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Luo X, Ni X, Zhi J, Jiang X, Bai R. Small molecule agents against alopecia: Potential targets and related pathways. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116666. [PMID: 39002436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Alopecia has emerged as a global concern, extending beyond the middle-aged and elderly population and increasingly affecting younger individuals. Despite its growing prevalence, the treatment options and effective drugs for alopecia remain limited due to the incomplete understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the pathogenesis of alopecia and discover novel and safer therapeutic agents. This review provided an overview of the prevailing clinical disorders of alopecia, and the key pathways and targets involved in hair growth process. Additionally, it discusses FDA-approved drugs and clinical candidates for the treatment of alopecia, and explores small molecule compounds with anti-alopecia potential in the drug discovery phase. These endeavors are expected to provide researchers with valuable scientific insights and practical information for anti-alopecia drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xinhua Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Jia Zhi
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-tumor Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
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Li X, An T, Yang Y, Xu Z, Chen S, Yi Z, Deng C, Zhou F, Man Y, Hu C. TLR9 activation in large wound induces tissue repair and hair follicle regeneration via γδT cells. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:598. [PMID: 39153998 PMCID: PMC11330466 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying tissue repair in response to damage have been one of main subjects of investigation. Here we leverage the wound-induced hair neogenesis (WIHN) models in adult mice to explore the correlation between degree of damage and the healing process and outcome. The multimodal analysis, in combination with single-cell RNA sequencing help to explore the difference in wounds of gentle and heavy damage degrees, identifying the potential role of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in sensing the injury and regulating the immune reaction by promoting the migration of γδT cells. The TLR9 deficient mice or wounds injected with TLR9 antagonist have greatly impaired healing and lower WIHN levels. Inhibiting the migration of γδT cells or knockout of γδT cells also suppress the wound healing and regeneration, which can't be rescued by TLR9agonist. Finally, the amphiregulin (AREG) is shown as one of most important effectors secreted by γδT cells and keratinocytes both in silicon or in the laboratory, whose expression influences WIHN levels and the expression of stem cell markers. In total, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for TLR9 in sensing skin injury and influencing the tissue repair and regeneration by modulation of the migration of γδT cells, and identify the TLR9-γδT cells-areg axis as new potential targets for enhancing tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tiantian An
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaoyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuaidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zumu Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Maciel SVSA, Oliveira IPP, Senes BB, Silva JAIDV, Feitosa FLB, Alves JS, Costa RB, de Camargo GMF. Genomic regions associated with coat color in Gir cattle. Genome 2024; 67:233-242. [PMID: 38579337 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2023-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Indicine cattle breeds are adapted to the tropical climate, and their coat plays an important role in this process. Coat color influences thermoregulation and the adhesion of ectoparasites and may be associated with productive and reproductive traits. Furthermore, coat color is used for breed qualification, with breeders preferring certain colors. The Gir cattle is characterized by a wide variety of coat colors. Therefore, we performed genome-wide association studies to identify candidate genes for coat color in Gir cattle. Different phenotype scenarios were considered in the analyses and regions were identified on eight chromosomes. Some regions and many candidate genes are influencing coat color in the Gir cattle, which was found to be a polygenic trait. The candidate genes identified have been associated with white spotting patterns and base coat color in cattle and other species. In addition, a possible epistatic effect on coat color determination in the Gir cattle was suggested. This is the first published study that identified genomic regions and listed candidate genes associated with coat color in Gir cattle. The findings provided a better understanding of the genetic architecture of the trait in the breed and will allow to guide future fine-mapping studies for the development of genetic markers for selection.
