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Xu J, Ye Y, Shen H, Li W, Chen G. Sevoflurane: an opportunity for stroke treatment. Med Gas Res 2024; 14:175-179. [PMID: 39073324 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.386952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In developed countries, stroke is the leading cause of death and disability that affects long-term quality of life and its incidence is increasing. The incidence of ischemic stroke is much higher than that of hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke often leads to very serious neurological sequelae, which severely reduces the patients' quality of life and becomes a social burden. Therefore, ischemic stroke has received increasing attention. As a new type of anesthetic, sevoflurane has a lower solubility, works faster in the human body, and has less impact on the cardiovascular system than isoflurane. At the same time, studies have shown that preconditioning and postconditioning with sevoflurane have a beneficial effect on stroke. We believe that the role of sevoflurane in stroke may be a key area for future research. Therefore, this review mainly summarizes the relevant mechanisms of sevoflurane preconditioning and postconditioning in stroke in the past 20 years, revealing the bright prospects of sevoflurane in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Xu
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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2
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Li Y, Gao W, Lei S, Wu X, Yuan T, Ma K, Chi K. Sevoflurane blocks KLF5-mediated transcriptional activation of ITGB2 to inhibit macrophage infiltration in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3692. [PMID: 38745073 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sevoflurane (Sevo) preconditioning and postconditioning play a protective role against injury induced by hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). At the same time, the involvement of macrophage infiltration in this process and the precise mechanisms are unclear. Here, we designed this research to elucidate the protective effects of Sevo against hepatic I/R injury and the molecules involved. METHODS The alleviating effect of Sevo on the liver injury was analyzed by liver function analysis, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson trichrome staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end labeling, western blot analysis and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An in vitro cell model was developed using alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells, and the cell model was treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation and Sevo. Multiple bioinformatics databases were used to screen transcriptional regulators related to hepatic I/R injury and the targets of Krueppel-like factor 5 (KLF5). KLF5 expression was artificially upregulated alone or with integrin beta-2 (ITGB2) knockdown to substantiate their involvement in Sevo-mediated hepatoprotection. RESULTS Sevo protected the liver against I/R injury by reducing cell apoptosis and inflammatory response. KLF5 was upregulated in liver tissues following I/R injury, whereas KLF5 overexpression aggravated macrophage infiltration and liver injury induced by I/R injury. KLF5 bound to the promoter of ITGB2 to enhance ITGB2 transcription. Knockdown of ITGB2 reversed the aggravation of injury caused by KLF5 overexpression in mice and AML12 cells. CONCLUSIONS Sevo blocked KLF5-mediated transcriptional activation of ITGB2, thereby inhibiting macrophage infiltration in hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Weinian Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shuyan Lei
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoning Wu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Kui Chi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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3
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Li W, Meng X, Peng K, Han Y, Liu H, Zhao W, Wang G, Deng L, Liu H, Li Z, Ji F. Boosting Microglial Lipid Metabolism via TREM2 Signaling by Biomimetic Nanoparticles to Attenuate the Sevoflurane-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305989. [PMID: 38145349 PMCID: PMC10933683 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism has been considered as a potential therapeutic target in sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity that can potentially affect the learning and memory function in the developmental brain. Recently, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is identified as a crucial step in regulating lipid metabolism and associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, it is reported that quercetin modified Cu2- x Se (abbreviated as CSPQ) nanoparticles can ameliorate sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity by tuning the microglial lipid metabolism and promoting microglial M2-like polarization via TREM2 signaling pathway, in which the apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters (ABCA1 and ABCG1) levels are upregulated. Furthermore, the protective effects of CSPQ nanoparticles against sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity via TREM2 are further demonstrated by the small interfering RNA (siRNA)-TREM2 transfected BV2 cells, which are obviously not influenced by CSPQ nanoparticles. The cell membrane coated CSPQ (referred as CSPQ@CM) nanoparticles can significantly reduce sevoflurane-induced learning and memory deficits, improve lipid metabolism dysfunction, and promote the remyelination in the hippocampus of mice. The study shows great potential of targeting microglial lipid metabolism in promoting remyelination of neurons for treatment of neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Department of Anesthesiologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear MedicineState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Suzhou Medical CollegeSoochow UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSuzhou215123China
- Institute of AnesthesiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Xiaowen Meng
- Department of Anesthesiologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
- Institute of AnesthesiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Ke Peng
- Department of Anesthesiologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
- Institute of AnesthesiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Yaobao Han
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear MedicineState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Suzhou Medical CollegeSoochow UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSuzhou215123China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear MedicineState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Suzhou Medical CollegeSoochow UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSuzhou215123China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
- Institute of AnesthesiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear MedicineState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Suzhou Medical CollegeSoochow UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSuzhou215123China
- Institute of AnesthesiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Anesthesiologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
- Institute of AnesthesiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain MedicineUniversity of California Davis HealthSacramentoCA 95817USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear MedicineState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Suzhou Medical CollegeSoochow UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSuzhou215123China
| | - Fuhai Ji
- Department of Anesthesiologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
- Institute of AnesthesiologySoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
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Prolonged anesthesia induces neuroinflammation and complement-mediated microglial synaptic elimination involved in neurocognitive dysfunction and anxiety-like behaviors. BMC Med 2023; 21:7. [PMID: 36600274 PMCID: PMC9814183 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) with a high incidence frequently occur in elderly surgical patients closely associated with prolonged anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity. The neuromorphopathological underpinnings of anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity have remained elusive. METHODS Prolonged anesthesia with sevoflurane was used to establish the sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity (SIN) animal model. Morris water maze, elevated plus maze, and open field test were employed to track SIN rats' cognitive behavior and anxiety-like behaviors. We investigated the neuropathological basis of SIN through techniques such as transcriptomic, electrophysiology, molecular biology, scanning electron microscope, Golgi staining, TUNEL assay, and morphological analysis. Our work further clarifies the pathological mechanism of SIN by depleting microglia, inhibiting neuroinflammation, and C1q neutralization. RESULTS This study shows that prolonged anesthesia triggers activation of the NF-κB inflammatory pathway, neuroinflammation, inhibition of neuronal excitability, cognitive dysfunction, and anxiety-like behaviors. RNA sequencing found that genes of different types of synapses were downregulated after prolonged anesthesia. Microglial migration, activation, and phagocytosis were enhanced. Microglial morphological alterations were also observed. C1qa, the initiator of the complement cascade, and C3 were increased, and C1qa tagging synapses were also elevated. Then, we found that the "Eat Me" complement pathway mediated microglial synaptic engulfment in the hippocampus after prolonged anesthesia. Afterward, synapses were remarkably lost in the hippocampus. Furthermore, dendritic spines were reduced, and their genes were also downregulated. Depleting microglia ameliorated the activation of neuroinflammation and complement and rescued synaptic loss, cognitive dysfunction, and anxiety-like behaviors. When neuroinflammatory inhibition or C1q neutralization occurred, complement was also decreased, and synaptic elimination was interrupted. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrated that prolonged anesthesia triggered neuroinflammation and complement-mediated microglial synaptic engulfment that pathologically caused synaptic elimination in SIN. We have demonstrated the neuromorphopathological underpinnings of SIN, which have direct therapeutic relevance for PND patients.
