MicroRNA-21 promotes glioma cell proliferation and inhibits senescence and apoptosis by targeting SPRY1 via the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

miR-21 Responsive Nanocarrier Targeting Ovarian Cancer Cells

In recent years, DNA origami-based nanocarriers have been extensively utilized for efficient cancer therapy. However, developing a nanocarrier capable of effectively protecting cargos such as RNA remains a challenge. In this study, we designed a compact and controllable DNA tubular origami (DTO) measuring 120 nm in length and 18 nm in width. The DTO exhibited appropriate structural characteristics for encapsulating and safeguarding cargo. Inside the DTO, we incorporated 20 connecting points to facilitate the delivery of cargoes to various ovarian and normal epithelial cell lines. Specifically, fluorescent-labeled DNA strands were attached to these sites as cargoes. The DTO was engineered to open upon encountering miR-21 through RNA/DNA strand displacement. Significantly, for the first time, we inhibited fluorescence using the compact DNA nanotube and observed dynamic fluorescent signals, indicating the controllable opening of DTO through live-cell imaging. Our results demonstrated that the DTO remained properly closed, exhibited effective internalization in ovarian cancer cells in vitro, showcasing marked differential expression of miR-21, and efficiently opened with short-term exposure to miR-21. Leveraging its autonomous behavior and compact design, the DTO emerges as a promising nanocarrier for various clinically relevant materials. It holds significant application prospects in anti-cancer therapy and the development of flexible biosensors.

Senescent Macrophages Release Inflammatory Cytokines and RNA-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles to Circumvent Fibroblast Senescence

Senescent cells, which accumulate with age, exhibit a pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that includes the secretion of cytokines, lipids, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we established an in vitro model of senescence induced by Raf-1 oncogene in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages (MΦ) and compared them to senescent MΦ found in mouse lung tumors or primary macrophages treated with hydrogen peroxide. The transcriptomic analysis of senescent MΦ revealed an important inflammatory signature regulated by NFkB. We observed an increased secretion of EVs in senescent MΦ, and these EVs presented an enrichment for ribosomal proteins, major vault protein, pro-inflammatory miRNAs, including miR-21a, miR-155, and miR-132, and several mRNAs. The secretion of senescent MΦ allowed senescent murine embryonic fibroblasts to restart cell proliferation. This antisenescence function of the macrophage secretome may explain their pro-tumorigenic activity and suggest that senolytic treatment to eliminate senescent MΦ could potentially prevent these deleterious effects.

LAMC2 regulates the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of gastric cancer via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

OBJECTIVES

Gastric cancer (GC) is a prevalent malignant tumor widely distributed globally, exhibiting elevated incidence and fatality rates. The gene LAMC2 encodes the laminin subunit gamma-2 chain and is found specifically in the basement membrane of epithelial cells. Its expression is aberrant in multiple types of malignant tumors. This research elucidated a link between LAMC2 and the clinical characteristics of GC and investigated the potential involvement of LAMC2 in GC proliferation and advancement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

LAMC2 expressions were detected in GC cell lines and normal gastric epithelial cell lines via qRT-PCR. Silencing and overexpression of the LAMC2 were conducted by lentiviral transfection. A xenograft mouse model was also developed for in vivo analysis. Cell functional assays were conducted to elucidate the involvement of LAMC2 in cell growth, migration, and penetration. Further, immunoblotting was conducted to investigate the impact of LAMC2 on the activation of signal pathways after lentiviral transfection.

RESULTS

In the findings, LAMC2 expression was markedly upregulated in GC cell lines as opposed to normal gastric epithelial cells. In vitro analysis showed that sh-LAMC2 substantially inhibited GC cell growth, migration, and invasion, while oe-LAMC2 displayed a contrasting effect. Xenograft tumor models demonstrated that oe-LAMC2 accelerated tumor growth via high expression of Ki-67. Immunoblotting analysis revealed a substantial decrease in various signaling pathway proteins, PI3K, p-Akt, and Vimentin levels upon LAMC2 knockdown, followed by increased E-cadherin expression. Conversely, its overexpression exhibited contrasting effects. Besides, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was accelerated by LAMC2.

CONCLUSION

This study provides evidence indicating that LAMC2, by stimulating signaling pathways, facilitated EMT and stimulated the progression of GC cells in laboratory settings and mouse models. Research also explored that the abnormal LAMC2 expression acts as a biomarker for GC.

Knockdown of miR-24 Suppressed the Tumor Growth of Cervical Carcinoma Through Regulating PTEN/PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway

Cervical cancer (CC) is the most prevalent malignant tumor in gynecology. Despite routine surgery, advanced CC is hard to remove completely. MicroRNA-24 (miR-24) regulates several types of tumors, but its regulatory function in CC was previously unknown. We established stable knockdown of miR-24 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in CC cells. We measured mRNA and protein expression with RT-PCR and western blotting. We evaluated cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis with CCK8, Transwell, wound healing, and flow cytometry, respectively. We also examined the influence of miR-24 and PTEN on tumor growth in a metastatic tumor model in nude mice. The expression of miR-24 was significantly increased in CC tissues and cell lines (C-33A, HeLa S3, SiHa). MiR-24 inhibitor greatly suppressed PTEN/PI3K/AKT, while miR-24 mimic markedly activated this signaling pathway. Knockdown of PTEN significantly reversed the effects of miR-24 inhibitor on cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis of CC cells. The significant inhibition effect of tumor growth and ki67 expression caused by miR-24 inhibitor was reversed by si-PTEN. MiR-24 inhibitor significantly suppressed cell proliferation, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, and tumor growth, while promoting cell apoptosis. However, the influence of miR-24 inhibitor was markedly reversed by si-PTEN. Targeting miR-24 could provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of CC.

Preliminary investigation on the effect of extracorporeal shock wave combined with traction on joint contracture based on PTEN-PI3K/AKT pathway

To investigate the intervention effect of extracorporeal shock wave combined with manual traction on fixation-induced knee contracture and its influence on PTEN-PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Thirty-six SD male rats were randomly divided into six groups. The left knee joints were not fixed in the control group (C group). Rats in other groups underwent brace fixation in the extended position of the left knee. After 4 weeks of bracing, it is randomly divided into five groups: Model group (M group), natural recovery group (NR group), extracorporeal shock wave treatment group (ET group), manual traction group (MT group), and extracorporeal shock wave combined with manual traction group (CT group). Joint range of motion (ROM) of left knee was carried out to assess joint function. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining were respectively used to assess the cell number and collagen deposition expression. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were used to assess protein levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (AKT). The combined therapy was more effective than extracorporeal shock wave therapy or manual traction alone against the joint ROM, cell number and the collagen deposition, low-expression of PTEN, and overexpression of PI3K/AKT in the anterior joint capsule of rats with knee extension contracture. Extracorporeal shock wave combined with manual traction can promote the histopathological changes of anterior joint capsule fibrosis, upregulate the protein expression of PTEN and downregulate the protein expression of PI3K/AKT in the fibrotic joint capsule in a rat joint contracture model.

In Vitro microRNA Expression Profile Alterations under CDK4/6 Therapy in Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition is one of the backbones of metastatic breast cancer therapy. However, there are a significant number of therapy failures. This study evaluates the biomarker potential of microRNAs for the prediction of a therapy response under cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition.

METHODS

This study comprises the analysis of intracellular and extracellular microRNA-expression-level alterations of 56 microRNAs under palbociclib mono as well as combination therapy with letrozole. Breast cancer cell lines BT-474, MCF-7 and HS-578T were analyzed using qPCR.

RESULTS

A palbociclib-induced microRNA signature could be detected intracellularly as well as extracellularly. Intracellular miR-10a, miR-15b, miR-21, miR-23a and miR-23c were constantly regulated in all three cell lines, whereas let-7b, let-7d, miR-15a, miR-17, miR-18a, miR-20a, miR-191 and miR301a_3p were regulated only in hormone-receptor-positive cells. Extracellular miR-100, miR-10b and miR-182 were constantly regulated across all cell lines, whereas miR-17 was regulated only in hormone-receptor-positive cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Because they are secreted and significantly upregulated in the microenvironment of tumor cells, miRs-100, -10b and -182 are promising circulating biomarkers that can be used to predict or detect therapy responses under CDK inhibition. MiR-10a, miR-15b, miR-21, miR-23a and miR-23c are potential tissue-based biomarkers.