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Wang Y, Wang S, Mabrouk I, Zhou Y, Fu X, Song Y, Ma J, Hu X, Yang Z, Liu F, Hou J, Yu J, Sun Y. In ovo injection of AZD6244 suppresses feather follicle development by the inhibition of ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in goose embryos ( Anser cygnoides). Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:307-314. [PMID: 38393940 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2309550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
1. Feathers are an important product from poultry, and the state of feather growth and development plays an important role in their economic value.2. In total, 120 eggs were selected for immunoblotting and immunolocalisation experiments of ERK and β-catenin proteins in different developmental stages of goose embryos. The ERK protein was highly expressed in the early stage of goose embryo development, while β-catenin protein was highly expressed in the middle stage of embryo development.3. The 120 eggs were divided into four treatment groups, including an uninjected group (BLANK), a group injected with 100 µl of cosolvent (CK), a group injected with 100 µl of AZD6244 containing cosolvent in a dose of 5 mg/kg AZD6244 containing cosolvent (AZD5) and a group injected with 100 µl of AZD6244 containing cosolvent in a dose of 15 mg/kg AZD6244 containing cosolvent (AZD15). The eggs were injected on the ninth day of embryonic development (E9). Samples were collected at E21.5 to observe feather width, feather follicle diameter, ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathway protein expression.4. The AZD5 and AZD15 doses were within the embryonic safety range compared to the BLANK and CK groups and had no significant effect on the survival rate and weight at the inflection point, but significantly reduced the feather width and feather follicle diameter (p < 0.05). The AZD6244 treatment inhibited ERK protein phosphorylation levels and blocked the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which in turn significantly down-regulated the expression levels of FZD4, β-catenin, TCF4 and LEF1 (p < 0.05), with an inhibitory effect in the AZD15 group being more significant. The immunohistochemical results of β-catenin and p-ERK were consistent with Western blot results.5. The small molecule inhibitor AZD6244 regulated the growth and development of feather follicles in goose embryos by the ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - S Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - I Mabrouk
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Y Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - X Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Y Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - J Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - X Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Z Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - F Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - J Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - J Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Y Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Zhao Q, Huang C, Chen Q, Su Y, Zhang Y, Wang R, Su R, Xu H, Liu S, Ma Y, Zhao Q, Ye S. Genomic Inbreeding and Runs of Homozygosity Analysis of Cashmere Goat. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1246. [PMID: 38672394 PMCID: PMC11047310 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cashmere goats are valuable genetic resources which are famous worldwide for their high-quality fiber. Runs of homozygosity (ROHs) have been identified as an efficient tool to assess inbreeding level and identify related genes under selection. However, there is limited research on ROHs in cashmere goats. Therefore, we investigated the ROH pattern, assessed genomic inbreeding levels and examined the candidate genes associated with the cashmere trait using whole-genome resequencing data from 123 goats. Herein, the Inner Mongolia cashmere goat presented the lowest inbreeding coefficient of 0.0263. In total, we identified 57,224 ROHs. Seventy-four ROH islands containing 50 genes were detected. Certain identified genes were related to meat, fiber and milk production (FGF1, PTPRM, RERE, GRID2, RARA); fertility (BIRC6, ECE2, CDH23, PAK1); disease or cold resistance and adaptability (PDCD1LG2, SVIL, PRDM16, RFX4, SH3BP2); and body size and growth (TMEM63C, SYN3, SDC1, STRBP, SMG6). 135 consensus ROHs were identified, and we found candidate genes (FGF5, DVL3, NRAS, KIT) were associated with fiber length or color. These findings enhance our comprehension of inbreeding levels in cashmere goats and the genetic foundations of traits influenced by selective breeding. This research contributes significantly to the future breeding, reservation and use of cashmere goats and other goat breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.Z.); (C.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Chang Huang
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.Z.); (C.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yingxiao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (R.S.)
| | - Ruijun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (R.S.)
| | - Rui Su
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (R.S.)
| | - Huijuan Xu
- Chifeng Hanshan White Cashmere Goat Breeding Farm, Chifeng 024506, China; (H.X.); (S.L.)
| | - Shucai Liu
- Chifeng Hanshan White Cashmere Goat Breeding Farm, Chifeng 024506, China; (H.X.); (S.L.)
| | - Yuehui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Qianjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Shaohui Ye
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.Z.); (C.H.)
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Gao Y, Fan Z, Xiao X, Kong D, Han J, Chu W. Epidermal ET-1 signal induces activation of resting hair follicles by upregulating the PI3K/AKT pathway in the dermis. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23476. [PMID: 38334392 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302207r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of alopecia has increased recently. Hair loss is often accompanied by the resting phase of hair follicles (HFs). Dermal papilla (DP) plays a crucial role in HF development, growth, and regeneration. Activating DP can revive resting HFs. Augmenting WNT/β-catenin signaling stimulates HF growth. However, the factors responsible for activating resting HFs effectively are unclear. In this study, we investigated epidermal cytokines that can activate resting HFs effectively. We overexpressed β-catenin in both in vivo and in vitro models to observe its effects on resting HFs. Then, we screened potential epidermal cytokines from GEO DATASETs and assessed their functions using mice models and skin-derived precursors (SKPs). Finally, we explored the molecular mechanism underlying the action of the identified cytokine. The results showed that activation of WNT/β-catenin in the epidermis prompted telogen-anagen transition. Keratinocytes infected with Ctnnb1-overexpressing lentivirus enhanced SKP expansion. Subsequently, we identified endothelin 1 (ET-1) expressed higher in hair-growing epidermis and induced the proliferation of DP cells and activates telogen-phase HFs in vivo. Moreover, ET-1 promotes the proliferation and stemness of SKPs. Western blot analysis and in vivo experiments revealed that ET-1 induces the transition from telogen-to-anagen phase by upregulating the PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings highlight the potential of ET-1 as a promising cytokine for HF activation and the treatment of hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Zhimeng Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xing Xiao