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Cannabidiol inhibits microglia activation and mitigates neuronal damage induced by kainate in an in-vitro seizure model. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Jacquens A, Needham EJ, Zanier ER, Degos V, Gressens P, Menon D. Neuro-Inflammation Modulation and Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Lesions: From Bench to Bed-Side. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11193. [PMID: 36232495 PMCID: PMC9570205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head trauma is the most common cause of disability in young adults. Known as a silent epidemic, it can cause a mosaic of symptoms, whether neurological (sensory-motor deficits), psychiatric (depressive and anxiety symptoms), or somatic (vertigo, tinnitus, phosphenes). Furthermore, cranial trauma (CT) in children presents several particularities in terms of epidemiology, mechanism, and physiopathology-notably linked to the attack of an immature organ. As in adults, head trauma in children can have lifelong repercussions and can cause social and family isolation, difficulties at school, and, later, socio-professional adversity. Improving management of the pre-hospital and rehabilitation course of these patients reduces secondary morbidity and mortality, but often not without long-term disability. One hypothesized contributor to this process is chronic neuroinflammation, which could accompany primary lesions and facilitate their development into tertiary lesions. Neuroinflammation is a complex process involving different actors such as glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes), the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, excitotoxicity, production of oxygen derivatives, cytokine release, tissue damage, and neuronal death. Several studies have investigated the effect of various treatments on the neuroinflammatory response in traumatic brain injury in vitro and in animal and human models. The aim of this review is to examine the various anti-inflammatory therapies that have been implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jacquens
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Edward J. Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincent Degos
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - David Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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Wang Y, Leak RK, Cao G. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity after stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:980722. [PMID: 36052339 PMCID: PMC9426757 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.980722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a major cause of long-term disability and mortality worldwide. The immune system plays an important role in determining the condition of the brain following stroke. As the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia are the primary responders in a defense network covering the entire brain parenchyma, and exert various functions depending on dynamic communications with neurons, astrocytes, and other neighboring cells under both physiological or pathological conditions. Microglia activation and polarization is crucial for brain damage and repair following ischemic stroke, and is considered a double-edged sword for neurological recovery. Microglia can exist in pro-inflammatory states and promote secondary brain damage, but they can also secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors and facilitate recovery following stroke. In this review, we focus on the role and mechanisms of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity after ischemia and relevant potential microglia-based interventions for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Guodong Cao Yuan Wang
| | - Rehana K. Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Guodong Cao Yuan Wang
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Yin C, Gao M, Yu J, Guo J, Xian X, Hou Z, Wang Q. IL-17A deletion reduces sevoflurane-induced neurocognitive impairment in neonatal mice by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14562-14577. [PMID: 35758051 PMCID: PMC9342424 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2090608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of IL-17A in sevoflurane-inducedneurocognitive impairment in neonatal mice. Seventy-two wild-type (WT) and 42 IL-17A knockout (KO) neonatal mice were randomly divided into WT (n = 36), IL-17A−/− (n = 6), sevoflurane (Sev, n = 36), and IL-17A−/− + sevoflurane (IL-17A−/− + Sev, n = 36) groups. The latter two groups were given 3% sevoflurane for 2 h per day on postnatal days (P) 6–8. Behavioral experiments were performed on P30–36. At P37, RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR of the hippocampus was performed, neurons were detected by Nissl staining, and neuropathological changes were evaluated by HE staining. NF-κB pathway-related proteins were evaluated by western blot and immunofluorescence analyses, IL-1β and IL-6 levels were assessed by ELISA. RNA sequencing identified 131 differentially expressed genes, highlighting several enriched biological processes (chemokine activity, immune response, extracellular region, extracellular space, inflammatory response) and signaling pathways (IL-17 signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, ECM–receptor interaction and influenza A). Repeated sevoflurane exposures induced long-term cognitive impairment in WT mice. The cognitive impairment was comparatively less severe in IL-17A KO mice. In addition, the increased levels of NF-κB p65, iNOS, COX-2, IL-17A, IL-6 and IL-1β, reduced neuronal numbers and neuropathological changes were ameliorated in neonatal mice in the IL-17A−/− + Sev group compared with neonatal mice in Sev group. IL-17A deletion protects against long-term cognitive impairment induced by repeated sevoflurane exposure in neonatal mice. The underlying mechanism may relate to inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway as well as the reducing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Children's Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chunping Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Mingyang Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiaxu Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Junfei Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaohui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyong Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qiujun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Wang YL, Zhang Y, Cai DS. Hepatoprotective effects of sevoflurane against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating microRNA-124-3p-mediated TRAF3/CREB axis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:105. [PMID: 35260558 PMCID: PMC8904859 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to define the role of sevoflurane (SEV) in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury as well as its underlying mechanism. Initially, hepatic I/R animal models and I/R hepatocyte models were established in C57BL/6 mice and normal mouse hepatocytes (BNL CL.2) after SEV preconditioning, respectively, followed by detection of microRNA-124-3p (miR-124-3p), TRAF3, and CREB expression by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. In addition, miR-124-3p, TRAF3 and CREB expression in hepatocytes was altered to identify their roles in modulating the levels of glutathione transferase (GST), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and inflammation-related factors and hepatocyte apoptosis by ELISA and flow cytometry respectively. The effects of SEV on the miR-124-3p/TRAF3/CREB axis were also verified in vitro and in vivo. IP assay was performed to verify the effect of TRAF3 on CREB ubiquitination in BNL CL.2 cells, and the cycloheximide (CHX) intervention experiment to detect the stability of CREB protein. SEV augmented the miR-124-3p expression in I/R animal and cell models. Moreover, SEV was observed to suppress I/R-induced liver damage, GST, ALT, and AST levels, hepatocyte apoptosis and inflammation. Overexpression of miR-124-3p resulted in alleviation of hepatic I/R injury, which was countered by TRAF3 overexpression. miR-124-3p targeted TRAF3, while TRAF3 promoted CREB ubiquitination and reduced protein stability of CREB. SEV could impede I/R-induced liver damage, GST, ALT, and AST levels, hepatocyte apoptosis and inflammation via mediation of the miR-124-3p/TRAF3/CREB axis in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, SEV may upregulate miR-124-3p to inhibit TRAF3 expression, thereby reducing the ubiquitination and degradation of CREB, alleviating hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Liang Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Liaoning Provincial People's Hospital, Shenyang, 110001, PR China
| | - Da-Sheng Cai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, PR China.
