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Okeke CAV, Khanna R, Ehrlich A. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Contact Dermatitis: A Review and Considerations During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:1721-1728. [PMID: 37409071 PMCID: PMC10319159 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s410910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent global pandemic has resulted in increased use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). Currently, QACs are active ingredients in 292 disinfectants recommended by the US EPA for use against SARS-CoV-2. Among QACs, benzalkonium chloride (BAK), cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), cetrimonium chloride (CTAC), didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), cetrimide, quaternium-15, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), and benzethonium chloride (BEC) were all identified as potential culprits of skin sensitivity. Given their widespread utilization, additional research is needed to better classify their dermal effects and identify other cross-reactors. In this review, we aimed to expand our knowledge about these QACs to further dissect its potential allergic and irritant dermal effects on healthcare workers during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidubem A V Okeke
- Department of Dermatology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ramona Khanna
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Kappenberg-Niţescu DC, Luchian I, Mârțu I, Solomon SM, Mârţu S, Păsărin L, Mârțu A, Sioustis IA, Goriuc A, Tatarciuc M. Periodontal effects of two innovative oral rinsing substances in oncologic patients. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:98. [PMID: 33363609 PMCID: PMC7725012 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy often presents side effects, including oral adverse effects that may interfere with the completion of the oncology treatment, threatening the outcome of the treatment and significantly affecting the quality of life of the patient. The aim of the present study was to evaluate two antiseptic, antimicrobial and antifungal substances that may be used in order to achieve improved oral hygiene and to lower the prevalence of side effects during chemotherapy. Patients were randomly divided into three groups: Placebo, oral rinse with cetrimide and mouth coating with a pharmacy-made compound (nystatin, neomycin and metronidazole). Their oral hygiene and periodontal parameters were determined at baseline and 14 days of use. It was revealed that the most effective clinical results were achieved in the group that used cetrimide mouth rinse that highlighted the best improvements of parameter values, whereas the control and coating-using group did not obtain statistically significant improvements. Cetrimide oral rinse was demonstrated to be an efficient adjunct method in achieving better oral hygiene and improved periodontal parameters in chemotherapy patients. The present study offers an alternative to the commonly used compounds that may present unwanted side effects in patients during chemotherapy, it promotes the importance of good oral hygiene in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral adverse effects and improves the quality of life of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ionut Luchian
- Department of Periodontology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Ioana Mârțu
- Department of Dental Technology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Sorina-Mihaela Solomon
- Department of Periodontology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Silvia Mârţu
- Department of Periodontology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Liliana Păsărin
- Department of Periodontology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mârțu
- Department of Periodontology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Ioana-Andreea Sioustis
- Department of Periodontology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Ancuța Goriuc
- Department of Biochemistry, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Monica Tatarciuc
- Department of Dental Technology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
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Shahzadi I, Jalil A, Asim MH, Hupfauf A, Gust R, Nelles PA, Knabl L, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Lipophilic Arginine Esters: The Gateway to Preservatives without Side Effects. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3129-3139. [PMID: 32598849 PMCID: PMC7467771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
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This
study hypothesized that long carbon chain cationic arginine
(Arg) esters can be considered as toxicologically harmless preservatives.
Arg-esters with C18 and C24 carbon chains, namely,
arginine-oleate (Arg-OL) and arginine-decyltetradecanoate (Arg-DT),
were synthesized. Structures were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Both Arg-esters were tested regarding
hydrophobicity in terms of log Poctanol/water, critical micelle concentration (CMC), biodegradability, cytotoxicity,
hemolysis, and antimicrobial activity against Escherichiacoli (E. coli), Staphylococcusaureus (S. aureus), Bacillussubtilis (B. subtilis),
and Enterococcusfaecalis (E. faecalis). Log Poctanol/water of arginine was raised from −1.9 to 0.3
and 0.6 due to the attachment of C18 and C24 carbon chains, respectively. The critical micelle concentration
of Arg-OL and Arg-DT was 0.52 and 0.013 mM, respectively. Both Arg-esters
were biodegradable by porcine pancreatic lipase. In comparison to
the well-established antimicrobials, benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and
cetrimide, Arg-esters showed significantly less cytotoxic and hemolytic
activity. Both esters exhibited pronounced antimicrobial properties
against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria comparable to that
of BAC and cetrimide. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of
Arg-esters was <50 μg mL–1 against all
tested microbes. Overall, results showed a high potential of Arg-esters
with long carbon chains as toxicologically harmless novel preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Shahzadi
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aamir Jalil
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mulazim Hussain Asim
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Andrea Hupfauf
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Alexander Nelles
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludwig Knabl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Fortuna G, Cerchione E, Di Lorenzo M. Cetrimide-induced oral mucositis: an unusual adverse drug reaction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 72:1415-1416. [PMID: 27501935 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-016-2114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fortuna
- Department of Diagnostic Science, Louisiana State University Health Science Center School of Dentistry, 1100 Florida Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA. .,D.eb.RA. Mexico Foundation, Otomí #211, casi esq. P. Elías Calles Colonia Azteca, Guadalupe N.L., 67150, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. .,Federico Navarro Institute-School of Orgonomy "Piero Borrelli", Corso Umberto I, 35, 80138, Naples, Italy.
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