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deqiang Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jimin Han
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Chu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
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Aihaiti M, Shi H, Liu Y, Hou C, Song X, Li M, Li J. Nervonic acid reduces the cognitive and neurological disturbances induced by combined doses of D-galactose/AlCl 3 in mice. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5989-5998. [PMID: 37823115 PMCID: PMC10563680 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nervonic acid (NA) is a kind of ultra-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid, which can repair nerve cell damage caused by oxidative stress. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a nervous system disease and often accompanied by the decline of learning and memory capacity. In this study, the combined dose of D-galactose/AlCl3 was used to establish a mouse model of AD. Meanwhile, the mice were treated with different doses of NA (10.95 and 43.93 mg/kg). The results showed that NA delayed the decline of locomotion and learning ability caused by D-galactose/AlCl3, increased the activity of total superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced the content of malondialdehyde in vivo. Besides, NA reduced the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, increased the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, alleviated the cell morphology damage induced by D-galactose/AlCl3 in hippocampus and liver tissue. Furthermore, the intervention of NA upregulated the expression levels of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR genes and downregulated the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β genes. Therefore, we speculate the intervention of NA could be an effective way in improving cognitive impairment through the activation of PI3K signaling pathway. These results suggest that NA has the potential to be developed as antioxidant drug for the prevention and early therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayile Aihaiti
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Haidan Shi
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yaojie Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Chen Hou
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Mengting Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jianke Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anChina
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Kambey PA, Liu WY, Wu J, Tang C, Buberwa W, Saro A, Nyalali AMK, Gao D. Amphiregulin blockade decreases the levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a 6-hydroxydopamine Parkinson's disease mouse model. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:2925-2939. [PMID: 37101388 PMCID: PMC10493657 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levodopa (L-DOPA) is considered the most reliable drug for treating Parkinson's disease (PD) clinical symptoms. Regrettably, long-term L-DOPA therapy results in the emergence of drug-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in most PD patients. The mechanisms underlying motor fluctuations and dyskinesia induced by L-DOPA (LID) are still perplexing. METHODS Here, we first performed the analysis on the microarray data set (GSE55096) from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) repository and identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using linear models for microarray analysis (Limma) R packages from the Bioconductor project. 12 genes (Nr4a2, Areg, Tinf2, Ptgs2, Pdlim1, Tes, Irf6, Tgfb1, Serpinb2, Lipg, Creb3l1, Lypd1) were found to be upregulated. Six genes were validated on quantitative polymerase chain reaction and subsequently, Amphiregulin (Areg) was selected (based on log2 fold change) for further experiments to unravel its involvement in LID. Areg LV_shRNA was used to knock down Areg to explore its therapeutic role in the LID model. RESULTS Western blotting and immunofluorescence results show that AREG is significantly expressed in the LID group relative to the control. Dyskinetic movements in LID mice were alleviated by Areg knockdown, and the protein expression of delta FOSB, the commonly attributable protein in LID, was decreased. Moreover, Areg knockdown reduced the protein expression of P-ERK. In order to ascertain whether the inhibition of the ERK pathway (a common pathway known to mediate levodopa-induced dyskinesia) could also impede Areg, the animals were injected with an ERK inhibitor (PD98059). Afterward, the AIMs, AREG, and ERK protein expression were measured relative to the control group. A group treated with ERK inhibitor had a significant decrease of AREG and phosphorylated ERK protein expression relative to the control group. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results indicate unequivocal involvement of Areg in levodopa-induced dyskinesia, thus a target for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piniel Alphayo Kambey
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD)NairobiKenya
| | - Wen Ya Liu
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Jiao Wu
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Chuanxi Tang
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Wokuheleza Buberwa
- Department of PediatricsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Adonira Saro
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Alphonce M. K. Nyalali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteShandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Dianshuai Gao
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
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9