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Huang Y, Zhu Z. Current status of sevoflurane anesthesia in association with microglia inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. IBRAIN 2022; 10:217-224. [PMID: 38915946 PMCID: PMC11193866 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Sevoflurane is one of the most commonly used volatile anesthetics in clinical practice and is often used in pediatric anesthesia and intraoperative maintenance. Microglia exist in the central nervous system and are innate immune cells in the central nervous system. Under external stimulation, microglia are divided into two phenotypes: proinflammatory (M1 type) and anti-inflammatory (M2 type), maintaining the stability of the central nervous system through induction, housekeeping, and defense functions. Sevoflurane can activate microglia, increase the expression of inflammatory factors through various inflammatory signaling pathways, release inflammatory mediators to cause oxidative stress, damage nerve tissues, and eventually develop into neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, the relationship between sevoflurane anesthesia and microglia inflammation expression and the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases is reviewed as follows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Li Huang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGui ZhouChina
| | - Zhao‐Qiong Zhu
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGui ZhouChina
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11
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Jia J, Yang L, Chen Y, Zheng L, Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhang M. The Role of Microglial Phagocytosis in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 12:790201. [PMID: 35082781 PMCID: PMC8784388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system that exert diverse roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. During the past decades, microglial polarization and chemotactic properties have been well-studied, whereas less attention has been paid to phagocytic phenotypes of microglia in stroke. Generally, whether phagocytosis mediated by microglia plays a beneficial or detrimental role in stroke remains controversial, which calls for further investigations. Most researchers are in favor of the former proposal currently since efficient clearance of tissue debris promotes tissue reconstruction and neuronal network reorganization in part. Other scholars propose that excessively activated microglia engulf live or stressed neuronal cells, which results in neurological deficits and brain atrophy. Upon ischemia challenge, the microglia infiltrate injured brain tissue and engulf live/dead neurons, myelin debris, apoptotic cell debris, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. Cell phagocytosis is provoked by the exposure of "eat-me" signals or the loss of "don't eat-me" signals. We supposed that microglial phagocytosis could be initiated by the specific "eat-me" signal and its corresponding receptor on the specific cell type under pathological circumstances. In this review, we will summarize phagocytic characterizations of microglia after stroke and the potential receptors responsible for this programmed biological progress. Understanding these questions precisely may help to develop appropriate phagocytic regulatory molecules, which are promoting self-limiting inflammation without damaging functional cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiu Jia
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Sevoflurane Offers Neuroprotection in a Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Rat Model Through the E2F1/EZH2/TIMP2 Regulatory Axis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2219-2231. [PMID: 35064540 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury contributes considerably to the poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke. This study is aimed to delineate the molecular mechanistic actions by which sevoflurane protects against cerebral I/R injury. A rat model of cerebral I/R injury was established and pre-treated with sevoflurane, in which hippocampal neuron apoptosis was found to be repressed and the level of E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) was observed to be down-regulated. Then, the up-regulated expression of E2F1 was validated in rats with cerebral I/R injury, responsible for stimulated neuron apoptosis. Further, the binding of E2F1 to enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and EZH2 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP2) was identified. The stimulative effect of the E2F1/EZH2/TIMP2 regulatory axis on neuron apoptosis was subsequently demonstrated through functional assays. After that, it was substantiated in vivo that sevoflurane suppressed the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in rats with cerebral I/R injury by down-regulating E2F1 to activate the EZH2/TIMP2 axis. Taken together, our data elucidated that sevoflurane reduced neuron apoptosis through mediating the E2F1/EZH2/TIMP2 regulatory axis, thus protecting rats against cerebral I/R injury.
