1
|
Yang X, Zhang J, Wang Z, Yao Z, Yang X, Wang X, Zhao X, Xu S. Mitochondria-related HSDL2 is a potential biomarker in temporal lobe epilepsy by modulating astrocytic lipid metabolism. Neurotherapeutics 2024:e00447. [PMID: 39245623 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most prevalent type of focal epilepsy in adults. While comprehensive bioinformatics analyses have facilitated the identification of novel biomarkers in animal models, similar efforts are limited for TLE patients. In the current study, a comprehensive analysis using human transcriptomics datasets GSE205661, GSE190451, and GSE186334 was conducted to reveal differentially expressed genes related to mitochondria (Mito-DEGs). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression analyses were performed to identify hub genes. Additional GSE127871 and GSE255223 were utilized to establish the association with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and seizure frequency, respectively. Single-cell RNA analysis, functional investigation, and clinical verification were conducted. Herein, we reported that the Mito-DEGs in human TLE were significantly enriched in metabolic processes. Through PPI and LASSO analysis, HSDL2 was identified as the hub gene, of which diagnostic potential was further confirmed using independent datasets, animal models, and clinical validation. Subsequent single-cell and functional analyses revealed that HSDL2 expression was enriched and upregulated in response to excessive lipid accumulation in astrocytes. Additionally, the diagnostic efficiency of blood HSDL2 was verified in Qilu cohort. Together, our findings highlight the translational potential of HSDL2 as a biomarker and provide a novel therapeutic perspective for human TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxin Yang
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianhang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhong Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xingbang Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuhe Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Key Laboratory and Research Institute of Shandong University: Magnetic Field-free Medicine & Functional Imaging and National Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary Industry-Education Integration Innovation Platform, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang Y, Wang Q, Liu X, Du W, Hao Z, Wang Y. Transcriptional Signatures of a Dynamic Epilepsy Process Reveal Potential Immune Regulation. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3384-3396. [PMID: 37989981 PMCID: PMC11087345 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a progression of development and advancement over time. However, the molecular features of epilepsy were poorly studied from a dynamic developmental perspective. We intend to investigate the key mechanisms in the process of epilepsy by exploring the roles of stage-specifically expressed genes. By using time-course transcriptomic data of epileptic samples, we first analyzed the molecular features of epilepsy in different stages and divided it into progression and remission stages based on their transcriptomic features. 34 stage-specifically expressed genes were then identified by the Tau index and verified in other epileptic datasets. These genes were then enriched for immune-related biological functions. Furthermore, we found that the level of immune infiltration and mechanisms at different stages were different, which may result from different types of immune cells playing leading roles in distinct stages. Our findings indicated an essential role of immune regulation as the potential mechanism of epilepsy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanruo Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Hao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
François L, Romagnolo A, Luinenburg MJ, Anink JJ, Godard P, Rajman M, van Eyll J, Mühlebner A, Skelton A, Mills JD, Dedeurwaerdere S, Aronica E. Identification of gene regulatory networks affected across drug-resistant epilepsies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2180. [PMID: 38467626 PMCID: PMC10928184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic and heterogenous disease characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures, that are commonly resistant to antiseizure medications. This study applies a transcriptome network-based approach across epilepsies aiming to improve understanding of molecular disease pathobiology, recognize affected biological mechanisms and apply causal reasoning to identify therapeutic hypotheses. This study included the most common drug-resistant epilepsies (DREs), such as temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS), and mTOR pathway-related malformations of cortical development (mTORopathies). This systematic comparison characterized the global molecular signature of epilepsies, elucidating the key underlying mechanisms of disease pathology including neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, brain extracellular matrix and energy metabolism. In addition, specific dysregulations in neuroinflammation and oligodendrocyte function were observed in TLE-HS and mTORopathies, respectively. The aforementioned mechanisms are proposed as molecular hallmarks of DRE with the identified upstream regulators offering opportunities for drug-target discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth François
- UCB Pharma, Early Solutions, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alessia Romagnolo
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Luinenburg
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marek Rajman
- UCB Pharma, Early Solutions, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - James D Mills
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, Chalfont, UK
| | | | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sprissler R, Hammer M, Labiner D, Joshi N, Alan A, Weinand M. Leukocyte differential gene expression prognostic value for high versus low seizure frequency in temporal lobe epilepsy. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:16. [PMID: 38166692 PMCID: PMC10759702 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to test the hypothesis that systemic leukocyte gene expression has prognostic value differentiating low from high seizure frequency refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS A consecutive series of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy was studied. Based on a median baseline seizure frequency of 2.0 seizures per month, low versus high seizure frequency was defined as ≤ 2 seizures/month and > 2 seizures/month, respectively. Systemic leukocyte gene expression was analyzed for prognostic value for TLE seizure frequency. All differentially expressed genes were analyzed, with Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®) and Reactome, to identify leukocyte gene expression and biological pathways with prognostic value for seizure frequency. RESULTS There were ten males and six females with a mean age of 39.4 years (range: 16 to 62 years, standard error of mean: 3.6 years). There were five patients in the high and eleven patients in the low seizure frequency cohorts, respectively. Based on a threshold of twofold change (p < 0.001, FC > 2.0, FDR < 0.05) and expression within at least two pathways from both Reactome and Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®), 13 differentially expressed leukocyte genes were identified which were all over-expressed in the low when compared to the high seizure frequency groups, including NCF2, HMOX1, RHOB, FCGR2A, PRKCD, RAC2, TLR1, CHP1, TNFRSF1A, IFNGR1, LYN, MYD88, and CASP1. Similar analysis identified four differentially expressed genes which were all over-expressed in the high when compared to the low seizure frequency groups, including AK1, F2R, GNB5, and TYMS. CONCLUSIONS Low and high seizure frequency TLE are predicted by the respective upregulation and downregulation of specific leukocyte genes involved in canonical pathways of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) inhibition, and AMPA and NMDA receptor signaling. Furthermore, high seizure frequency-TLE is distinguished prognostically from low seizure frequency-TLE by differentially increased specific leukocyte gene expression involved in GABA inhibition and NMDA receptor signaling. High and low seizure frequency patients appear to represent two mechanistically different forms of temporal lobe epilepsy based on leukocyte gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sprissler
- Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, RII, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Michael Hammer
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Labiner
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Neil Joshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Albert Alan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Martin Weinand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu C, Deng XJ, Xu D. Microglia in epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106249. [PMID: 37536386 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of most common chronic neurological disorders, and the antiseizure medications developed by targeting neurocentric mechanisms have not effectively reduced the proportion of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Further exploration of the cellular or molecular mechanism of epilepsy is expected to provide new options for treatment. Recently, more and more researches focus on brain network components other than neurons, among which microglia have attracted much attention for their diverse biological functions. As the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia have highly plastic transcription, morphology and functional characteristics, which can change dynamically in a context-dependent manner during the progression of epilepsy. In the pathogenesis of epilepsy, highly reactive microglia interact with other components in the epileptogenic network by performing crucial functions such as secretion of soluble factors and phagocytosis, thus continuously reshaping the landscape of the epileptic brain microenvironment. Indeed, microglia appear to be both pro-epileptic and anti-epileptic under the different spatiotemporal contexts of disease, rendering interventions targeting microglia biologically complex and challenging. This comprehensive review critically summarizes the pathophysiological role of microglia in epileptic brain homeostasis alterations and explores potential therapeutic or modulatory targets for epilepsy targeting microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Xue-Jun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Da Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu C, Zhao XM, Wang Q, Du TT, Zhang MX, Wang HZ, Li RP, Liang K, Gao Y, Zhou SY, Xue T, Zhang JG, Han CL, Shi L, Zhang LW, Meng FG. Astrocyte-derived SerpinA3N promotes neuroinflammation and epileptic seizures by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway in mice with temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:161. [PMID: 37422673 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired activation and regulation of the extinction of inflammatory cells and molecules in injured neuronal tissues are key factors in the development of epilepsy. SerpinA3N is mainly associated with the acute phase response and inflammatory response. In our current study, transcriptomics analysis, proteomics analysis, and Western blotting showed that the expression level of Serpin clade A member 3N (SerpinA3N) is significantly increased in the hippocampus of mice with kainic acid (KA)-induced temporal lobe epilepsy, and this molecule is mainly expressed in astrocytes. Notably, in vivo studies using gain- and loss-of-function approaches revealed that SerpinA3N in astrocytes promoted the release of proinflammatory factors and aggravated seizures. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing and Western blotting showed that SerpinA3N promoted KA-induced neuroinflammation by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation revealed that SerpinA3N interacts with ryanodine receptor type 2 (RYR2) and promotes RYR2 phosphorylation. Overall, our study reveals a novel SerpinA3N-mediated mechanism in seizure-induced neuroinflammation and provides a new target for developing neuroinflammation-based strategies to reduce seizure-induced brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xue-Min Zhao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Ting-Ting Du