Overexpression of FTO inhibits excessive proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of human glomerular mesangial cells by alleviating FOXO6 m6A modification via YTHDF3-dependent mechanisms

Background: N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a prevalent post-transcriptional modification presented in messenger RNA (mRNA) of eukaryotic organisms. Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is characterised by excessive proliferation and insufficient apoptosis of human glomerular mesangial cells (HGMCs) but its underlying pathogenesis remains undefined. Moreover, the role of m6A in CGN is poorly understood. Methods: The total level of m6A modification was detected using the m6A quantification assay (Colorimetric). Cell proliferation was assessed by EdU cell proliferation assay, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. RNA sequencing was performed to screen the downstream target of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO). MeRIP-qPCR was conducted to detect the m6A level of forkhead box o6 (FOXO6) in HGMCs. RIP assay was utilized to indicate the targeting relationship between YTH domain family 3 (YTHDF3) and FOXO6. Actinomycin D assay was used to investigate the stability of FOXO6 in HGMCs. Results: The study found that the expression of FTO was significantly reduced in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced HGMCs and renal biopsy samples of patients with CGN. Moreover, FTO overexpression and knockdown could regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of HGMCs. Furthermore, RNA sequencing and cellular experiments revealed FOXO6 as a downstream target of FTO in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of HGMCs. Mechanistically, FTO overexpression decreases the level of FOXO6 m6A modification and reduces the stability of FOXO6 mRNA in a YTHDF3-dependent manner. Additionally, the decreased expression of FOXO6 inhibits the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the proliferation and promoting apoptosis of HGMCs. Conclusion: This study offers insights into the mechanism through which FTO regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of HGMCs by mediating m6A modification of FOXO6 mRNA. These findings also suggest FTO as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for CGN.

Micro RNAs as a Diagnostic Marker between Glioma and Primary CNS Lymphoma: A Systematic Review

Differentiating glioma from primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) can be challenging, and current diagnostic measures such as MRI and biopsy are of limited efficacy. Liquid biopsies, which detect circulating biomarkers such as microRNAs (miRs), may provide valuable insights into diagnostic biomarkers for improved discrimination. This review aimed to investigate the role of specific miRs in diagnosing and differentiating glioma from PCNSL. A systematic search was conducted of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase for articles on liquid biopsies as a diagnostic method for glioma and PCNSL. Sixteen dysregulated miRs were identified with significantly different levels in glioma and PCNSL, including miR-21, which was the most prominent miR with higher levels in PCNSL, followed by glioma, including glioblastoma (GBM), and control groups. The lowest levels of miR-16 and miR-205 were observed in glioma, followed by PCNSL and control groups, whereas miR-15b and miR-301 were higher in both tumor groups, with the highest levels observed in glioma patients. The levels of miR-711 were higher in glioma (including GBM) and downregulated in PCNSL compared to the control group. This review suggests that using these six circulating microRNAs as liquid biomarkers with unique changing patterns could aid in better discrimination between glioma, especially GBM, and PCNSL.

AQP8 promotes glioma proliferation and growth, possibly through the ROS/PTEN/AKT signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

The aquaporin (AQP) family of proteins has been implicated in the proliferation and growth of gliomas. Expression of AQP8 is higher in human glioma tissues than in normal brain tissues and is positively correlated with the pathological grade of glioma, suggesting that this protein is also involved in the proliferation and growth of glioma. However, the mechanism by which AQP8 promotes the proliferation and growth of glioma remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism and role of abnormal AQP8 expression in glioma development.

METHODS

The dCas9-SAM and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques were used to construct viruses with overexpressed and knocked down AQP8, respectively, and infect A172 and U251 cell lines. The effects of AQP8 on the proliferation and growth of glioma and its mechanism via the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were observed using cell clone, transwell, flow cytometry, Hoechst, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. A nude mouse tumor model was also established.

RESULTS

Overexpression of AQP8 resulted in an increased number of cell clones and cell proliferation, enhanced cell invasion and migration, decreased apoptosis and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression, and increased phosphorylated serine/threonine protein kinase (p-AKT) expression and ROS level, whereas the AQP8 knockdown groups showed opposite results. In the animal experiments, the AQP8 overexpression group had higher tumor volume and weight, whereas the AQP8 knockdown group had lower tumor volume and weight compared with those parameters measured in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results preliminary suggest that AQP8 overexpression alters the ROS/PTEN/AKT signaling pathway, promoting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gliomas. Therefore, AQP8 may be a potential therapeutic target in gliomas.

Potential Regulatory Role of miR-21 on Alzheimer's Disease by Targeting GSK-3β Signaling

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most important neurogenerative disorder with progressive dementia as its main clinical manifestation. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are identified as crucial modulators in AD progression. Nevertheless, the biological potential of miR-21 in AD is obscure. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the possible role of miR-21 in the pathogenesis of AD via phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β) signaling.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The miR-21 expression in the brain tissues of patients with AD, as well as normal brain tissues and Aβ1-42-stimulated SH-SY5Y cell line (AD model) was examined by in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Also, the apoptosis-linked protein levels as well as programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) were detected by western blot.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed that miR-21 was low expressed in the brain tissues of patients with AD and AD model (P0.01). Also, the miR-21 overexpression could inhibit apoptosis of the AD model (P0.01). Indeed, the miR-21 negatively regulated PDCD4 expression, which led to activated PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that miR-21 cloud inhibits cell apoptosis in AD through the activation of PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway using inhibition of PDCD4 expression.

Expression analysis of human glioma susceptibility gene and P53 in human glioma and its clinical significance based on bioinformatics

Background

The exact mechanism of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains unclear. This study was to clarify the expression of P53 in glioma and its molecular mechanism, and to explore the possibility of P53 as a potential therapeutic target of glioma and its clinical application value, so as to provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment of glioma.

Methods

Firstly, a dataset was established to analyze the expression of P53 in different stages of glioma and its relationship with prognosis by using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, RNA-seq data, and survival data of glioma and normal control samples in gene expression profiling and interactive analysis (GEPIA). The genes co-expressed with P53 were screened out, their differential expression between glioma and normal control group was analyzed, and their functions were analyzed by enrichment analysis. The TGGA database was used for data verification and analysis. The correlation between P53 expression and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to analyze the relationship between P53 expression and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of glioma patients, and Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the independent factors affecting OS and PFS of glioma patients.

Results

The results of TCGA data analysis were as follows: The expression level of P53 was different from that of different stages of glioma, namely, the expression level of P53 between grade II and grade III, grade III and grade IV, and grade II and grade IV were significantly different (P<0.05). The results of P53 gene-related survival analysis showed that KNL1 high expression and low expression were significantly different in OS, and the high expression group was associated with poor prognosis (P<0.05).

Conclusions

The P53 expression can be an effective biological indicator of poor prognosis of glioma.

Up-Regulation of miR-26a-5p Promoted Cell Growth and Tumor Metastasis of Intracranial Malignancy Through Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome Ten/Phosphatidylinositol3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathway

Objective: Intracranial malignancy has ranked the 6th and 3rd in terms of global tumor morbidity and mortality, respectively. MicroRNA (miRNA) can regulate the cell physiological process. Methods: In previous study, we explored the anti-cancer effects and mechanism of miR-26a-5p in human glioma. MiR-26a-5p expression was increased in patient with glioma. Up-regulation of miR-26a-5p promoted cell growth and tumor metastasis of human glioma through inactivation of PTEN/PI3K/Akt. Results: Down-regulation of miR-26a-5p reduced cell growth and tumor metastasis of human glioma. Downregulation of miR-26a-5p induced PTEN protein expression, and reduced PI3K and p-Akt protein expression in human glioma. PTEN or PI3K inhibitor reduced the effects of miR-26a-5p on cell growth and tumor metastasis of human glioma. Conclusion: Our findings proved that the cancer effect of MiR-26a-5p regulates PTEN expression and promoted cell growth of human glioma through PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.

Exosomes as a Cell-free Therapy for Myocardial Injury Following Acute Myocardial Infarction or Ischemic Reperfusion

Exosomes, which contain miRNA, have been receiving growing attention in cardiovascular therapy because of their role in mediating cell-cell communication, autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Several studies have suggested that miRNA derived from exosomes can be used to detect myocardial infarctions (MI) in patients. Basic research also suggests that exosomes could serve as a potential therapeutic target for treating acute myocardial infarction. Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with adverse cardiac events after acute MI. We aim to review the potential benefits and mechanisms of exosomes in treating MI and IR injury.