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13
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Tian D, Xing Y, Gao W, Zhang H, Song Y, Tian Y, Dai Z. Sevoflurane Aggravates the Progress of Alzheimer’s Disease Through NLRP3/Caspase-1/Gasdermin D Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:801422. [PMID: 35127716 PMCID: PMC8807556 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.801422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide. Previous studies have reported that sevoflurane, a frequently used anesthetic, can induce cognitive impairment in preclinical and clinical settings. However, the mechanism underlying the development of this neurotoxicity is currently unclear. Methods: Seven-month-old APP/PS1 mice were placed in an anesthesia induction box containing 3% sevoflurane in 100% O2 for 6 h, while BV2 cells were cultured with 4% sevoflurane for 6 h. Pyroptosis and tau protein expression in excised hippocampus tissues and cells were measured using Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. Caspase-1 and NLRP3 were knocked out in BV2 microglia using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to determine whether they mediate the effects induced by sevoflurane. Results: Sevoflurane directly activated caspase-1 to induce pyroptosis in the mouse model of AD via NLRP3 and AIM2 activation. In addition, sevoflurane mediated cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD) but not gasdermin E (GSDME), promoted the biosynthesis of downstream interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, and increased β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and tau phosphorylation. The nontoxic caspase-1 small-molecule inhibitor VX-765 significantly inhibited this activation process in microglia, while NLRP3 deletion suppressed sevoflurane-induced caspase-1 cleavage and subsequently pyroptosis, as well as tau pathology. Furthermore, silencing caspase-1 alleviated the sevoflurane-induced release of IL-1β and IL-18 and inhibited tau-related enzymes in microglia. Conclusion: This study is the first to report that clinical doses of sevoflurane aggravate the progression of AD via the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD axis. Collectively, our findings elucidate the crucial mechanisms of NLRP3/caspase-1 in pyroptosis and tau pathogenesis induced by sevoflurane and suggest that VX-765 could represent a novel therapeutic intervention for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanmei Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenli Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifeng Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ya Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongliang Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongliang Dai,
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14
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Cozene B, Sadanandan N, Farooq J, Kingsbury C, Park YJ, Wang ZJ, Moscatello A, Saft M, Cho J, Gonzales-Portillo B, Borlongan CV. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Induced Anti-Neuroinflammation Against Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211035715. [PMID: 34559583 PMCID: PMC8485159 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211035715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a pervasive and damaging form of acquired brain injury (ABI). Acute, subacute, and chronic cell death processes, as a result of TBI, contribute to the disease progression and exacerbate outcomes. Extended neuroinflammation can worsen secondary degradation of brain function and structure. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation has surfaced as a viable approach as a TBI therapeutic due to its immunomodulatory and regenerative features. This article examines the role of inflammation and cell death in ABI as well as the effectiveness of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (BM-MSC) transplants as a treatment for TBI. Furthermore, we analyze new studies featuring transplanted BM-MSCs as a neurorestorative and anti-inflammatory therapy for TBI patients. Although clinical trials support BM-MSC transplants as a viable TBI treatment due to their promising regenerative characteristics, further investigation is imperative to uncover innovative brain repair pathways associated with cell-based therapy as stand-alone or as combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey Farooq
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Chase Kingsbury
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - You Jeong Park
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Zhen-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Alexa Moscatello
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Justin Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
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15
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Huang X, Ying J, Yang D, Fang P, Wang X, Zhou B, Zhang L, Fang Y, Yu W, Liu X, Zhen Q, Hua F. The Mechanisms of Sevoflurane-Induced Neuroinflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:717745. [PMID: 34421578 PMCID: PMC8375153 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.717745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane is one of the most commonly used inhaled anesthetics due to its low blood gas coefficient, fast onset, low airway irritation, and aromatic smell. However, recent studies have reported that sevoflurane exposure may have deleterious effects on cognitive function. Although neuroinflammation was most widely mentioned among the established mechanisms of sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction, its upstream mechanisms have yet to be illustrated. Thus, we reviewed the relevant literature and discussed the most mentioned mechanisms, including the modulation of the microglial function, blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, changes in gut microbiota, and ease of cholinergic neurotransmission to help us understand the properties of sevoflurane, providing us new perspectives for the prevention of sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Danying Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Pu Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Lieliang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingcui Zhen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
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16
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Cai M, Sun S, Wang J, Dong B, Yang Q, Tian L, Dong H, Wang S, Hou W. Sevoflurane preconditioning protects experimental ischemic stroke by enhancing anti-inflammatory microglia/macrophages phenotype polarization through GSK-3β/Nrf2 pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1348-1365. [PMID: 34370899 PMCID: PMC8504524 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Sevoflurane preconditioning (SPC) results in cerebral ischemic tolerance; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Promoting microglia/macrophages polarization from pro‐inflammatory state to anti‐inflammatory phenotype has been indicated as a potential treatment target against ischemic stroke. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of SPC on microglia polarization after stroke and which signaling pathway was involved in this transition. Methods Mouse primary microglia with SPC were challenged by oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and mice with SPC were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Then, the mRNA and protein levels of pro‐inflammatory/anti‐inflammatory factors were analyzed. GSK‐3β phosphorylation and Nrf2 nuclear translocation were measured. The mRNA and protein expression of pro‐inflammatory/anti‐inflammatory factors, neurological scores, infarct volume, cellular apoptosis, the proportion of pro‐inflammatory/anti‐inflammatory microglia/macrophages, and the generation of super‐oxidants were examined after SPC or GSK‐3β inhibitor TDZD treatment with or without Nrf2 deficiency. Results Sevoflurane preconditioning promoted anti‐inflammatory and inhibited pro‐inflammatory microglia/macrophages phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. GSK‐3β phosphorylation at Ser9 was increased after SPC. Both SPC and TDZD administration enhanced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, reduced pro‐inflammatory microglia/macrophages markers expression, promoted anti‐inflammatory markers level, and elicited a neuroprotective effect. Nrf2 deficiency abolished the promoted anti‐inflammatory microglia/macrophages polarization and ischemic tolerance induced by TDZD treatment. The reduced percentage of pro‐inflammatory positive cells and super‐oxidants generation induced by SFC or TDZD was also reversed by Nrf2 knockdown. Conclusions Our results indicated that SPC exerts brain ischemic tolerance and promotes anti‐inflammatory microglia/macrophages polarization by GSK‐3β‐dependent Nrf2 activation, which provides a novel mechanism for SPC‐induced neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sisi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,The Medical Department of the Emergence Centre of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Beibei Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,The Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianzi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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17