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Mo-Xuan Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Hui-Zhi Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Ren-Peng Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Kun Liang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Si-Yu Zhou
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Chun-Lei Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Lin Shi
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Liang-Wen Zhang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
| | - Fan-Gang Meng
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chong D, Jones NC, Schittenhelm RB, Anderson A, Casillas-Espinosa PM. Multi-omics Integration and Epilepsy: Towards a Better Understanding of Biological Mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2023:102480. [PMID: 37286031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The epilepsies are a group of complex neurological disorders characterised by recurrent seizures. Approximately 30% of patients fail to respond to anti-seizure medications, despite the recent introduction of many new drugs. The molecular processes underlying epilepsy development are not well understood and this knowledge gap impedes efforts to identify effective targets and develop novel therapies against epilepsy. Omics studies allow a comprehensive characterisation of a class of molecules. Omics-based biomarkers have led to clinically validated diagnostic and prognostic tests for personalised oncology, and more recently for non-cancer diseases. We believe that, in epilepsy, the full potential of multi-omics research is yet to be realised and we envisage that this review will serve as a guide to researchers planning to undertake omics-based mechanistic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Chong
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Alison Anderson
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu X, Wei P, Zhao S, Chen Z, Li X, Zhang W, Liu C, Yang Y, Li X, Liu X. Population transcriptomics uncover the relative roles of positive selection and differential expression in Batrachium bungei adaptation to the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:879-893. [PMID: 36973418 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03005-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Positive selection genes are related to metabolism, while differentially expressed genes are related to photosynthesis, suggesting that genetic adaptation and expression regulation may play independent roles in different gene classes. Genome-wide investigation of the molecular mechanisms for high-altitude adaptation is an intriguing topic in evolutionary biology. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) with its extremely variable environments is an ideal site for studying high-altitude adaptation. Here, we used transcriptome data of 100 individuals from 20 populations collected from various altitudes on the QTP to investigate the adaptive mechanisms of the aquatic plant Batrachium bungei at both the genetic and transcriptional level. To explore genes and biological pathways that may contribute to QTP adaptation, we employed a two-step approach, in which we identified positively selected genes and differentially expressed genes using the landscape genomic and differential expression approaches. The positive selection analysis showed that genes involved in metabolic regulation played a crucial role in B. bungei adaptation to the extreme environments of the QTP, especially intense ultraviolet radiation. Altitude-based differential expression analysis suggested that B. bungei could increase the rate of energy dissipation or reduce the efficiency of light energy absorption by down regulating the expression of photosynthesis-related genes to adapt to the strong ultraviolet radiation. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified ribosomal genes as hubs of altitude adaptation in B. bungei. Only a small part of genes (about 10%) overlapped between positively selected genes and differentially expressed genes in B. bungei, suggesting that genetic adaptation and gene expression regulation might play relatively independent roles in different categories of functional genes. Taken together, this study enriches our understanding of the high-altitude adaptation mechanism of B. bungei on the QTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Pei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Shuqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuyifu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Xinzhong Li
- Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Research Center for Ecology, School of Sciences, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, Tibet, China
| | - Wencai Zhang
- Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Research Center for Ecology, School of Sciences, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, Tibet, China
| | - Chenlai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Yujiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Biology Experimental Teaching Center, School of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
- Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Biological Resources and Adaptive Evolution, Research Center for Ecology, School of Sciences, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, Tibet, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Z, Li Y, Jiang S, Shi F, Shi K, Jin W. Targeting CCL5 signaling attenuates neuroinflammation after seizure. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:317-330. [PMID: 36440924 PMCID: PMC9804050 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes unprovoked, recurrent seizures. Accumulating evidence from clinical and experimental studies indicates that neuroinflammation exacerbates seizure activity. METHODS We investigated the transcriptional changes occurring in specific brain domains of a seizure mouse model, using 10× Genomics spatial transcriptomics. Differential gene expression and pathway analysis were applied to investigate potential signaling targets for seizure, including CCL5/CCR5 pathway. Maraviroc, an FDA-approved C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist, was used to verify the impact of CCL5/CCR5 signaling in seizure mice. RESULTS We found distinguished regional transcriptome features in the hippocampus of seizure mice. The hippocampus exhibited unique inflammatory gene signatures, including glia activation, apoptosis, and immune response in seizure mice. Especially, we observed notable expression of C-C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) throughout the entire seizure hippocampus. Blockade of CCL5/CCR5 signaling via maraviroc prevented microglia activation and neuron degeneration in seizure mice. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the potential of CCL5/CCR5 signaling for targeting neuroinflammation after seizure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Zhang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of NeurologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Yan Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shihe Jiang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fu‐Dong Shi
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of NeurologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Kaibin Shi
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei‐Na Jin
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zou X, Liu S, Zou H, Zhou W, Fu H, Wei J, Zhang J, Zeng H, Tan T, Zhou W, Wu H, Chen X, Zhou X. Inflammatory mechanisms of Ginkgo Biloba extract in improving memory functions through lncRNA-COX2/NF-κB pathway in mice with status epilepticus. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:471-482. [PMID: 36419341 PMCID: PMC9804085 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was to explore whether Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) improve memory impairment by alleviating neuroinflammation signaling in mice with status epilepticus. METHODS The status epilepticus (SE) mice model was established by pilocarpine and treated with 100 mg / kg of GBE for 14 days. Spontaneous alternation of Y-maze and new object recognition were used to explore memory impairment. To examine glial cell activation, we performed immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The activation of NF-κB signaling and the expression level of lncRNA-COX2 were detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR, respectively. Adeno-associated virus lncRNA-COX2 was injected into mice for overexpression of lncRNA-COX2. RESULTS After GBE treatment, the spontaneous alternation rate and the recognition coefficient in SE mice were both increased. Moreover, activation of glial cells, NF-κB signaling and lncRNA-COX2 were significantly decreased in SE mice. In the GBE-treated SE mice with lncRNA-COX2 overexpression, NF-κB signaling was up-regulated again; the reduced level of inflammation factors was reversed; the GBE-rescued spontaneous alternation rate of Y-maze was eliminated. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that GBE reduces the hippocampal inflammation by down-regulating lncRNA-COX2 / NF-κB signaling in the SE mice, leading to the decrease of neuronal damage and the improvement of memory functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Zou
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Si Liu
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Huihui Zou
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wanfei Zhou
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Huaili Fu
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiana Wei
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiakang Zhang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Haoxuan Zeng
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tian Tan
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Heyong Wu
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xinrun Chen
- Department of Clinical medicineThe First Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xianju Zhou
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lesca G, Baumgartner T, Monin P, De Dominicis A, Kunz WS, Specchio N. Genetic causes of rare and common epilepsies: What should the epileptologist know? Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104570. [PMID: 35850153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In past decades, the identification of genes involved in epileptic disorders has grown exponentially. The pace of gene identification in epileptic disorders began to accelerate in the late 2000s, driven by new technologies such as molecular cytogenetics and next-generation sequencing (NGS). These technologies have also been applied to genetic diagnostics, with different configurations, such as gene panels, whole-exome sequencing and whole-genome sequencing. The clinician must be aware that any technology has its limitations and complementary techniques must still be used to establish a diagnosis for specific diseases. In addition, increasing the amount of genetic information available in a larger patient sample also increases the need for rigorous interpretation steps, when taking into account the clinical, electroclinical, and when available, functional data. Local, multidisciplinary discussions have proven valuable in difficult diagnostic situations, especially in cases where precision medicine is being considered. They also serve to improve genetic counseling in complex situations. In this article, we will briefly review the genetic basis of rare and common epilepsies, the current strategies used for molecular diagnosis, including their limitations, and some pitfalls for data interpretation, in the context of etiological diagnosis and genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Paedaitric Clinical Epileptology, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Tobias Baumgartner