The Role of PTEN/PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in Apoptosis of Liver Cells in Cocks with Manganese Toxicity

PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is an important pathway for cell proliferation and apoptosis. Exposure to excess manganese (Mn) can cause damage in organisms. However, whether Mn toxicity can cause apoptosis is still not clear. In order to explore the mechanism of PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway responsible for Mn-induced apoptotic injury, 160 Hyline cocks were divided into four groups; there were the control group (Con group), the low-dose Mn group (L group), the medium-dose Mn group (M group), and the high-dose Mn group (H group). The cocks in Con group, L group, M group, and H group were fed with MnCl₂ diet containing 100, 600, 900, and 1800 mg/kg, respectively. The growth status of cocks in each group was observed on days 30, 60, and 90. Thirty cocks were randomly selected from each group and sacrificed on day 90 for optical microscope observation and fluorescence microscopic observation, as well as for transcription-level expression of apoptosis-related genes and heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the liver. The results showed that the growth status of cocks was gradually depressed with the extension of feeding time and with the increase of Mn dose_. On day 90, the results of optical microscope observation and fluorescence microscope observation showed that damage and apoptosis appeared in the cock liver cells under Mn exposure groups. The results of transcription-level detection of apoptosis-related genes and HSPs indicated that Mn exposure upregulated eleven pro-apoptotic genes (including RIP1, RIP3, MLKL, Bax, Caspase-3, FADD, Cyt-C, ERK, JNK, Caspase-8, and P38) and downregulated one anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, further meaning that exposure to Mn-induced apoptosis in cock liver cells and PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway took part in molecular mechanism of apoptosis caused by excess Mn. Moreover, in our experiment, the increase of four HSPs (including HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, and HSP70) was found after Mn treatment for 90 days, which indicated that Mn stress triggered HSPs and HSPs were involved in molecular mechanism of Mn poisoning in cock livers. In addition, we also found there was upregulated dose-dependent manner in fifteen detected genes and there was downregulated dose-dependent manner in Bcl-2, indicating that the apoptosis caused by Mn poisoning in cock liver cells was dose-dependent.

FAT10 Combined with Miltefosine Inhibits Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Energy Metabolism in Hypoxia-Induced H9C2 Cells by Regulating the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway

Hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis is the main contributor to heart diseases. Human leukocyte antigen F-associated transcript 10 (FAT10), the small ubiquitin-like protein family subtype involved in apoptosis, is expressed in the heart and exhibits cardioprotective functions. This study explored the impact of FAT10 on hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the involved mechanisms. The cardiomyocyte cell line H9C2 was cultivated in hypoxia-inducing conditions (94% N₂, 5% CO_2, and 1% O₂) and the expression of FAT10 in hypoxia-stimulated H9C2 cells was identified. For this, FAT10 overexpression/interference vectors were exposed to transfection into H9C2 cells with/without the PI3K/AKT inhibitor, miltefosine. The results indicated that hypoxia exposure decreased the FAT10 expression, suppressed H9C2 cell growth, disrupted mitochondrial metabolism, and promoted H9C2 cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. However, these impacts were reversed by the FAT10 overexpression. In addition, the inhibition of PI3K/AKT in FAT10-overexpressing cells suppressed cell proliferation, impaired mitochondrial metabolism, and promoted apoptosis and oxidative stress response. The findings demonstrated that FAT10 inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis and energy metabolism in hypoxia-stimulated H9C2 cells through the PI3K/AKT pathway. This finding can be utilized for developing therapeutic targets for treating heart disorders associated with hypoxia-induced apoptosis.

[Atorvastatin inhibits malignant behaviors and induces apoptosis in human glioma cells by up-regulating miR-146a and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effect of atorvastatin (AVT) on biological behaviors and the miR-146a/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in human glioma cells.

METHODS

Human glioma U251 cells were treated with 8.0 μmol/L AVT or transfected with a miR-146a inhibitor or a negative control fragment (miR-146a NC) prior to AVT treatment. RT-PCR was used to detect miR-146a expression in the cells, and the changes in cell proliferation rate, apoptosis, cell invasion and migration were detected using MTT assay, flow cytometry, and Transwell assay. Western blotting was performed to detect the changes in cellular expressions of proteins in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

RESULTS

AVT treatment for 48 h resulted in significantly increased miR-146a expression and cell apoptosis (P < 0.01) and obviously lowered the cell proliferation rate, invasion index, migration index, and expressions of p-PI3K and p-Akt protein in U251 cells (P < 0.01). Compared with AVT treatment alone, transfection with miR-146a inhibitor prior to AVT treatment significantly reduced miR-146a expression and cell apoptosis (P < 0.01), increased the cell proliferation rate, promoted cell invasion and migration, and enhanced the expressions of p-PI3K and p-Akt proteins in the cells (P < 0.01); these effects were not observed following transfection with miR-146a NC group (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION

AVT can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration and promote apoptosis of human glioma cells possibly by up-regulating miR-146a expression and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Kynurenine produced by tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase metabolism promotes glioma progression through an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent signaling pathway

The current studies associated with tumor biology continue to describe a high correlation between tryptophan (Trp) metabolism and tumor progression. These findings reflect the complex underlying mechanism of tumor development and highlight the need to explore additional drug targets for carcinoma-associated diseases. In our study, we reported that elevated Trp metabolism was observed in highly malignant glioma tumor tissues from patients. The elevated Trp metabolism in glioma cells were induced by the overexpression of Trp 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO2), which further contributed to the production of the metabolite kynurenine (Kyn). Subsequently, the Kyn derived from Trp metabolism was able to mediate the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and downstream PI3K/AKT signals, resulting in the strengthening of tumor stemness and growth. Meanwhile, the activation of the AhR could promote the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gliomas through a TGF-β-dependent mechanism, leading to enhanced tumor invasion in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of the AhR using StemRegenin 1 was demonstrated to suppress glioma growth and improve the outcome of traditional chemotherapy in subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice, representing a promising therapeutic target for clinical glioma treatment.

LncRNA LINC00961 regulates endothelial‑mesenchymal transition via the PTEN‑PI3K‑AKT pathway

The long noncoding RNA LINC00961 plays a crucial role in cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, the role and underlying mechanism of LINC00961 in endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) induced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), was investigated. Human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells were transfected with LV-LINC00961 or short hairpin LINC00961 plasmids to overexpress or knock down LINC00961 in the cells, respectively. The cells were then exposed to TGF-β in serum-free medium for 48 h to induce EndMT. Flow cytometric analysis, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and immunofluorescence staining were performed to examine the cell apoptosis rate, assess cell viability, and identify CD31⁺/α-SMA⁺ double-positive cells, respectively. Western blotting and reverse transcription- quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate protein and mRNA expression, respectively. Injury to endothelial cells and EndMT was induced by TGF-β in a time-dependent manner. LINC00961 overexpression promoted injury and EndMT, whereas LINC00961 knockdown had the opposite effects. Knockdown of LINC00961 attenuated EndMT and injury to endothelial cells induced by TGF-β via the PTEN-PI3K-AKT pathway. Inhibition of LINC00961 expression may prevent the occurrence of EndMT-related cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial fibrosis and heart failure. Therefore, LINC00961 shows potential as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases.

Integrated transcriptomics and proteomics provide new insights into the cadmium-induced ovarian toxicity on Pardosa pseudoannulata

Cadmium (Cd) pollution is intractable heavy metal pollution in the farmland ecosystem, posing a life-threatening challenge to the paddy field organisms. Spiders are riveting animal biomarkers for evaluating Cd-induced toxicity, yet the effects of long-term Cd toxicity on spider reproductive function and its underlying mechanism remain unclear. In the present study, we found that Cd exposure impaired the antioxidant enzyme system in the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata and decreased the concentration of four antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase) (p < 0.05). The content of vitellogenin and the number of hatched spiderlings were also dramatically reduced under Cd stress (p < 0.05), indicating that Cd stress could vitiate the fecundity of P. pseudoannulata. Moreover, a total of 10,511 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 391 proteins (DEPs) were yielded from the ovarian transcriptome and proteome, and a mass of genes and proteins involved in protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were significantly down-regulated. DEGs and DEPs directly encoding the antioxidant enzyme system and/or vitellogenesis were also distinctively down-regulated. In addition, we illustrated that the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway might play a crucial role in regulating protein synthesis, cell cycle, growth, differentiation and survival in P. pseudoannulata. The effects of protein processing in ER and PI3K-AKT pathways could further trigger transcriptional factor Forkhead shackling the protein synthesis and cell growth process. Collectively, this integrated analysis identified the Cd-induced reproductive toxicity on P. pseudoannulata and provided multifaceted insights to investigate the molecular mechanisms of spiders to Cd pollution.