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Cao X, Wang Y, Gao L. CHRFAM7A Overexpression Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Inhibiting Microglia Pyroptosis Mediated by the NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway. Inflammation 2021; 44:1023-1034. [PMID: 33405023 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an inflammation-related disease. CHRFAM7A can regulate inflammatory responses. Therefore, the present study investigated the mechanism of CHRFAM7A in cerebral I/R injury. CHRFAM7A expression and inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with cerebral I/R injury and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-treated microglia were detected. The proliferation, inflammatory cytokine expressions, nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) level, cell pyroptosis, and viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in OGD/R-treated microglia were detected after CHRFAM7A overexpression. The NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway was activated to assess the effect of CHRFAM7A on microglia. Expressions of microglial M1 phenotype marker iNOS and M2 marker Arg1 were detected. Downregulated CHRFAM7A and elevated inflammatory cytokine levels were observed in patients with cerebral I/R injury and OGD/R-treated microglia. In OGD/R-treated microglia, CHRFAM7A overexpression promoted cell proliferation and viability, reduced inflammation and LDH activity, and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell pyroptosis. Mechanically, CHRFAM7A inhibited microglia pyroptosis via inhibiting the NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway and reduced cell inflammatory injury via promoting microglia polarization from M1 to M2. Overall, CHRFAM7A overexpression attenuated cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting microglia pyroptosis in a NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway-dependent manner and promoting microglia polarization to M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 301 Yanchangzhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yida Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 301 Yanchangzhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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18
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Abstract
A major feature of neurodegeneration is disruption of central nervous system homeostasis, during which microglia play diverse roles. In the central nervous system, microglia serve as the first line of immune defense and function in synapse pruning, injury repair, homeostasis maintenance, and regulation of brain development through scavenging and phagocytosis. Under pathological conditions or various stimulations, microglia proliferate, aggregate, and undergo a variety of changes in cell morphology, immunophenotype, and function. This review presents the features of microglia, especially their diversity and ability to change dynamically, and reinterprets their role as sensors for multiple stimulations and as effectors for brain aging and neurodegeneration. This review also summarizes some therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases that target microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Yong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering; National Centers for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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19
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Liang TY, Peng SY, Ma M, Li HY, Wang Z, Chen G. Protective effects of sevoflurane in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury: a narrative review. Med Gas Res 2021; 11:152-154. [PMID: 34213497 PMCID: PMC8374460 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.318860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a phenomenon that the reperfusion of ischemic organs or tissues aggravates their damage, which poses a serious health threat and economic burden to the world. I/R gives rise to a series of physiological and pathological world, including inflammatory response, oxidative stress, brain edema, blood-brain barrier destruction, and neuronal death. Therefore, finding effective treatment measures is extremely important to the recovery of I/R patients and the improvement of long-term quality of life. Sevoflurane is an important volatile anesthetic which has been reported to reduce myocardial I/R damage and infarct size. Sevoflurane also has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. As reported sevoflurane treatment could reduce nerve function injury, cerebral infarction volume and the level of inflammatory factors. At the same time, there is evidence that sevoflurane can reduce neuron apoptosis and antioxidant stress. The protective effect of sevoflurane in brain injury has been proved to be existed in several aspects, so that a comprehensive understanding of its neuroprotective effect is helpful to exploit new treatment paths for I/R, provide clinicians with new clinical treatment decisions, contribute to the effective treatment of I/R patients and the improvement of quality of life after I/R healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Song-Yang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mian Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hai-Ying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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20
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Chen QL, Xia L, Zhong SP, Wang Q, Ding J, Wang X. Bioinformatic analysis identifies key transcriptome signatures in temporal lobe epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1266-1277. [PMID: 33225612 PMCID: PMC7702228 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To identify transcriptome signatures underlying epileptogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods Robust rank aggregation analysis was used to integrate multiple microarrays in rodent models of TLE and determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in acute, latent, and chronic stages. Functional annotation and protein‐protein interaction analysis were performed to explore the potential functions of the DEGs and identify hub genes with the highest intramodular connectivity. The association between hub genes and hippocampal sclerosis/seizure frequency was analyzed using publicly available RNA‐sequencing datasets from TLE patients. We subsequently established a pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (SE) model in rats and validated mRNA expression of hub genes by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR). Results The DEGs in the acute, latent, and chronic phases of TLE in animal models were prominently enriched in inflammatory response. Hub genes identified in the acute phase mainly participated in biological processes including inflammation, blood‐brain barrier damage, and cell adhesion. The hub genes in the latent phase were related to microglia/macrophage activation (Emr1 and Aif1) and phagocytosis (Cd68, Tyrobp, and Lyz). In the chronic phase, the hub genes were associated with activation of complements and microglia/macrophages. We further found that some hub genes identified in human TLE, such as Tlr2, Lgals3, and Stat3, were positively correlated with seizure frequency. Other hub genes, including Lgals3 and Serpine1, were associated with hippocampus sclerosis. qRT‐PCR analysis confirmed that the mRNA levels of hub genes in rat hippocampus were significantly up‐regulated after SE induction. Conclusions Our integrated analysis identified hub genes in different stages of epilepsy. The functional annotations suggest that the activation and phagocytic activities of microglia/macrophages may play critical roles in epileptogenesis of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Wang Y, Ming XX, Zhang CP. Fluorine-Containing Inhalation Anesthetics: Chemistry, Properties and Pharmacology. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5599-5652. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191003155703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on fluorinated inhalation anesthetics, including synthesis, physical chemistry and
pharmacology, have been summarized in this review. Retrospecting the history of inhalation anesthetics
revealed their increasing reliance on fluorine and ether structures. Halothane causes a rare but
severe immune-based hepatotoxicity, which was replaced by enflurane in the 1970s. Isoflurane replaced
enflurane in the 1980s, showing modest advantages (e.g. lower solubility, better metabolic
stability, and without convulsive predisposition). Desflurane and sevoflurane came into use in the
1990s, which are better anesthetics than isoflurane (less hepatotoxicity, lower solubility, and/or
markedly decreased pungency). However, they are still less than perfect. To gain more ideal inhalation
anesthetics, a large number of fluorinated halocarbons, polyfluorocycloalkanes, polyfluorocycloalkenes,
fluoroarenes, and polyfluorooxetanes, were prepared and their potency and toxicity were
evaluated. Although the pharmacology studies suggested that some of these agents produced anesthesia,
no further studies were continued on these compounds because they showed obvious lacking
as anesthetics. Moreover, the anesthetic activity cannot be simply predicted from the molecular