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pauline Monin
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Paedaitric Clinical Epileptology, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Angela De Dominicis
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfram S Kunz
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Leifeld J, Förster E, Reiss G, Hamad MIK. Considering the Role of Extracellular Matrix Molecules, in Particular Reelin, in Granule Cell Dispersion Related to Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:917575. [PMID: 35733853 PMCID: PMC9207388 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.917575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the nervous system can be considered as a dynamically adaptable compartment between neuronal cells, in particular neurons and glial cells, that participates in physiological functions of the nervous system. It is mainly composed of carbohydrates and proteins that are secreted by the different kinds of cell types found in the nervous system, in particular neurons and glial cells, but also other cell types, such as pericytes of capillaries, ependymocytes and meningeal cells. ECM molecules participate in developmental processes, synaptic plasticity, neurodegeneration and regenerative processes. As an example, the ECM of the hippocampal formation is involved in degenerative and adaptive processes related to epilepsy. The role of various components of the ECM has been explored extensively. In particular, the ECM protein reelin, well known for orchestrating the formation of neuronal layer formation in the cerebral cortex, is also considered as a player involved in the occurrence of postnatal granule cell dispersion (GCD), a morphologically peculiar feature frequently observed in hippocampal tissue from epileptic patients. Possible causes and consequences of GCD have been studied in various in vivo and in vitro models. The present review discusses different interpretations of GCD and different views on the role of ECM protein reelin in the formation of this morphological peculiarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Leifeld
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry I—Receptor Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jennifer Leifeld, ; Eckart Förster,
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jennifer Leifeld, ; Eckart Förster,
| | - Gebhard Reiss
- Institute for Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/ Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Mohammad I. K. Hamad
- Institute for Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/ Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li X, Wang Q, Zhang DW, Wu D, Zhang SW, Wei ZR, Chen X, Li W. Hippocampus RNA Sequencing of Pentylenetetrazole-Kindled Rats and Upon Treatment of Novel Chemical Q808. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:820508. [PMID: 35345815 PMCID: PMC8957222 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.820508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of genes altered in epilepsy remains incomplete, particularly in the hippocampus, which exhibits exquisite vulnerability to epilepsy. Q808 is an innovation chemical compound that has potent anti-convulsant effect. Exploring its mechanism can not only explore the pathogenesis of epilepsy but also provide a theoretical basis for its clinical application. The present study aimed to use RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to reveal the gene transcriptomic profile of chronic pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled seizure rats and the difference of the PTZ model rat before and after treatment with Q808. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to validate the RNA-seq results. The protein level was estimated with Western blot. Hippocampal transcriptomic analysis showed that 289 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were confirmed in the PTZ-kindled seizure group compared with the vehicle control. Gene cluster analysis identified most of the DEGs linked to neuronal apoptosis, neurogenesis, neuronal projections, and neurotransmitter regulation. After analysis across the three groups, 23 hub genes and 21 pathways were identified, and qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that most of the mRNA levels of hub genes were consistent with the RNA-seq results. Q808 treatment increased the level of ACE, a GABA-related protein. Our analysis showed the comprehensive compendium of genes and pathways differentially expressed for PTZ-kindled seizure rats and upon Q808 treatment in PTZ-kindled seizure, which may provide a theoretical basis to explore the mechanism and unique efficacy of Q808 and the pathophysiology of epilepsy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Dian-Wen Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Di Wu