Losartan Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Uremic Mice by Regulating Treg/Th17 Balance via Mediating PTEN/PI3K/Akt Pathway

INTRODUCTION

Uremia could accelerate atherosclerosis (AS) formation involving Treg/Th17 imbalance. Losartan regulates the imbalance between regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and T helper 17 cells (Th17 cells). However, their interactions in uremia accelerated AS (UAAS) remained poorly understood.

METHODS

UAAS mice model was established, and after losartan and VO-OHpic (VO, phosphatase and tensin homolog [PTEN] inhibitor) injection, biological indexes, and inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor-β1, TGF-β1; interleukin-10 [IL-10]; IL-17 and IL-6) levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pathological changes on aorta were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Percentages of Treg cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) and Th17 cells (CD4+IL-17+) in total CD4+ T cells were determined using flow cytometry. PTEN expressions were measured using Western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry staining as needed.

RESULTS

After UAAS mice model construction, biological indexes (urea, cholesterol, and triglycerides) levels were increased, and aortic atherosclerotic plaque was formed. In UAAS mice, in total CD4+ T cells, Treg cells percentage was decreased yet Th17 cells percentage was increased, and TGF-β1 and IL-10 levels were downregulated yet IL-17 and IL-6 levels were upregulated. An opposite effect was found after losartan treatment. PTEN was downregulated in UAAS mice, and suppressing PTEN reversed the alleviating effects of losartan in UAAS mice.

CONCLUSION

Losartan attenuated UAAS in mice by regulating Treg/Th17 cells balance via mediating PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway, providing possible therapeutic method for UAAS in clinical practice.

Tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside attenuates endothelial cell premature senescence induced by H2O2 through the microRNA-34a/SIRT1 pathway

Numerous studies have demonstrated that endothelial cell senescence plays a decisive role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Our previous results confirmed that Tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside (TSG) can alleviate the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) senescence induced by H₂O₂ through SIRT1. It has been reported that miR-34a is a translational suppressor of SIRT1. In this study, we aimed to explore whether TSG regulates SIRT1 through miR-34a to ameliorate HUVECs senescence. H₂O₂ was used to induce premature senescence in HUVECs, and miR-34a mimic or inhibitor were transfected to over-express or suppress the expression level of miR-34a. Results revealed that TSG apparently decreased the miR-34a expression level in H₂O₂-induced premature senescence of HUVECs. When SIRT1 expression was inhibited by EX527, the attenuation of TSG on the expression level of miR-34a were abolished. When miR-34a expression was knockdown, the effect of TSG on HUVECs senescence could be enhanced. While miR-34a mimic could reverse the effect of TSG on HUVECs senescence. In conclusion, we demonstrated that TSG could attenuated endothelial cell senescence by targeting miR-34a/SIRT1 pathway.

MiR-3918 Inhibits Tumorigenesis of Glioma via Targeting EGFR to Regulate PI3K/AKT and ERK Pathways

Increasing evidence has demonstrated the miRNAs' action in cancerogenesis and tumor progression. Here, we explored the role and underlying mechanism of miR-3918 during glioma malignancy. miR-3918 and EGFR expression was detected in glioma tissues and tissues by RT-qPCR. The proliferative and migratory rate of glioma cells was assessed through CCK8 and Scratch wound-healing migration assay. Xenograft tumor mouse models were established for in vivo verification. A series of bioinformatics analysis coupled with luciferase reporter assays verified the targeted binding between miR-3918 and EGFR. Expression analyses demonstrated that miR-3918 was poorly expressed in glioma tissues while EGFR abundantly expressed. MiR-3918 overexpression impaired the proliferative and migratory capacities of glioma cells by inactivating PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways. Meanwhile, miR-3918 overexpression also retarded the growth of glioma xenograft. Mechanically, miR-3918 targeted EGFF which was further validated by the correlation of miR-3918 and EGFR expression in glioma tissues. When overexpressed, EGFR can restore the inactivated PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways caused by miR-3918 and influence the glioma cell proliferation and migration. Our findings are the first report that miR-3918/EGFR axis arrested the tumorigenesis of glioma via regulating PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways.

Cadmium and molybdenum co-induce pyroptosis and apoptosis by PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis in the liver of ducks

Cadmium (Cd) and excessive molybdenum (Mo) have adverse impacts on animals. However, the hepatotoxicity co-induced by Cd and Mo in ducks has not been fully elucidated. In order to explore...

SPRY1 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis by activating Hedgehog pathway in acute myeloid leukemia

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to determine the biological function of Sprouty 1 (SPRY1) on acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and to investigate the potential mechanism.

METHODS

The expression of SPRY1 and the prognostic values of SPRY1 were assessed through the analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas. Meanwhile, the expression of SPRY1 in AML cells was determined by qRT-PCR and western blot. Then, the biological function of SPRY1 on the proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in K-562 and HL-60 cells were tested using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, colony-formation assay, 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine assay and flow cytometry. Additionally, the protein expressions were measured by western blot.

RESULTS

We found that SPRY1 was markedly overexpressed in the cells of the patients with AML, and the patients with AML having a high SPRY1 expression has a bad prognosis. The proliferation and cell cycle progression in K-562 and HL-60 cells were notably promoted by SPRY1 overexpression, but inhibited by SPRY1 knockdown. Meanwhile, the apoptosis of K-562 and HL-60 cells was significantly repressed by SPRY1 overexpression and facilitated by SPRY1 knockdown. In addition, we found that SPRY1 overexpression significantly activated the Hedgehog pathway in AML cells. The function of SPRY1 on the proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis was reversed by Gli1 in K-562 and HL-60 cells.

DISCUSSION

Identifying new biomarkers and exploring the pathogenesis of AML is urgent to improve the disease surveillance for patients with AML.

CONCLUSIONS

SPRY1 could facilitate cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, and suppress cell apoptosis via activating the Hedgehog pathway in AML.

Microrchidia family CW‑type zinc finger 2 promotes the proliferation, invasion, migration and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition of glioma by regulating PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling via binding to N‑myc downstream regulated gene 1 promoter

Glioma is a common malignant tumor of the central nervous system with high incidence and mortality. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Microrchidia family CW‑type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) in the development of glioma. Firstly, MORC2 expression was detected in several glioma cell lines (U251, SHG44, LN229 and T98G). Following MORC2 silencing, cell proliferation was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay and the expression of proliferation‑related proteins was assessed via immunofluorescence staining or western blotting. Cell invasion and migration were assessed using transwell and wound healing assays, respectively. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were employed to determine the expression of epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT)‑associated proteins. The protein expression of N‑myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) and PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling was determined with western blot analysis. Then, the luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay were employed to evaluate the binding between MORC2 and NDRG1 promoter. Subsequently, cellular functional experiments were performed to assess the effects of NDRG1 on the progression of glioma after NDRG1 and MORC2 overexpression. In addition, tumor‑bearing experiments were conducted using a U251 tumor‑bearing nude mice model to detect tumor growth. The expression of proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin‑dependent kinase 2 and cyclin E1), migration [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9], EMT (E‑cadherin, N‑cadherin and Vimentin) and PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling proteins in tumor tissues was examined with immunohistochemistry assay or western blotting. Results revealed that MORC2 was notably unregulated in glioma cells compared with the normal human astrocyte. Loss‑function of MORC2 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, migration and EMT of glioma cells. Importantly, MORC2 silencing upregulated NDRG1 expression and inactivated PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling. Additionally, the luciferase reporter‑ and ChIP assays confirmed that MORC2 could bind to the NDRG1 promoter. NDRG1 upregulation suppressed the progression of glioma and these effects were partially reversed by MORC2 overexpression. Results of tumor‑bearing experiments suggested that gain‑function of NDRG1 inhibited tumor growth and downregulated the expression of proliferation, migration and EMT‑related proteins in tumorous tissue in U251 tumor‑bearing mice, which was partially counteracted after MORC2 overexpression. In addition, MORC2 overexpression abrogated the inhibitory effect of NDRG1 on PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling. In summary, MORC2 promoted the progression of glioma by inactivation of PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling via binding to NDRG1 promoter, providing a novel and potent target for the treatment of glioma.