structures but has to be inferred from the experiments. Several regularities were found by experimental
studies: 1) the potency and toxicity of the saturated linear chain halogenated ether are enhanced
when its molecular weight is increased; 2) the margin of safety decreases and the recovery
time is prolonged when the boiling point of the candidate increases; and 3) compounds with an
asymmetric carbon terminal exhibit good anesthesia. Nevertheless, the development of new inhalation
anesthetics, better than desflurane and sevoflurane, is still challenging not only because of the
poor structure/activity relationship known so far but also due to synthetic issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Ming
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cheng-Pan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
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22
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Xue H, Zhang YH, Gao QS, Wu ZY, Niu JY, Li C, Zhao P. Sevoflurane Post-Conditioning Ameliorates Neuronal Deficits and Axon Demyelination After Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury: Role of Microglia/Macrophage. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1801-1816. [PMID: 32880098 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglia/macrophages have been identified to be highly polarized after ischemia. Interestingly, the polarization of these microglia/macrophages varies immensely under differing disease conditions. Post-conditioning using sevoflurane, a volatile anesthetic, could provide long-term neuroprotection to neonatal rats after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI). Thus, the current study aimed at investigating the effects of sevoflurane post-conditioning (SPC) on microglia/macrophage polarization after HIBI induction in neonatal rats. Additionally, we aimed at identifying the underpinning mechanisms specifically related to autophagy and lysosomal protease enzyme, cathepsin B. To develop a HIBI model, 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left common carotid artery ligation followed by 2 h of hypoxia. The role of microglia/macrophages in the neuroprotection conferred by SPC was examined by left-side intra-cerebroventricular injection with adenovirus vector carrying catB-GFP or rapamycin. The number of interleukin (IL)-1β+ cells, cathepsin B+ cells, light chain 3B positive (LC3B+) cells among ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1(Iba1+)cells to investigate microglia polarization, neuronal apoptosis to assess neuronal death in the acute phase were tested at 24 h after HIBI. Behavioral tests including suspension test, Morris water maze tests were performed to investigate the long-term effects of SPC, at 21 to 34 days post HIBI. Nissl staining and myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining to assess the long-term neuronal and myelin damage were performed at 34 days after HIBI. Based on the obtained results post HIBI, we observed the cells that were positive for IL-1β, cathepsin B, and LC3B among Iba1 positive cell population in the hippocampus were significantly decreased after SPC treatment. SPC significantly attenuated the HIBI-induced increase in neuronal apoptosis, improved long-term cognitive function, and attenuated HI-induced decrease of Nissl-positive cells and MBP expression. However, these trends were reversed by injection of adenovirus vector carrying catB-GFP and rapamycin. SPC attenuated microglia polarization towards neurotoxic phenotypes, alleviates neuronal death and axon demyelination after HIBI in neonatal rats by regulating microglia autophagy and cathepsin B expression, and therefore provided long-term cognitive, learning and memory protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Ya-Han Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Qiu-Shi Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Zi-Yi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jia-Yuan Niu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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23
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Zhao Y, Yang J, Li C, Zhou G, Wan H, Ding Z, Wan H, Zhou H. Role of the neurovascular unit in the process of cerebral ischemic injury. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105103. [PMID: 32739425 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic injury exhibits both high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional research of the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic injury has focused on separate analyses of the involved cell types. In recent years, the neurovascular unit (NVU) mechanism of cerebral ischemic injury has been proposed in modern medicine. Hence, more effective strategies for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury may be provided through comprehensive analysis of brain cells and the extracellular matrix. However, recent studies that have investigated the function of the NVU in cerebral ischemic injury have been insufficient. In addition, the metabolism and energy conversion of the NVU depend on interactions among multiple cell types, which make it difficult to identify the unique contribution of each cell type. Therefore, in the present review, we comprehensively summarize the regulatory effects and recovery mechanisms of four major cell types (i.e., astrocytes, microglia, brain-microvascular endothelial cells, and neurons) in the NVU under cerebral ischemic injury, as well as discuss the interactions among these cell types in the NVU. Furthermore, we discuss the common signaling pathways and signaling factors that mediate cerebral ischemic injury in the NVU, which may help to provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive elucidation of cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Chang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Haofang Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Zhishan Ding
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
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24
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Abstract
Central nervous system injuries are a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms of various brain injuries vary, central nervous system injuries often result in an inflammatory response, and subsequently lead to brain damage. This suggests that neuroprotection may be necessany in the treatment of multiple disease models. The use of medical gases as neuroprotective agents has gained great attention in the medical field. Medical gases include common gases, such as oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide; hydrogen sulphide and nitric oxide that have been considered toxic; volatile anesthetic gases, such as isoflurane and sevoflurane; and inert gases like helium, argon, and xenon. The neuroprotection from these medical gases has been investigated in experimental animal models of various types of brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, the transition into the clinical practice is still lagging. This delay could be attributed to the contradictory paradigms and the conflicting results that have been obtained from experimental models, as well as the presence of inconsistent reports regarding their safety. In this review, we summarize the potential mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of medical gases and discuss possible candidates that could improve the outcomes of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Zhen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Ling Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wan-Chao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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25
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Bonsack B, Corey S, Shear A, Heyck M, Cozene B, Sadanandan N, Zhang H, Gonzales-Portillo B, Sheyner M, Borlongan CV. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy alleviates the neuroinflammation associated with acquired brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:603-615. [PMID: 32356605 PMCID: PMC7248547 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) comprise two particularly prevalent and costly examples of acquired brain injury (ABI). Following stroke or TBI, primary cell death and secondary cell death closely model disease progression and worsen outcomes. Mounting evidence indicates that long‐term neuroinflammation extensively exacerbates the secondary deterioration of brain structure and function. Due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties, mesenchymal stem cell transplants have emerged as a promising approach to treating this facet of stroke and TBI pathology. In this review, we summarize the classification of cell death in ABI and discuss the prominent role of inflammation. We then consider the efficacy of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (BM‐MSC) transplantation as a therapy for these injuries. Finally, we examine recent laboratory and clinical studies utilizing transplanted BM‐MSCs as antiinflammatory and neurorestorative treatments for stroke and TBI. Clinical trials of BM‐MSC transplants for stroke and TBI support their promising protective and regenerative properties. Future research is needed to allow for better comparison among trials and to elaborate on the emerging area of cell‐based combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Bonsack
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sydney Corey
