receptor agonist ACEA significantly abolished the BCCAO and OGD-induced neuronal injury above. However, the MPTP opener atractyloside (Atr) markedly reversed the ACEA-induced neuroprotective effects, inhibited the mitochondrial Cyto C and AIF releases and relieved the mitochondrial swelling, but the MPTP inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA) did not cause significant effects on the ACEA-induced neuroprotection above. These findings indicated that inhibition of MPTP opening may be involved in the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist ACEA-induced neuroprotection.
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20
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Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides protects PC12 cells against OGD/RP-induced injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:671-680. [PMID: 29710464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia stroke is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides (CDP) possess a wide range of beneficial effects, including hepatoprotection and immune homeostasis. As far as we know, the protective effect of CDP on neurons injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/RP) has not been investigated. In this study, OGD/RP injured a PC12 cell model. Briefly, CDP (0.05, 0.5 and 5??g/ml) was administered before reperfusion. The protective effect of CDP was then evaluated on the basis of cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, [Ca2+]i, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)and cell apoptosis, and redox status after reperfusion was evaluated by assaying reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total antioxidant capacity. Basing on the fact that Parkinson's disease-associated protein DJ-1 participates in endogenous antioxidation and performs neuroprotective effects after ischemia stroke, we investigated the interaction between CDP and DJ-1. DJ-1 expression was detected through ELISA and Western blot analysis, and the translocation of DJ-1 was evaluated through immunofluorescence. Result showed that CDP (0.05, 0.5 and 5??g/ml) attenuated PC12 cell death, preserved MMP and calcium homeostasis; inhibited oxidative stress and decreased cell apoptosis. Moreover, CDP (5??g/ml) markedly stimulated DJ-1 secretion and expression. Overall, the results suggested that CDP exerts neuroprotective effect against OGD/RP-induced injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating the DJ-1 pathway.
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21
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Purroy R, Britti E, Delaspre F, Tamarit J, Ros J. Mitochondrial pore opening and loss of Ca 2+ exchanger NCLX levels occur after frataxin depletion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:618-631. [PMID: 29223733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frataxin-deficient neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and dorsal root ganglia neurons have been used as cell models of Friedreich ataxia. In previous work we show that frataxin depletion resulted in mitochondrial swelling and lipid droplet accumulation in cardiomyocytes, and compromised DRG neurons survival. Now, we show that these cells display reduced levels of the mitochondrial calcium transporter NCLX that can be restored by calcium-chelating agents and by external addition of frataxin fused to TAT peptide. Also, the transcription factor NFAT3, involved in cardiac hypertrophy and apoptosis, becomes activated by dephosphorylation in both cardiomyocytes and DRG neurons. In cardiomyocytes, frataxin depletion also results in mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Since the pore opening can be inhibited by cyclosporin A, we show that this treatment reduces lipid droplets and mitochondrial swelling in cardiomyocytes, restores DRG neuron survival and inhibits NFAT dephosphorylation. These results highlight the importance of calcium homeostasis and that targeting mitochondrial pore by repurposing cyclosporin A, could be envisaged as a new strategy to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Purroy
- Department of Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Fac. Medicina, University of Lleida, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - E Britti
- Department of Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Fac. Medicina, University of Lleida, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - F Delaspre
- Department of Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Fac. Medicina, University of Lleida, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - J Tamarit
- Department of Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Fac. Medicina, University of Lleida, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - J Ros
- Department of Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Fac. Medicina, University of Lleida, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
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22
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Stem cell therapy for abrogating stroke-induced neuroinflammation and relevant secondary cell death mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 158:94-131. [PMID: 28743464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide. A key secondary cell death mechanism mediating neurological damage following the initial episode of ischemic stroke is the upregulation of endogenous neuroinflammatory processes to levels that destroy hypoxic tissue local to the area of insult, induce apoptosis, and initiate a feedback loop of inflammatory cascades that can expand the region of damage. Stem cell therapy has emerged as an experimental treatment for stroke, and accumulating evidence supports the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells to abrogate stroke-induced inflammation. In this review, we investigate clinically relevant stem cell types, such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs), neural stem cells (NSCs), extraembryonic stem cells, adipose tissue-derived stem cells, breast milk-derived stem cells, menstrual blood-derived stem cells, dental tissue-derived stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), teratocarcinoma-derived Ntera2/D1 neuron-like cells (NT2N), c-mycER(TAM) modified NSCs (CTX0E03), and notch-transfected mesenchymal stromal cells (SB623), comparing their potential efficacy to sequester stroke-induced neuroinflammation and their feasibility as translational clinical cell sources. To this end, we highlight that MSCs, with a proven track record of safety and efficacy as a transplantable cell for hematologic diseases, stand as an attractive cell type that confers superior anti-inflammatory effects in stroke both in vitro and in vivo. That stem cells can mount a robust anti-inflammatory action against stroke complements the regenerative processes of cell replacement and neurotrophic factor secretion conventionally ascribed to cell-based therapy in neurological disorders.