The biochemical and clinical implications of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten in different cancers

Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) is widely known as a tumor suppressor gene. It is located on chromosome 10q23 with 200 kb, and has dual activity of both protein and lipid phosphatase. In addition, as a targeted gene in multiple pathways, PTEN has a variety of physiological activities, such as those regulating the cell cycle, inducing cell apoptosis, and inhibiting cell invasion, etc. The PTEN gene have been identified in many kinds of cancers due to its mutations, deletions and inactivation, such as lung cancer, liver cancer, and breast cancer, and they are closely connected with the genesis and progression of cancers. To a large extent, the tumor suppressive function of PTEN is realized through its inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway which controls cells apoptosis and development. In addition, PTEN loss has been associated with the prognosis of many cancers, such as lung cancer, liver cancer, and breast cancer. PTEN gene is related to many cancers and their pathological development. On the basis of a large number of related studies, this study describes in detail the structure, regulation, function and classical signal pathways of PTEN, as well as the relationship between various tumors related to PTEN. In addition, some drug studies targeting PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR are also introduced in order to provide some directions for experimental research and clinical treatment of tumors.

hPMSCs-Derived Exosomal miRNA-21 Protects Against Aging-Related Oxidative Damage of CD4+ T Cells by Targeting the PTEN/PI3K-Nrf2 Axis

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes were considered a novel therapeutic approach in many aging-related diseases. This study aimed to clarify the protective effects of human placenta MSCs-derived exosomes (hPMSC-Exo) in aging-related CD4⁺ T cell senescence and identified the underlying mechanisms using a D-gal induced mouse aging model. Senescent T cells were detected SA-β-gal stain. The degree of DNA damage was evaluated by detecting the level of 8-OH-dG. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activities were measured. The expression of aging-related proteins and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. We found that hPMSC-Exo treatment markedly decreased oxidative stress damage (ROS and 8-OH-dG), SA-β-gal positive cell number, aging-related protein expression (p53 and γ-H2AX), and SASP expression (IL-6 and OPN) in senescent CD4⁺ T cells. Additionally, hPMSC-Exo containing miR-21 effectively downregulated the expression of PTEN, increased p-PI3K and p-AKT expression, and Nrf2 nuclear translocation and the expression of downstream target genes (NQO1 and HO-1) in senescent CD4⁺ T cells. Furthermore, in vitro studies uncovered that hPMSC-Exo attenuated CD4⁺ T cell senescence by improving the PTEN/PI3K-Nrf2 axis by using the PTEN inhibitor bpV (HOpic). We also validated that PTEN was a target of miR-21 by using a luciferase reporter assay. Collectively, the obtained results suggested that hPMSC-Exo attenuates CD4⁺ T cells senescence via carrying miRNA-21 and activating PTEN/PI3K-Nrf2 axis mediated exogenous antioxidant defenses.

lncRNA CASC7 regulates pathological progression of ox-LDL-stimulated atherosclerotic cell models via sponging miR-21 and regulating PI3K/Akt and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a frequently occurring cause of cardiovascular disease and involves a complicated pathophysiological process. Studies suggest that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in AS genesis and progression, but mechanisms underlying these connections are unclear. Therefore, this work focused on exploring the role of lncRNA CASC7 in AS. In this study, RNA-seq sequencing results identified 1040 lncRNAs differentially expressed between AS patients and healthy controls. Of these lncRNAs, 458 were up-regulated and 582 were downregulated. CASC7 was found to be down-regulated in serum samples from AS patients and in HUVEC and VSMC exposed to ox-LDL. Overexpression of CASC7 inhibited proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of VSMC, and it markedly reduced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in HUVEC. Increased expression of a CASC7 target, miR-21, abolished the effects of CASC7 on HUVEC and VSMC. Notably, miR-21 targets PI3K in VSMC and TLR4 in HUVEC. The inhibitory effect of CASC7 was decreased by stimulation of PI3K, suggesting that the CASC7/miR-21 axis functions through PI3K/Akt signaling in VSMC. Similarly, the inhibitory effect of CASC7 on the inflammatory response in HUVEC was abolished through activating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. CASC7 inhibited proliferation and enhanced the apoptosis of VSMC through modulating the miR-21/PI3K-AKT axis, and upregulating CASC7 suppressed the inflammatory response of HUVEC by sponging miR-21 to inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway.

lncRNA MEG8 is downregulated in osteoarthritis and regulates chondrocyte cell proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed 8, small nucleolar RNA host gene (MEG8) has been widely reported for its pro-proliferative, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects in diverse diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of MEG8 on IL-1β-stimulated human osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes. C28/I2 chondrocytes were cultured under the stimulation of IL-1β to establish a cellular model of OA. Functional assays involving Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry were performed to determine proliferation and apoptosis in the cells. The protein expression levels of caspase-3 and inflammatory cytokines were detected using cell-based ELISA. The expression levels of PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins were evaluated by western blotting. It was identified that MEG8 expression was increased in the cartilage of patients with OA and in IL-1β-treated C28/I2 cells. In C28/I2 cells, silencing of MEG8 expression noticeably triggered IL-1β-induced proliferation suppression, cell death and an inflammatory response. However, transfection with MEG8 displayed adverse effects. Furthermore, MEG8 overexpression prevented IL-1β-induced activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in C28/I2 cells. These data demonstrated that MEG8 exerted protective effects against IL-1β-induced apoptosis and inflammation of OA chondrocytes by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Thus, the present study demonstrates that MEG8 might be a promising target for the treatment of OA.

Role of stress granules in modulating senescence and promoting cancer progression: Special emphasis on glioma

Stress granules (SGs) contain mRNAs and proteins stalled in translation during stress; these are increasingly being implicated in diseases, including neurological disorders and cancer. The dysregulated assembly, persistence, disassembly and clearance of SGs contribute to the process of senescence. Senescence has long been a mysterious player in cellular physiology and associated diseases. The systemic process of aging has been pivotal in the development of various neurological disorders like age-related neuropathy, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Glioma is a cancer of neurological origin with a very poor prognosis and high rate of recurrence, SGs have only recently been implicated in its pathogenesis. Senescence has long been established to play an antitumorigenic role, however, relatively less studied is its protumorigenic importance. Here, we have evaluated the existing literature to assess the crosstalk of the two biological phenomena of senescence and SG formation in the context of tumorigenesis. In this review, we have attempted to analyze the contribution of senescence in regulating diverse cellular processes, like, senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP), microtubular reorganization, telomeric alteration, autophagic clearance and how intricately these phenomena are tied with the formation of SGs. Finally, we propose that interplay between senescence, its contributing factors and the genesis of SGs can drive tumorigenicity of gliomas, which can potentially be utilized for therapeutic intervention.

Altered Expression of miR-575 in Glioma is Related to Tumor Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion

Glioma is a kind of brain tumor with low overall survival and treatment success rates in the advanced stage. Evidence has shown microRNA-575 (miR-575) plays an important role in the generation and development of various cancers. This study aimed to explore the function of miR-575 in the prognosis and cell biological behavior of glioma. qRT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of miR-575 in glioma tissues and cells, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to evaluate the prognostic value. The proliferation ability of glioma cells was determined by MTT assay; the invasion and migration abilities were determined by transwell assays. Compared with normal brain tissues, the expression of miR-575 in glioma tissue cells was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.001). The survival rate of patients in the miR-575 high expression group was significantly lower than that in the low expression group (P = 0.020). In addition, the overexpression of miR-575 promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells. The results of this study suggested that miR-575 may be a new biomarker for the prognosis of glioma.