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alex Shear
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matt Heyck
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Blaise Cozene
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nadia Sadanandan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Henry Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Michael Sheyner
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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26
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Wen RX, Shen H, Huang SX, Wang LP, Li ZW, Peng P, Mamtilahun M, Tang YH, Shen FX, Tian HL, Yang GY, Zhang ZJ. P2Y6 receptor inhibition aggravates ischemic brain injury by reducing microglial phagocytosis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:416-429. [PMID: 32154670 PMCID: PMC7080436 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clearance of damaged cells and debris is beneficial for the functional recovery after ischemic brain injury. However, the specific phagocytic receptor that mediates microglial phagocytosis after ischemic stroke is unknown. Aim To investigate whether P2Y6 receptor‐mediated microglial phagocytosis is beneficial for the debris clearance and functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Results The expression of the P2Y6 receptor in microglia increased within 3 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Inhibition of microglial phagocytosis by the selective inhibitor MRS2578 enlarged the brain atrophy and edema volume after ischemic stroke, subsequently aggravated neurological function as measured by modified neurological severity scores and Grid walking test. MRS2578 treatment had no effect on the expression of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, TNF‐α, TGF‐β, and MPO after ischemic stroke. Finally, we found that the expression of myosin light chain kinase decreased after microglial phagocytosis inhibition in the ischemic mouse brain, which suggested that myosin light chain kinase was involved in P2Y6 receptor‐mediated phagocytosis. Conclusion Our results indicate that P2Y6 receptor‐mediated microglial phagocytosis plays a beneficial role during the acute stage of ischemic stroke, which can be a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Xue Wen
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Xian Huang
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zong-Wei Li
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muyassar Mamtilahun
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Hui Tang
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan-Xia Shen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng-Li Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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27
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Peng J, Wang K, Xiang W, Li Y, Hao Y, Guan Y. Rosiglitazone polarizes microglia and protects against pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1363-1372. [PMID: 31729170 PMCID: PMC6887926 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Activated microglia have been found in the forebrains and hippocampi of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients and status epileptic (SE) animal models. The peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPAR γ) agonist rosiglitazone has been shown to prevent microglial activation. However, its role in pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus remains unknown. We aimed to examine the effect of the PPAR γ agonist rosiglitazone in protecting against pilocarpine‐induced status epileptic resulting from over‐activation and to explore phenotypic changes in microglia as the underlying mechanism. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to three groups: the control group, pilocarpine‐induced (SE) group, and rosiglitazone‐treated (SE+Rosi) group. Status epileptic mice were administered 300 mg/kg pilocarpine via intraperitoneal injection. SE+Rosi mice were administered rosiglitazone (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) after SE. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, and quantitative real‐time PCR were used to examine the activation of and phenotypic changes in microglia in the brain and to evaluate neuroinflammation. Results We found that the expression of proinflammatory CD86 and iNOS was increased and that the expression of antiinflammatory CD206 and Arg‐1 was decreased in the brains of pilocarpine‐induced SE mice compared to control mice. The mRNA levels of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines were not significantly changed in the brain. Rosiglitazone treatment significantly inhibited the proinflammatory polarization of microglia and rescued neuron loss in the temporal lobe and hippocampi of the brain after SE. Conclusion Rosiglitazone reverses microglial polarization in the brains of SE mice and also affords neuroprotection against pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus without inducing significant changes in brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Hao
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Zhang W, Zhao J, Wang R, Jiang M, Ye Q, Smith AD, Chen J, Shi Y. Macrophages reprogram after ischemic stroke and promote efferocytosis and inflammation resolution in the mouse brain. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1329-1342. [PMID: 31697040 PMCID: PMC6887920 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Blood-borne monocytes/macrophages infiltrate the brain in massive numbers after ischemic stroke, but their impact on poststroke brain injury and recovery remains elusive. This study examined the transcriptomic changes in monocytes/macrophages after ischemic stroke and the functional implications of these changes, particularly with regards to the contribution of these cells to the phagocytic clearance of dead/dying cells (efferocytosis) in the poststroke brain. METHODS We performed whole-genome RNA sequencing on the monocyte/macrophage population sorted from mouse brain and peripheral blood 5 days after permanent focal cerebral ischemia. In addition, the spatial and temporal profiles of macrophage efferocytosis were examined in vivo by immunohistochemistry 3-7 days after brain ischemia. RESULTS Robust transcriptomic changes occurred in monocytes/macrophages upon infiltrating the poststroke brain. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a transcriptome of brain macrophages that strongly favored efferocytic activity. A large number of efferocytosis-related genes were upregulated in brain macrophages, the products of which are essential components involved in various steps of efferocytosis, such as chemotaxis, recognition of dead cells, engulfment, and processing of phagosomes. The efferocytic activity of brain macrophages were verified by immunohistochemistry, wherein Iba1-labeled microglia/macrophages effectively cleared apoptotic neurons in the infarct during the subacute stage after brain ischemia. We also identified PPARγ and STAT6 as potential upstream regulators that shaped this proefferocytic and inflammation-resolving transcriptome of macrophages in the poststroke brain. CONCLUSION Macrophages play a crucial role in the phagocytic clearance of dead neurons after ischemic stroke and promote the resolution of inflammation in the brain. Molecular therapies that enhance macrophage efferocytic capability may be promising treatments for ischemic stroke by facilitating inflammation resolution, brain repair, and recovery of neurological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jingyan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amanda D Smith
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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29
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Involvement of Progranulin and Granulin Expression in Inflammatory Responses after Cerebral Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205210. [PMID: 31640144 PMCID: PMC6829276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) plays a crucial role in diverse biological processes, including cell proliferation and embryonic development. PGRN can be cleaved by neutrophil elastase to release granulin (GRN). PGRN has been found to inhibit inflammation. Whereas, GRN plays a role as a pro-inflammatory factor. However, the pathophysiological roles of PGRN and GRN, at early stages after cerebral ischemia, have not yet been fully understood. The aim of this study was to obtain further insight into the pathologic roles of PGRN and GRN. We demonstrated that the amount of PGRN was significantly increased in microglial cells after cerebral ischemia in rats and that neutrophil elastase activity was also increased at an early stage after cerebral ischemia, resulting in the production of GRN. The inhibition of neutrophil elastase activity suppressed PGRN cleavage and GRN production, as well as the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, after cerebral ischemia. The administration of an elastase inhibitor decreased the number of injured cells and improved the neurological deficits test scores. Our findings suggest that an increase in the activity of elastase to cleave PGRN, and to produce GRN, was involved in an inflammatory response at the early stages after cerebral ischemia, and that inhibition of elastase activity could suppress the progression of cerebral ischemic injury.