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Si-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng-Ren Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cao J, Gan H, Xiao H, Chen H, Jian D, Jian D, Zhai X. Key protein-coding genes related to microglia in immune regulation and inflammatory response induced by epilepsy. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:9563-9578. [PMID: 34814358 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown a link between immunity, inflammatory processes, and epilepsy. Active neuroinflammation and marked immune cell infiltration occur in epilepsy of diverse etiologies. Microglia, as the first line of defense in the central nervous system, are the main effectors of neuroinflammatory processes. Discovery of new biomarkers associated with microglia activation after epileptogenesis indicates that targeting specific molecules may help control seizures. In this research, we used a combination of several bioinformatics approaches, including RNA sequencing, to explore differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in epileptic lesions and control samples, and to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for DEGs, which was examined utilizing plug-ins in Cytoscape software. Finally, we aimed to identify 10 hub genes in immune and inflammation-related sub-networks, which were subsequently validated in real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis in a mouse model of kainic acid-induced epilepsy. The expression patterns of nine genes were consistent with sequencing outcomes. Meanwhile, several genes, including CX3CR1, CX3CL1, GPR183, FPR1, P2RY13, P2RY12 and LPAR5, were associated with microglial activation and migration, providing novel candidate targets for immunotherapy in epilepsy and laying the foundation for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Hui Gan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Childrenӳ Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R China, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Childrenӳ Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R China, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Dan Jian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Childrenӳ Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R China, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Dan Jian
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Xuan Zhai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Childrenӳ Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R China, Chongqing 400010, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Y, Wang Y, Yang J, Xu T, Tan C, Zhang P, Liu Q, Chen Y. G-alpha interacting protein interacting protein, C terminus 1 regulates epileptogenesis by increasing the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:126-138. [PMID: 34676980 PMCID: PMC8673704 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims It has been reported that the G‐alpha interacting protein (GAIP) interacting protein, C terminus 1 (GIPC1/GIPC) engages in vesicular trafficking, receptor transport and expression, and endocytosis. However, its role in epilepsy is unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the role of GIPC1 in epilepsy and its possible underlying mechanism. Methods The expression patterns of GIPC1 in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in mice with kainic acid (KA)‐induced epilepsy were detected. Behavioral video monitoring and hippocampal local field potential (LFP) recordings were carried out to determine the role of GIPC1 in epileptogenesis after overexpression of GIPC1. Coimmunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay and high‐resolution immunofluorescence staining were conducted to investigate the relationship between GIPC1 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7). In addition, the expression of mGluR7 after overexpression of GIPC1 was measured, and behavioral video monitoring and LFP recordings after antagonism of mGluR7 were performed to explore the possible mechanism mediated by GIPC1. Results GIPC1 was downregulated in the brain tissues of patients with TLE and mice with KA‐induced epilepsy. After overexpression of GIPC1, prolonged latency period, decreased epileptic seizures and reduced seizure severity in behavioral analyses, and fewer and shorter abnormal brain discharges in LFP recordings of KA‐induced epileptic mice were observed. The result of the Co‐IP assay showed the interaction between GIPC1 and mGluR7, and the high‐resolution immunofluorescence staining also showed the colocalization of these two proteins. Additionally, along with GIPC1 overexpression, the total and cell membrane expression levels of mGluR7 were also increased. And after antagonism of mGluR7, increased epileptic seizures and aggravated seizure severity in behavioral analyses and more and longer abnormal brain discharges in LFP recordings were observed. Conclusion GIPC1 regulates epileptogenesis by interacting with mGluR7 and increasing its expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Changhong Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Qiankun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Yangmei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
van Lanen RH, Melchers S, Hoogland G, Schijns OE, Zandvoort MAV, Haeren RH, Rijkers K. Microvascular changes associated with epilepsy: A narrative review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2492-2509. [PMID: 33866850 PMCID: PMC8504411 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211010388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is dysfunctional in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In this regard, microvascular changes are likely present. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on microvascular changes in epilepsy, and includes clinical and preclinical evidence of seizure induced angiogenesis, barriergenesis and microcirculatory alterations. Anatomical studies show increased microvascular density in the hippocampus, amygdala, and neocortex accompanied by BBB leakage in various rodent epilepsy models. In human TLE, a decrease in afferent vessels, morphologically abnormal vessels, and an increase in endothelial basement membranes have been observed. Both clinical and experimental evidence suggests that basement membrane changes, such as string vessels and protrusions, indicate and visualize a misbalance between endothelial cell proliferation and barriergenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appears to play a crucial role. Following an altered vascular anatomy, its physiological functioning is affected as expressed by neurovascular decoupling that subsequently leads to hypoperfusion, disrupted parenchymal homeostasis and potentially to seizures". Thus, epilepsy might be a condition characterized by disturbed cerebral microvasculature in which VEGF plays a pivotal role. Additional physiological data from patients is however required to validate findings from models and histological studies on patient biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick Hgj van Lanen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stan Melchers
- Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Govert Hoogland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf Emg Schijns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Amj van Zandvoort
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Hl Haeren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kim Rijkers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lévesque M, Biagini G, de Curtis M, Gnatkovsky V, Pitsch J, Wang S, Avoli M. The pilocarpine model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Over one decade later, with more rodent species and new investigative approaches. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:274-291. [PMID: 34437936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental work on the mechanisms leading to focal epileptic discharges in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) often rests on the use of rodent models in which an initial status epilepticus (SE) is induced by kainic acid or pilocarpine. In 2008 we reviewed how, following systemic injection of pilocarpine, the main subsequent events are the initial SE, the latent period, and the chronic epileptic state. Up to a decade ago, rats were most often employed and they were frequently analysed only behaviorally. However, the use of transgenic mice has revealed novel information regarding this animal model. Here, we review recent findings showing the existence of specific neuronal events during both latent and chronic states, and how optogenetic activation of specific cell populations modulate spontaneous seizures. We also address neuronal damage induced by pilocarpine treatment, the role of neuroinflammation, and the influence of circadian and estrous cycles. Updating these findings leads us to propose that the rodent pilocarpine model continues to represent a valuable tool for identifying the basic pathophysiology of MTLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lévesque
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vadym Gnatkovsky
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julika Pitsch
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Siyan Wang
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Massimo Avoli
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Departments of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ahmed MM, Carrel AJ, Cruz Del Angel Y, Carlsen J, Thomas AX, González MI, Gardiner KJ, Brooks-Kayal A. Altered Protein Profiles During Epileptogenesis in the Pilocarpine Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:654606. [PMID: 34122302 PMCID: PMC8194494 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.654606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, spontaneous seizures and is a major contributor to the global burden of neurological disease. Although epilepsy can result from a variety of brain insults, in many cases the cause is unknown and, in a significant proportion of cases, seizures cannot be controlled by available treatments. Understanding the molecular alterations that underlie or are triggered by epileptogenesis would help to identify therapeutics to prevent or control progression to epilepsy. To this end, the moderate throughput technique of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) was used to profile changes in protein expression in a pilocarpine mouse model of acquired epilepsy. Levels of 54 proteins, comprising phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent components of major signaling pathways and cellular complexes, were measured in hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum of mice at six time points, spanning 15 min to 2 weeks after induction of status epilepticus. Results illustrate the time dependence of levels of the commonly studied MTOR pathway component, pS6, and show, for the first time, detailed responses during epileptogenesis of multiple components of the MTOR, MAPK, JAK/STAT and apoptosis pathways, NMDA receptors, and additional cellular complexes. Also noted are time- and brain region- specific changes in correlations among levels of functionally related proteins affecting both neurons and glia. While hippocampus and cortex are primary areas studied in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy, cerebellum also shows significant time-dependent molecular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew J Carrel
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Yasmin Cruz Del Angel
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jessica Carlsen
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ajay X Thomas
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Section of Child Neurology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marco I González
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katheleen J Gardiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Amy Brooks-Kayal