Guan Xin Dan Shen formulation protects db/db mice against diabetic cardiomyopathy via activation of Nrf2 signaling

Guan Xin Dan Shen formulation (GXDSF) is a widely used treatment for the management of coronary heart disease in China and is composed of three primary components: Dalbergiae odoriferae Lignum, Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Panax notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma. However, the potential use of GXDSF for the management of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) has not been previously assessed. The present study aimed to assess the effects of GXDSF on DCM, as well as the underlying mechanism. In the present study, db/db mice were used. Following treatment with GXDSF for 10 weeks, fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, serum lipid levels and cardiac enzyme levels were detected. Cardiac pathological alterations and cardiac function were assessed by performing hematoxylin and eosin staining and echocardiograms, respectively. TUNEL assays were conducted to assess cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Additionally, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting were performed to evaluate the expression of apoptosis‑associated genes and proteins, respectively. In the model group, the db/db mice displayed obesity, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, accompanied by noticeable myocardial hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction. Following treatment with GXDSF for 10 weeks, serum triglyceride levels were lower and insulin sensitivity was enhanced in db/db mice compared with the model group, which indicated improvement in condition. Cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction were also improved in db/db mice following treatment with GXDSF, resulting in significantly increased left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening compared with the model group. Following treatment with metformin or GXDSF, model‑induced increases in levels of myocardial enzymes were decreased in the moderate and high dose groups. Moreover, the results indicated that, compared with the model group, GXDSF significantly inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis in diabetic heart tissues by increasing Bcl‑2 expression and decreasing the expression levels of Bax, cleaved caspase‑3 and cleaved caspase‑9. Mechanistically, GXDSF enhanced Akt phosphorylation, which upregulated antioxidant enzymes mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling. Collectively, the results of the present study indicated that GXDSF attenuated cardiac dysfunction and inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis in diabetic mice via activation of Akt/Nrf2 signaling. Therefore, GXDSF may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the management of DCM.

Inhibition of EMMPRIN by microRNA-124 suppresses the growth, invasion and tumorigenicity of gliomas

MicroRNAs (miR) are a group of non-coding, small RNAs, 18-20 nucleotides in length, that are frequently involved in the development of a variety of different types of cancer, including glioma, which is a type of severe tumor in the brain. Previous studies reported that miR-124 levels were downregulated in glioma specimens; however, the potential role of miR-124 in glioma currently remains unclear. The present study performed experiments, including dual-luciferase reporter assay (DLRA), MTT assay, transwell assay and flow cytometry, with the aim of elucidating the molecular mechanism of miR-124 in glioma. The results indicated that miR-124 expression was decreased in glioma tissues, accompanied by the increased expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN). The expression of EMMPRIN was inhibited by miR-124 transfection. The DLRA results revealed that EMMPRIN directly targets miR-124. Furthermore, upon overexpression of miR-124 in the U87 cells, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited, apoptosis was increased, and cell migration and invasion were decreased. Furthermore, tumor growth was blocked by miR-124 in mice. Based on these results, the present study concluded that miR-124 is critical for amelioration of glioma by targeting EMMPRIN, thereby acting as a tumor suppressor. Thus, miR-124/EMMPRIN constitutes a plausible basis for the treatment of glioma.

Exosomal MATN3 of Urine-Derived Stem Cells Ameliorates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Antisenescence Effects and Promotes NPC Proliferation and ECM Synthesis by Activating TGF-β

Objective

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the top three causes of disability in developed countries, and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a major contributor to LBP. In the process of IDD, there is a gradual decrease in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and extracellular matrix (ECM). Exosomes are important exocrine mediators of stem cells that can act directly on cells for tissue repair and regeneration. In this study, we determined the antisenescence, cell proliferation promotion, and ECM modulation effects of human urine-derived stem cell (USC) exosomes (USC-exos) on degenerated intervertebral discs and explored the underlying mechanism.

Methods and Materials

USCs were identified by multipotent differentiation and flow cytometry for mesenchymal stem cell- (MSC-) specific surface protein markers. USC-exos were isolated from the conditioned medium of USCs by ultracentrifugation and then analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis, and western blotting (WB) for exosome marker proteins. The effects of USC-exos on NPC proliferation and ECM synthesis were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), WB, and immunofluorescence (IF) analyses. The protein differences between normal and degenerative intervertebral discs were mined, and the temporal and spatial variations in matrilin-3 (MATN3) content were determined by WB and IF in the intervertebral disc tissues. The candidate molecules that mediated the function of USC-exos were screened out and confirmed by multiple assays. Meanwhile, the mechanism underlying the candidate protein in USC-exos-induced cell proliferation and regulation of ECM synthesis promoting the activities of NPCs was explored. In addition, the effects of USC-exos on ameliorating intervertebral disc degeneration (IVD) in mice were examined by assessing computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and histological analyses.

Results

The flow cytometry results showed that USCs were positive for CD29, CD44, and CD73, which are USC surface-specific markers, but negative for CD34 and CD45. In addition, USCs showed osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potential. USC-exos exhibited a cup-shaped morphology, with a mean diameter of 49.7 ± 7.3 nm, and were positive for CD63 and TSG101 and negative for calnexin. USC-exos could promote NPC proliferation and ECM synthesis. The protein content of the matrilin family was significantly reduced in degenerative intervertebral discs, and the decrease in MATN3 was the most significant. USC-exos were found to be rich in MATN3 protein, and exosomal MATN3 was required for USC-exos-induced promotion of NPC proliferation and ECM synthesis, as well as alleviation of intervertebral disc degeneration in IVD rats. In addition, the effects of MATN3 in USC-exos were demonstrated to be achieved by activating TGF-β, which elevated the phosphorylation level of SMAD and AKT.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that reduced MATN3 can be considered a characteristic of intervertebral disc degeneration. USC-exos may represent a potentially effective agent for alleviating intervertebral disc degeneration by promoting NPC proliferation and ECM synthesis by transferring the MATN3 protein.

Cell death as a result of calcium signaling modulation: A cancer-centric prospective

Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) and the complex regulatory system governed by Ca²⁺ signaling have been described to be of crucial importance in numerous aspects related to cell life and death decisions, especially in recent years. The growing attention given to this second messenger is justified by the pleiotropic nature of Ca²⁺-binding proteins and transporters and their consequent involvement in cell fate decisions. A growing number of works highlight that deregulation of Ca²⁺ signaling and homoeostasis is often deleterious and drives pathological conditions; in particular, a disruption of the main Ca²⁺-mediated death mechanisms may lead to uncontrolled cell growth that results in cancer. In this work, we review the latest useful evidence to better understand the complex network of pathways by which Ca²⁺ regulates cell life and death decisions.

[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated microRNA-21 knockout increased imatinib sensitivity in chronic myeloid leukemia cells]

目的

观察microRNA-21（miR-21）敲除对耐伊马替尼的人慢性髓性白血病细胞株K562/G01细胞在增殖、药物敏感性等方面的影响，初步探讨miR-21影响K562/G01细胞伊马替尼敏感性的可能机制。

方法

运用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除K562/G01细胞的miR-21，经PCR筛选、Sanger测序鉴定和实时定量PCR检测获得miR-21敲除的单细胞克隆。扩增培养后，采用MTT法、细胞克隆形成实验检测miR-21敲除对K562/G01细胞增殖的影响。使用伊马替尼处理细胞后，用MTT法和Annexin Ⅴ-APC/7-AAD双染流式细胞检测法观察敲除miR-21后K562/G01细胞对伊马替尼的敏感性的变化。Western blot法检测miR-21敲除前后K562/G01细胞PTEN、AKT、p-AKT、PI3K、p-PI3K、P210^BCR-ABL、p-P210^BCR-ABL蛋白表达量的变化。

结果

成功构建了3个miR-21敲除的K562/G01单细胞克隆，CRISPR/Cas9介导的突变效率为7.12％～8.11％。miR-21敲除使K562/G01细胞的增殖受抑，野生型和1#、2#、6#单细胞克隆的克隆形成率依次为（57.67±8.25）％、（26.94±5.36）％、（7.17±2.11）％、（31.50±3.65）％，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。miR-21敲除使K562/G01细胞对伊马替尼的敏感性增加，野生型和1#、2#、6#单细胞克隆对伊马替尼的IC₅₀值分别为（21.92±1.36）µmol/ml、（3.98±0.39）µmol/ml、（5.38±1.01）µmol/ml、（9.24±1.36）µmol/ml，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。miR-21敲除后，其靶基因PTEN的蛋白表达水平未见明显变化，但PI3K、AKT信号分子的活化受到抑制，并且P210^BCR-ABL、p-P210^BCR-ABL蛋白表达也下调。

结论

miR-21敲除抑制K562/G01细胞增殖，提高其对伊马替尼的敏感性，这可能是通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路和BCR-ABL表达实现的。

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 can alleviate aflatoxin B1-induced kidney oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice

Aflatoxin B1(AFB1) widely exists in food and feed, which seriously endangers human and animal health. How to detoxify AFB1 is a research hotspot at present. This study attempts to use the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10, one of probiotics strain as the research object to ascertain whether it can alleviate the kidney injury induced by AFB1 in mice and its mechanism. Fifty-six mice were divided into four groups (control, AFB1, AFB1 + B10, and B10). The mice that received intragastric administration for 28 days were euthanised, and serum was collected for biochemical index detection with fresh kidney tissue taken for HE staining, TUNEL detection, and protein expression detection. Our results showed that the biochemical indices changed, significant pathological changes appeared, the number of apoptotic cells increased in the kidney tissue of the AFB1 group mice; the protein expressions of Nrf2, HO-1,AKT, P-AKT, and Bcl-2 in the AFB1 group were significantly decreased; the protein expressions of Keap-1, PTEN, Bax, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 were significantly increased. After B. amyloliquefaciens B10 co-treatment, compared with the AFB1 group, the biochemical indices, pathological changes, and protein expressions were significantly reversed. The results indicated that B. amyloliquefaciens B10 can alleviate AFB1-induced kidney injury in mice.

