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Lejding T, Persson L, Andersen KE, Bruze M, Derevyanko L, Elsner P, Goh CL, Gonçalo M, Goossens A, Gülgün MA, Isaksson M, Ljubojevic Hadzavdic S, Maibach H, Matsunaga K, Mowitz M, Nixon R, Pailin P, Pratt M, Schuttelaar MLA, Sukakul T, Verma K, Zimerson E, Özkaya E, Svedman C. Analysis of Hexavalent Chromium in Cement Samples From Countries Within and Outside the EU: A Study From the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Dermatitis 2023; 34:323-328. [PMID: 37001151 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2022.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is often severe and difficult to treat. The content of Cr(VI) in cement can be reduced by, for example, addition of iron(II) sulfate. Since 2005 the content of Cr(VI) in cement is regulated in the EU Directive 2003/53/EC and must not exceed 2 ppm. Since this regulation came into force, ACD caused by cement has markedly been reduced. Objective: To investigate Cr(VI) and total chromium content in samples of cement from countries within and outside the EU. Methods: The members of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) were invited to participate in the study with the aim to collect cement samples from geographically different areas. The content of Cr(VI) in the samples was estimated by the diphenyl carbazide spot test, atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to assess the total chromium content. Results: Forty-five cement samples were analyzed, containing amounts of Cr(VI) from <0.1 to >70 ppm. Twenty-one samples contained >2 ppm Cr(VI), 24 contained less. Four of 17 samples from within the EU contained >2 ppm Cr(VI), that is, higher amounts than stipulated in the EU directive, as compared with 17 samples from countries outside the EU. Conclusion: In countries outside the EU, significantly more cement samples contained >2 ppm Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lejding
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Persson
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Klaus Ejner Andersen
- Department of Dermatology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magnus Bruze
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ludmyla Derevyanko
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Kyiv Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Margarida Gonçalo
- University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - An Goossens
- Department of Dermatology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mehmet Ali Gülgün
- Sabancı University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Tuzla-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Suzana Ljubojevic Hadzavdic
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Kišpatićeva, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kayoko Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Medical Science for Allergic Disease, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Martin Mowitz
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rosemary Nixon
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin Health Institute, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Melanie Pratt
- University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Thanisorn Sukakul
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kaushal Verma
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Erik Zimerson
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Esen Özkaya
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Çapa-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- From the Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Wright A, Laundry-Mottiar L, Hedberg YS. The ability of sweat and buffer solutions to reduce hexavalent chromium of relevance for leather extraction. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105222. [PMID: 35817209 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The European Union restricted the amount of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in leather in 2015, but skin allergy cases due to Cr-tanned leather are not declining. Standardized extraction methods have been criticized to both over- and underestimate the expected amount of bioavailable Cr(VI) in leather. This study aims to evaluate the ability of four extraction solutions to reduce or preserve Cr(VI): artificial sweat solutions (ASWs) of pH 4.7, 6.5, and 8.0, and phosphate buffer (PB) of pH 8.0. This was investigated by incubating each solution with added Cr(VI) as a function of time, and then measuring the recovered Cr(VI). All solutions, especially PB, preserved Cr(VI) for 24 h. These solutions were also pre-exposed to Cr-free vegetable-tanned leather (VTL) before incubation with Cr(VI). Released vegetable tannin species strongly reduced Cr(VI), with up to 4000 μg/L added Cr(VI) reduced in all solutions after 24 h. However, after 1 h, Cr(VI) was still detectable in extraction solutions at pH 6.5 and above. The reduction of Cr(VI) in relevant extraction solutions is hence a process dependent on time, pH, and the presence of co-released leather species. All extraction solutions, but least PB, have the potential to underestimate any Cr(VI) present on the surface of leather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wright
- Dept. of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Str., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lila Laundry-Mottiar
- Dept. of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Str., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yolanda S Hedberg
- Dept. of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Str., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada; Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, 999 Collip Circle, London, Ontario, N6G 0J3, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, N6C 2R5, Canada.
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Lim SYD, Goon ATJ, Leow YH, Zhao X, Cheng SWN. A retrospective study of standard series patch test data from a tertiary referral centre in Singapore from 2014 to 2019. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 86:129-131. [PMID: 34648186 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yung Hian Leow
- Department of Dermatology, National Skin Centre, Singapore
| | - Xiahong Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, National Skin Centre, Singapore
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