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cheng H, Qi Y, Lai N, Yang L, Xu C, Wang S, Guo Y, Chen Z, Wang Y. Inhibition of hyperactivity of the dorsal raphe 5-HTergic neurons ameliorates hippocampal seizure. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:963-972. [PMID: 33955651 PMCID: PMC8265946 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Epilepsy, frequently comorbid with depression, easily develops drug resistance. Here, we investigated how dorsal raphe (DR) and its 5‐HTergic neurons are implicated in epilepsy. Methods In mouse hippocampal kindling model, using immunochemistry, calcium fiber photometry, and optogenetics, we investigated the causal role of DR 5‐HTergic neurons in seizure of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Further, deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the DR with different frequencies was applied to test its effect on hippocampal seizure and depressive‐like behavior. Results Number of c‐fos+ neurons in the DR and calcium activities of DR 5‐HTergic neurons were both increased during kindling‐induced hippocampal seizures. Optogenetic inhibition, but not activation, of DR 5‐HTergic neurons conspicuously retarded seizure acquisition specially during the late period. For clinical translation, 1‐Hz‐specific, but not 20‐Hz or 100‐Hz, DBS of the DR retarded the acquisition of hippocampal seizure. This therapeutic effect may be mediated by the inhibition of DR 5‐HTergic neurons, as optogenetic activation of DR 5‐HTergic neurons reversed the anti‐seizure effects of 1‐Hz DR DBS. However, DBS treatment had no effect on depressive‐like behavior. Conclusion Inhibition of hyperactivity of DR 5‐HTergic neuron may present promising anti‐seizure effect and the DR may be a potential DBS target for the therapy of TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heming Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingbei Qi
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanxi Lai
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cenglin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Y, Shen Y, Cai X, Yu J, Chen C, Tan B, Tan N, Cheng H, Fan X, Wu X, Liu J, Wang S, Wang Y, Chen Z. Deep brain stimulation in the medial septum attenuates temporal lobe epilepsy via entrainment of hippocampal theta rhythm. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:577-586. [PMID: 33502829 PMCID: PMC8025637 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), often associated with cognitive impairment, is one of the most common types of medically refractory epilepsy. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) shows considerable promise for the treatment of TLE. However, the optimal stimulation targets and parameters of DBS to control seizures and related cognitive impairment are still not fully illustrated. Methods In the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of DBS in the medial septum (MS) on seizures and cognitive function in mouse acute and chronic epilepsy models. Results We found that DBS in the MS alleviated the severity of seizure activities in both kainic acid‐induced acute seizure model and hippocampal‐kindled epilepsy model. DBS showed antiseizure effects with a wide window of effective stimulation frequencies. The antiseizure effects of DBS were mediated by the hippocampal theta rhythm, as atropine, which reversed the DBS‐induced augmentation of the hippocampal theta oscillation, abolished the antiseizure effects of DBS. Further, in the kainic acid‐induced chronic TLE model, DBS in the MS not only reduced spontaneous seizures, but also improved behavioral performance in novel object recognition. Conclusion DBS in the MS is a promising approach to attenuate TLE probably through entrainment of the hippocampal theta rhythm, which may be therapeutically significant for refractory TLE treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yating Shen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Cai
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Epilepsy Center, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heming Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Epilepsy Center, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinggen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Epilepsy Center, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Epilepsy Center, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen QL, Xia L, Zhong SP, Wang Q, Ding J, Wang X. Bioinformatic analysis identifies key transcriptome signatures in temporal lobe epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1266-1277. [PMID: 33225612 PMCID: PMC7702228 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To identify transcriptome signatures underlying epileptogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods Robust rank aggregation analysis was used to integrate multiple microarrays in rodent models of TLE and determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in acute, latent, and chronic stages. Functional annotation and protein‐protein interaction analysis were performed to explore the potential functions of the DEGs and identify hub genes with the highest intramodular connectivity. The association between hub genes and hippocampal sclerosis/seizure frequency was analyzed using publicly available RNA‐sequencing datasets from TLE patients. We subsequently established a pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (SE) model in rats and validated mRNA expression of hub genes by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR). Results The DEGs in the acute, latent, and chronic phases of TLE in animal models were prominently enriched in inflammatory response. Hub genes identified in the acute phase mainly participated in biological processes including inflammation, blood‐brain barrier damage, and cell adhesion. The hub genes in the latent phase were related to microglia/macrophage activation (Emr1 and Aif1) and phagocytosis (Cd68, Tyrobp, and Lyz). In the chronic phase, the hub genes were associated with activation of complements and microglia/macrophages. We further found that some hub genes identified in human TLE, such as Tlr2, Lgals3, and Stat3, were positively correlated with seizure frequency. Other hub genes, including Lgals3 and Serpine1, were associated with hippocampus sclerosis. qRT‐PCR analysis confirmed that the mRNA levels of hub genes in rat hippocampus were significantly up‐regulated after SE induction. Conclusions Our integrated analysis identified hub genes in different stages of epilepsy. The functional annotations suggest that the activation and phagocytic activities of microglia/macrophages may play critical roles in epileptogenesis of TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|