Knockdown of Annexin-A1 Inhibits Growth, Migration and Invasion of Glioma Cells by Suppressing the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway

ANXA1, which can bind phospholipid in a calcium dependent manner, is reported to play a pivotal role in tumor progression. However, the role and mechanism of ANXA1 involved in the occurrence and development of malignant glioma are still not well studied. Therefore, we explored the effects of ANXA1 on normal astrocytes and glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion and the underlying mechanisms. We found that ANXA1 was markedly up-regulated in glioma cell lines and glioma tissues. Down-regulation of ANXA1 inhibited normal astrocytes and glioma cell proliferation and induced the cell apoptosis, which suggested that the consequences of loss of Annexin 1 are not specific to the tumor cells. Furthermore, the siRNA-ANXA1 treatment significantly reduced tumor growth rate and tumor weight. Moreover, decreasing ANXA1 expression caused G2/M phase arrest by repressing expression levels of cdc25C, cdc2 and cyclin B1. Interestingly, ANXA1 did not affect the expressions of β-catenin, GSK-3β and NF-κB, the key signaling molecules associated with cancer progression. However, siRNA-ANXA1 was found to negatively regulate phosphorylation of AKT and the expression and activity of MMP2/-9. Finally, the decrease of cell proliferation and invasiveness induced by ANXA1 down-regulation was partially reversed by combined treatment with AKT agonist insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Meanwhile, the inhibition of glioma cell proliferation and invasiveness induced by ANXA1 down-regulation was further enhanced by combined treatment with AKT inhibitor LY294002. In summary, these findings demonstrate that ANXA1 regulates proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

A Survival-Related Competitive Endogenous RNA Network of Prognostic lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in Wilms Tumor

Wilms tumor (WT) commonly occurs in infants and children. We evaluated clinical factors and the expression of multiple RNAs in WT samples in the TARGET database. Eight long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs; AC079310.1, MYCNOS, LINC00271, AL445228.3, Z84485.1, AC091180.5, AP002518.2, and AC007879.3), two microRNAs (miRNAs; hsa-mir-152 andhsa-mir-181a), and nine messenger RNAs (mRNAs; TCTEX1D4, RNF133, VRK1, CCNE1, HEY1, C10orf71, SPRY1, SPAG11A, and MAGEB18) were screened from differentially expressed RNAs and used to construct predictive survival models. These models showed good prognostic ability and were highly correlated with tumor stage and histological classification. Additionally, survival-related ceRNA network was constructed using 35 RNAs (15 lncRNAs, eight miRNAs, and 12 mRNAs). KEGG pathway analysis suggested the "Wnt signaling pathway" and "Cellular senescence" as the main pathways. In conclusion, we established a multinomial predictive survival model and a survival-related ceRNA network, which provide new potential biomarkers that may improve the prognosis and treatment of WT patients.

The main anthocyanin monomer of Lycium ruthenicum Murray induces apoptosis through the ROS/PTEN/PI3K/Akt/caspase 3 signaling pathway in prostate cancer DU-145 cells

Anthocyanins have been reported to have effective chemopreventive activity. Lycium ruthenicum Murray is rich in anthocyanins and exhibits many biological activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and possible biological mechanism of the main anthocyanin monomer (Pt3G) of Lycium ruthenicum Murray on prostate cancer DU-145 cells. The cell proliferation was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. The cell apoptosis rates were assessed by flow cytometric analysis and TUNEL assay. The expressions of apoptosis related proteins were evaluated by western blotting. Our data demonstrated that Pt3G inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and promoted cell cycle arrest at the S phase in a concentration-dependent manner (0, 100, 200 and 400 μg mL^-1). Furthermore, it was shown that Pt3G decreased the mitochondrial membrane permeability through regulating the expressions of Bax and Bcl-2. Western blot analysis indicated that Pt3G significantly increased the expression of PTEN and then activated the PI3K/Akt-mediated caspase 3 pathway. In addition, our results also suggested that Pt3G activated the PTEN gene to induce the apoptosis of DU-145 cells by stimulating the overproduction of ROS. To sum up, these results indicate that Pt3G inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through the ROS/PTEN/PI3K/Akt/caspase 3 signaling pathway in prostate cancer DU-145 cells. Therefore, Pt3G of Lycium ruthenicum Murray may be a potential anti-proliferative agent for the prevention or treatment of prostate cancer.

Long non-coding RNA DANCR accelerates colorectal cancer progression via regulating the miR-185-5p/HMGA2 axis

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial players in tumor progression. Herein, this work was designated to decipher the clinical significance, function and molecular mechanism of an lncRNA, differentiation antagonizing non-coding RNA (DANCR) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was adopted to examine DANCR, miR-185-5p and HMGA2 mRNA expressions in CRC tissues and cells. Both gain-of-function and loss-of-function cell models for DANCR were established, and then MTT, wound healing and Transwell, flow cytometry assays were carried out to detect the proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis of CRC cells. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay and RIP assay were utilized to validate the targeting relationships between DANCR and miR-185-5p. Western blot was employed for detecting high mobility group A2 (HMGA2) expressions in CRC cells. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of DANCR was elevated in CRC tissues and cell lines, and its high expression was significantly associated with increased TNM stage and positive lymph node metastasis. DANCR overexpression promoted CRC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and cell cycle progression, but inhibited apoptosis; while knocking down DANCR caused the opposite effects. DANCR was further identified as a molecular sponge for miR-185-5p, and DANCR could indirectly increase the expression of HMGA2 via repressing miR-185-5p. In conclusion, DANCR/miR-185-5p/HMGA2 axis participated in the progression of CRC.

EZH2-Inhibited MicroRNA-454-3p Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization in Glioma

Glioma is a primary intracranial tumor with high incidence and mortality. The oncogenic role of EZH2 has been reported in glioma. EZH2 inhibited microRNA-454-3p (miR-454-3p) by binding to its promoter in chondrosarcoma cells. Therefore, our study aimed to identify whether EZH2 regulated M2 macrophage polarization in glioma via miR-454-3p. Clinical samples of different grades of glioma and glioma cells were collected and immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR demonstrated that EZH2 was highly expressed in glioma tissues. Expression of EZH2 was positively correlated with the degree of M2 macrophage polarization in glioma tissues. EZH2 was silenced by lentivirus in glioma cells, which were subsequently co-cultured with macrophages to evaluate its effect on macrophage polarization. miR-454-3p, a down-regulated miR in glioma, was found to be increased after silencing of EZH2. Furthermore, MethPrimer analysis showed that EZH2 silencing inhibited the DNA methylation level of miR-454-3p. Additionally, MS-PCR, dual-luciferase reporter, RIP and RNA pull down assays revealed that miR-454-3p promoted PTEN expression by inhibiting m⁶A modification through binding to the enzyme YTHDF2. Either inhibition of miR-454-3p or PTEN resulted in promotion of M2 macrophage polarization. Collectively, histone methyltransferase EZH2 inhibited miR-454-3p through methylation modification and promoted m⁶A modification of PTEN to induce glioma M2 macrophage polarization.