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30
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Morrison HW, Filosa JA. Stroke and the neurovascular unit: glial cells, sex differences, and hypertension. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C325-C339. [PMID: 30601672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00333.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A functional neurovascular unit (NVU) is central to meeting the brain's dynamic metabolic needs. Poststroke damage to the NVU within the ipsilateral hemisphere ranges from cell dysfunction to complete cell loss. Thus, understanding poststroke cell-cell communication within the NVU is of critical importance. Loss of coordinated NVU function exacerbates ischemic injury. However, particular cells of the NVU (e.g., astrocytes) and those with ancillary roles (e.g., microglia) also contribute to repair mechanisms. Epidemiological studies support the notion that infarct size and recovery outcomes are heterogeneous and greatly influenced by modifiable and nonmodifiable factors such as sex and the co-morbid condition common to stroke: hypertension. The mechanisms whereby sex and hypertension modulate NVU function are explored, to some extent, in preclinical laboratory studies. We present a review of the NVU in the context of ischemic stroke with a focus on glial contributions to NVU function and dysfunction. We explore the impact of sex and hypertension as modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors and the underlying cellular mechanisms that may underlie heterogeneous stroke outcomes. Most of the preclinical investigative studies of poststroke NVU dysfunction are carried out primarily in male stroke models lacking underlying co-morbid conditions, which is very different from the human condition. As such, the evolution of translational medicine to target the NVU for improved stroke outcomes remains elusive; however, it is attainable with further research.
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31
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Liu LQ, Liu XR, Zhao JY, Yan F, Wang RL, Wen SH, Wang L, Luo YM, Ji XM. Brain-selective mild hypothermia promotes long-term white matter integrity after ischemic stroke in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1275-1285. [PMID: 30295998 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neuroprotective effects of hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke are well documented. However, the mechanisms involved in the effects remain to be clearly elucidated and the role of hypothermia on long-term white matter integrity after acute ischemic stroke has yet to be investigated. AIMS To investigate the role of mild focal hypothermia on long-term white matter (WM) integrity after transient cerebral ischemia. RESULTS Mild focal hypothermia treatment immediately after ischemic stroke significantly promotes WM integrity 28 days after the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in mice. Higher integrity of white matter, lower activation of total microglia, less infarct volume, and better neurobehavioral function were detected in hypothermia-treated mice compared to normothermia-treated mice. Furthermore, we found that hypothermia could decrease detrimental M1 phenotype microglia and promote healthy M2 phenotype microglia. In vitro, results also indicated that hypothermia promoted oligodendrocytes differentiation and maturation after oxygen glucose deprivation. CONCLUSION Hypothermia promotes long-term WM integrity and inhibits neuroinflammation in a mouse model of ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qiang Liu
- Cerebrovascular Disease Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Stroke Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Liu
- Cerebrovascular Disease Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China-America Joint Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Yan Zhao
- Stroke Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China-America Joint Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Feng Yan
- Cerebrovascular Disease Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Liang Wang
- Cerebrovascular Disease Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Hong Wen
- Cerebrovascular Disease Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China-America Joint Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Cerebrovascular Disease Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Min Luo
- Cerebrovascular Disease Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun-Ming Ji
- Cerebrovascular Disease Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Stroke Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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32
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Dang D, Saiyin H, Yu Q, Liang W. Effects of sevoflurane preconditioning on microglia/macrophage dynamics and phagocytosis profile against cerebral ischemia in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:564-571. [PMID: 29427321 PMCID: PMC6490012 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The effects of sevoflurane on microglia/macrophages, promoting or suppressing their activation, remains controversy. We aimed to determine whether sevoflurane preconditioning can protect brain via changing microglia/macrophage dynamics and phagocytosis profile after ischemia. METHODS The impact of sevoflurane preconditioning was evaluated on microglia/macrophage migration, phagocytosis and proliferation altogether from day 1 to day 7 after transient middle cerebral arterial occlusion (tMCAO) in rats. RESULTS Sevoflurane preconditioning was identified to accelerate microglia/macrophage migrating to and invasion in the ischemic core from day 1 to day 5 after damage. Significant accumulation of amoeboid and phagocytic microglia/macrophages was observed in sevoflurane group from day 3 to day 5 after ischemia injury. In addition, sevoflurane pretreatment also promoted the proliferation of microglia/macrophage (Iba1+ /Ki67+ ) dramatically in ischemic core on day 3 postinsult. CONCLUSIONS Our current study has identified the impact of sevoflurane preconditioning on microglia/macrophage dynamics, including its migration, phagocytosis, and proliferation at early stage after brain ischemia and reperfusion. Sevoflurane might enhance microglia/macrophage activation and promote brain repair. These results could help to approach more relevant microglia/macrophage cell-based strategy for human stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan‐Dan Dang
- Department of AnesthesiologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hexige Saiyin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of AnesthesiologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei‐Min Liang
- Department of AnesthesiologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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