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23
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Yang RX, Lei J, Wang BD, Feng DY, Huang L, Li YQ, Li T, Zhu G, Li C, Lu FF, Nie TJ, Gao GD, Gao L. Pretreatment with Sodium Phenylbutyrate Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Upregulating DJ-1 Protein. Front Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28649223 PMCID: PMC5465296 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play critical roles in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. DJ-1 is an endogenous antioxidant that attenuates oxidative stress and maintains mitochondrial function, likely acting as a protector of I/R injury. In the present study, we explored the protective effect of a possible DJ-1 agonist, sodium phenylbutyrate (SPB), against I/R injury by protecting mitochondrial dysfunction via the upregulation of DJ-1 protein. Pretreatment with SPB upregulated the DJ-1 protein level and rescued the I/R injury-induced DJ-1 decrease about 50% both in vivo and in vitro. SPB also improved cellular viability and mitochondrial function and alleviated neuronal apoptosis both in cell and animal models; these effects of SPB were abolished by DJ-1 knockdown with siRNA. Furthermore, SPB improved the survival rate about 20% and neurological functions, as well as reduced about 50% of the infarct volume and brain edema, of middle cerebral artery occlusion mice 23 h after reperfusion. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that preconditioning of SPB possesses a neuroprotective effect against cerebral I/R injury by protecting mitochondrial function dependent on the DJ-1 upregulation, suggesting that DJ-1 is a potential therapeutic target for clinical ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo-Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da-Yun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Qian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Li
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang-Fang Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tie-Jian Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-Dong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Garbuzova-Davis S, Haller E, Lin R, Borlongan CV. Intravenously Transplanted Human Bone Marrow Endothelial Progenitor Cells Engraft Within Brain Capillaries, Preserve Mitochondrial Morphology, and Display Pinocytotic Activity Toward Blood-Brain Barrier Repair in Ischemic Stroke Rats. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1246-1258. [PMID: 28142208 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening disease with limited therapeutic options. Cell therapy has emerged as an experimental stroke treatment. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment is a key pathological manifestation of ischemic stroke, and barrier repair is an innovative target for neurorestoration in stroke. Here, we evaluated via electron microscopy the ability of transplanted human bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells (hBMEPCs) to repair the BBB in adult Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). β-galactosidase prelabeled hBMEPCs were intravenously transplanted 48 hours post-tMCAO. Ultrastructural analysis of microvessels in nontransplant stroke rats revealed typical BBB pathology. At 5 days post-transplantation with hBMEPCs, stroke rats displayed widespread vascular repair in bilateral striatum and motor cortex, characterized by robust cell engraftment within capillaries. hBMEPC transplanted stroke rats exhibited near normal morphology of endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, and astrocytes, without detectable perivascular edema. Near normal morphology of mitochondria was also detected in ECs and perivascular astrocytes from transplanted stroke rats. Equally notable, we observed numerous pinocytic vesicles within engrafted cells. Robust engraftment and intricate functionality of transplanted hBMEPCs likely abrogated stroke-altered vasculature. Preserving mitochondria and augmenting pinocytosis in cell-based therapeutics represent a new neurorestorative mechanism in BBB repair for stroke. Stem Cells 2017;35:1246-1258.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair.,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine
| | - Edward Haller
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Roger Lin
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair.,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair
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Kulikov AV, Luchkina EA, Gogvadze V, Zhivotovsky B. Mitophagy: Link to cancer development and therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:432-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kaneko Y, Pappas C, Tajiri N, Borlongan CV. Oxytocin modulates GABA AR subunits to confer neuroprotection in stroke in vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35659. [PMID: 27767042 PMCID: PMC5073361 DOI: 10.1038/srep35659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin protects against ischemia-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, and is associated with GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter) signaling transduction in neurons. However, the molecular mechanism by which oxytocin affords neuroprotection, especially the interaction between oxytocin receptor and GABAA receptor (GABAAR), remains to be elucidated. Primary rat neural cells were exposed to oxytocin before induction of experimental acute stroke model via oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD/R) injury. Pretreatment with oxytocin increased cell viability, decreased the cell damage against oxidative stress, and prevented the release of high mobility group box1 during OGD/R. However, introduction of oxytocin during OGD/R did not induce neuroprotection. Although oxytocin did not affect the glutathione-related cellular metabolism before OGD, oxytocin modulated the expression levels of GABAAR subunits, which function to remove excessive neuronal excitability via chloride ion influx. Oxytocin-pretreated cells significantly increased the chloride ion influx in response to GABA and THIP (δ-GABAAR specific agonist). This study provides evidence that oxytocin regulated GABAAR subunits in affording neuroprotection against OGD/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kaneko
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL 33612, USA
| | - Colleen Pappas
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, 13301 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL 33612, USA
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL 33612, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL 33612, USA
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Zhang S, Guo Z, Yang S, Ma H, Fu C, Wang S, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Hu J. Chronic intermittent hybobaric hypoxia protects against cerebral ischemia via modulation of mitoK ATP. Neurosci Lett 2016; 635:8-16. [PMID: 27760384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Providing adequate protection against cerebral ischemia remains an unrealized goal. The present study was aimed at testing whether chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) would have protective effects against cerebral ischemia and investigating the potential role of mitochondrial membrane ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP) in this effect. METHODS Ischemia was induced in rats by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries for 8min on day 2 after bilateral vertebral arteries were permanently electrocauterized and CIHH was simulated in a hypoxic chamber. Learning and memory impairments were analyzed using the Morris water maze. The delay neuronal death (DND) in the hippocampus CA1 was observed by thionine staining. The expression of the two subunits of mitoKATP, SUR1 and Kir 6.2, and the concentration of cytochrome c (Cyt c) were observed by Western blotting. The mitochondrial membrane potential (Δym) was determined by flow cytometry. Morphological changes of the mitochondria were investigated by electron microscopy. The antagonist of mitoKATP, 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD), was used to demonstrate the involvement of mitoKATP. RESULTS CIHH pretreatment ameliorated the learning and memory impairments produced by ischemia, concomitant with reduced DND in the hippocampus CA1 area. Expression levels of SUR1 and Kir6.2 both increased for at least one week after CIHH pretreatment. Levels of the two subunits were higher in the CIHH pretreatment combined with ischemia group than the ischemia only group at 2 d and 7 d after ischemia. Furthermore, the concentration of Cyt c was decreased in mitochondria and increased in the cytoplasm after ischemia which was prevented by CIHH. The decrease of Δψm and the destruction of mitochondrial ultrastructure were both rescued by CIHH pretreatment. The above protective effects of CIHH were blocked by 5-HD intraperitoneal injection 30min before ischemia. CONCLUSION CIHH pretreatment can reduce cerebral ischemic injury, which is mediated by upregulating the expression and activity of mitoKATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiao Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Zan Guo
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Shijie Yang
- Department of Urology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Congrui Fu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Yixian Liu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
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