Targeting Akt-associated microRNAs for cancer therapeutics

The uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells because of activating protooncogenes and/or inactivating tumor suppressor genes are the hallmarks of cancer. The PI3K/Akt signaling is one of the most frequently activated pathways in cancer cells responsible for the regulation of cell survival and proliferation in stress and hypoxic conditions during oncogenesis. Non-coding RNAs are a large family of RNAs that are not involved in protein-coding, and microRNAs (miRNAs) are a sub-set of non-coding RNAs with a single strand of 18-25 nucleotides. miRNAs are extensively involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and play an extensive role in the regulatory mechanisms including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. The impact of cancer on mRNA stability and translation efficiency is extensive and therefore, cancerous tissues exhibit drastic alterations in the expression of miRNAs. miRNAs can be modulated by utilizing techniques such as miRNA mimics, miRNA antagonists, or CRISPR/Cas9. In addition to their capacity as potential targets in cancer therapy, they can be used as reliable biomarkers to diagnose the disease at the earliest stage. Recent evidence indicates that microRNA-mediated gene regulation intersects with the Akt pathway, forming an Akt-microRNA regulatory network. miRNAs and Akt in this network operate together to exert their cellular tasks. In the current review, we discuss the Akt-associated miRNAs in several cancers, their molecular regulation, and how this newly emerging knowledge may contribute greatly to revolutionize cancer therapy.

MicroRNAs involved in the EGFR pathway in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant tumor in adults, and its morbidity and mortality are very high. Although progress has been achieved in the treatment of GBM, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, in recent years, the prognosis of patients with GBM has not improved significantly. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding single-stranded RNAs consisting of approximately 20-22 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by binding to target protein-encoding mRNAs. Notably, miRNAs regulate various carcinogenic pathways, one of which is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway, which controls cell proliferation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the novel discoveries of roles for miRNAs targeting the factors in the EGFR signaling pathway in the occurrence and development of GBM. In addition, we describe their potential roles as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of GBM and for determining the treatment resistance of GBM and the efficacy of therapeutic drugs.

Reversed Senescence of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell by Coculture With Embryonic Stem Cell via the TGFβ and PI3K Pathways

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cellular senescence is an important etiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Aging interventions based on the application of stem cells to delay cellular senescence have shown good prospects in the treatment of age-related diseases. This study aimed to investigate the potential of the embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to reverse the senescence of RPE cells and to elucidate its regulatory mechanism. The hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-mediated premature and natural passage-mediated replicative senescent RPE cells were directly cocultured with ESCs. The results showed that the proliferative capacity of premature and replicative senescent RPE cells was increased, while the positive rate of senescence-associated galactosidase (SA-β-GAL) staining and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were decreased. The positive regulatory factors of cellular senescence (p53, p21^WAF1/CIP1, p16^INK4a) were downregulated, while the negative regulatory factors of cellular senescence (Cyclin A2, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1) were upregulated. Furthermore, replicative senescent RPE cells entered the S and G₂/M phases from the G₀/G₁ phase. TGFβ (TGFB1, SMAD3, ID1, ID3) and PI3K (PIK3CG, PDK1, PLK1) pathway-related genes were upregulated in premature and replicative senescent RPE cells after ESCs application, respectively. We further treated ESCs-cocultured premature and replicative senescent RPE cells with SB531542 and LY294002 to inhibit the TGFβ and PI3K pathways, respectively, and found that p53, p21^WAF1/CIP1 and p16^INK4a were upregulated, while Cyclin A2, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1, TGFβ, and PI3K pathway-related genes were downregulated, accompanied by decreased proliferation and cell cycle transition and increased positive rates of SA-β-GAL staining and levels of ROS and MMP. In conclusion, we demonstrated that ESCs can effectively reverse the senescence of premature and replicative senescent RPE cells by a direct coculture way, which may be achieved by upregulating the TGFβ and PI3K pathways, respectively, providing a basis for establishing a new therapeutic option for AMD.

Exosome-Encapsulated MicroRNA-21 from Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells Enhances Angiogenesis of Human Umbilical Venous Endothelial Cells by Targeting SPRY1

Objective

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) persists among the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Angiogenesis represents a crucial element necessitated for tumor growth and metastasis in ESCC. In this study, we aimed to study the effect of microRNA (miR)-21 on angiogenesis in ESCC and its underlying mechanism.

Materials and Methods

Initially, the expression patterns of miR-21, SPRY1, and VEGF were determined in ESCC tissues and cells. The relationship between miR-21 and SPRY1 was identified using dual-luciferase reporter assay. Exosomes were subsequently isolated from the ESCC cells, followed by co-culture with the human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVEC proliferation and angiogenesis were determined by means of CCK-8, colony formation, and microtubule formation in vitro. Chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model and mouse xenograft model of ESCC cells were established to substantiate the function of miR-21 corresponding to the angiogenesis and tumor growth of ESCC, followed by microvascular density (MVD) evaluation.

Results

Expression patterns of miR-21 and VEGF were elevated, while the SPRY1 expression pattern was repressed in ESCC tissues and cells. The downregulation of miR-21 and exosome-derived miR-21 impeded the proliferation and angiogenesis in HUVECs. Our data revealed that miR-21 could negatively target SPRY1, and positively target VEGF. The downregulation of miR-21 could evidently encumber the angiogenesis and tumor growth of ESCC in vivo, as evidenced by the decrease in number of branches of the microvessels and MVD.

Conclusion

Collectively, ESCC cell-derived exosome containing miR-21 promotes the proliferation and angiogenesis of HUVECs via SPRY1 downregulation and VEGF upregulation.

Recent Advances in Immune Cell Therapy for Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant form of astrocytoma with short survival and a high recurrence rate and remains a global problem. Currently, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other comprehensive treatments are the main treatment modalities, but patients still have a poor prognosis mainly due to the infiltrative growth of GBM and the protective effect of the blood–brain barrier on tumor cells. Therefore, immunotherapy is expected to be a good option for GBM. In the immune system, different cells play varying roles in the treatment of GBM, so understanding the roles played by various immune cells in treating GBM and considering how to combine these effects to maximize the efficacy of these cells is important for the selection of comprehensive and optimal treatment plans and improving GBM prognosis. Therefore, this study reviews the latest research progress on the role of various types of immune cells in the treatment of GBM.

Role of exosomes in malignant glioma: microRNAs and proteins in pathogenesis and diagnosis

Malignant gliomas are the most common and deadly type of central nervous system tumors. Despite some advances in treatment, the mean survival time remains only about 1.25 years. Even after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, gliomas still have a poor prognosis. Exosomes are the most common type of extracellular vesicles with a size range of 30 to 100 nm, and can act as carriers of proteins, RNAs, and other bioactive molecules. Exosomes play a key role in tumorigenesis and resistance to chemotherapy or radiation. Recent evidence has shown that exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) can be detected in the extracellular microenvironment, and can also be transferred from cell to cell via exosome secretion and uptake. Therefore, many recent studies have focused on exosomal miRNAs as important cellular regulators in various physiological and pathological conditions. A variety of exosomal miRNAs have been implicated in the initiation and progression of gliomas, by activating and/or inhibiting different signaling pathways. Exosomal miRNAs could be used as therapeutic agents to modulate different biological processes in gliomas. Exosomal miRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells could also be used for glioma treatment. The present review summarizes the exosomal miRNAs that have been implicated in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of gliomas. Moreover, exosomal proteins could also be involved in glioma pathogenesis. Exosomal miRNAs and proteins could also serve as non-invasive biomarkers for prognosis and disease monitoring. Video Abstract.

Cellular Senescence and Anti-Cancer Therapy

BACKGROUND

Cellular senescence is generally understood as a permanent cell cycle arrest stemming from different causes. The mechanism of cellular senescence-induced cell cycle arrest is complex, involving interactions between telomere shortening, inflammations and cellular stresses. In recent years, a growing number of studies have revealed that cellular senescence could mediate the cancer progression of neighboring cells, but this idea is controversial and contradictory evidence argues that cellular senescence also contributes to tumor suppression.

OBJECTIVE

Given that the complicated role of senescence in various physiological and pathological scenarios, we try to clarify the precise contribution role of cellular senescence to tumor progression.

METHODS

Search for the information in a large array of relevant articles to support our opinion.

RESULTS

We discuss the relatively widespread occurrence of cellular senescence in cancer treatment and identify the positive and negative side of senescence contributed to tumor progression.

CONCLUSION

We argue that the availability of pro-senescence therapy could represent as a promising regimen for managing cancer disease, particularly with regard to the poor clinical outcome obtained with other anticancer therapies.