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Feng Z, Qin Y, Jiang G. Reversing Gray Hair: Inspiring the Development of New Therapies Through Research on Hair Pigmentation and Repigmentation Progress. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4588-4607. [PMID: 37781032 PMCID: PMC10535703 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.86911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair graying is a common and visible sign of aging resulting from decreased or absence of melanogenesis. Although it has been established that gray hair greatly impacts people's mental health and social life, there is no effective countermeasure other than hair dyes. It has long been thought that reversal of gray hair on a large scale is rare. However, a recent study reported that individual gray hair darkening is a common phenomenon, suggesting the possibility of large-scale reversal of gray hair. In this article, we summarize the regulation mechanism of melanogenesis and review existing cases of hair repigmentation caused by several factors, including monoclonal antibodies drugs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), immunomodulators, other drugs, micro-injury, and tumors, and speculate on the mechanisms behind them. This review offers some insights for further research into the modulation of melanogenesis and presents a novel perspective on the development of clinical therapies, with emphasis on topical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorui Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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10
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Wu C, Ma S, Zhao B, Qin C, Wu Y, Di J, Suo L, Fu X. Drivers of plateau adaptability in cashmere goats revealed by genomic and transcriptomic analyses. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:428. [PMID: 37528361 PMCID: PMC10391913 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adaptive evolution of plateau indigenous animals is a current research focus. However, phenotypic adaptation is complex and may involve the interactions between multiple genes or pathways, many of which remain unclear. As a kind of livestock with important economic value, cashmere goat has a high ability of plateau adaptation, which provides us with good materials for studying the molecular regulation mechanism of animal plateau adaptation. RESULTS In this study, 32 Jiangnan (J) and 32 Tibetan (T) cashmere goats were sequenced at an average of 10. Phylogenetic, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium analyses showed that natural selection or domestication has resulted in obvious differences in genome structure between the two breeds. Subsequently, 553 J vs. T and 608 T vs. J potential selected genes (PSGs) were screened. These PSGs showed potential relationships with various phenotypes, including myocardial development and activity (LOC106502520, ATP2A2, LOC102181869, LOC106502520, MYL2, ISL1, and LOC102181869 genes), pigmentation (MITF and KITLG genes), hair follicles/hair growth (YAP1, POGLUT1, AAK1, HES1, WNT1, PRKAA1, TNKS, WNT5A, VAX2, RSPO4, CSNK1G1, PHLPP2, CHRM2, PDGFRB, PRKAA1, MAP2K1, IRS1, LPAR1, PTEN, PRLR, IBSP, CCNE2, CHAD, ITGB7, TEK, JAK2, and FGF21 genes), and carcinogenesis (UBE2R2, PIGU, DIABLO, NOL4L, STK3, MAP4, ADGRG1, CDC25A, DSG3, LEPR, PRKAA1, IKBKB, and ABCG2 genes). Phenotypic analysis showed that Tibetan cashmere goats has finer cashmere than Jiangnan cashmere goats, which may allow cashmere goats to better adapt to the cold environment in the Tibetan plateau. Meanwhile, KRTs and KAPs expression in Jiangnan cashmere goat skin was significantly lower than in Tibetan cashmere goat. CONCLUSIONS The mutations in these PSGs maybe closely related to the plateau adaptation ability of cashmere goats. In addition, the expression differences of KRTs and KAPs may directly determine phenotypic differences in cashmere fineness between the two breeds. In conclusion, this study provide a reference for further studying plateau adaptive mechanism in animals and goat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Environments Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang, School of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Xinjiang, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Shengchao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool-sheep Cashmere-goat (XJYS1105), Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Xinjiang, Urumqi, 830011, China
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Bingru Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chongkai Qin
- Xinjiang Aksu Prefecture Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center, Xinjiang Aksu, 843000, China
| | - Yujiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Tibet Lhasa, 850009, China
| | - Jiang Di
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool-sheep Cashmere-goat (XJYS1105), Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Xinjiang, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Langda Suo
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Tibet Lhasa, 850009, China.
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool-sheep Cashmere-goat (XJYS1105), Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Xinjiang, Urumqi, 830011, China.
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11
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Gao Y, Song W, Hao F, Duo L, Zhe X, Gao C, Guo X, Liu D. Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 and an Interacting Non-Coding RNA on Secondary Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells in Cashmere Goats' Follicle Development Assessed by Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing Technology. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2234. [PMID: 37444032 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cashmere, a keratinised product of secondary hair follicles (SHFs) in cashmere goats, holds an important place in international high-end textiles. However, research on the complex molecular and signal regulation during the development and growth of hair follicles (HFs), which is essential for the development of the cashmere industry, is limited. Moreover, increasing evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) participate in HF development. Herein, we systematically investigated a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network mediated by circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in skin samples of cashmere goat embryos, using whole-transcriptome sequencing technology. We obtained 6468, 394, and 239 significantly differentially expressed mRNAs, circRNAs, and miRNAs, respectively. These identified RNAs were further used to construct a ceRNA regulatory network, mediated by circRNAs, for cashmere goats at a late stage of HF development. Among the molecular species identified, miR-184 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 10 exhibited competitive targeted interactions. In secondary HF dermal papilla cells (SHF-DPCs), miR-184 promotes proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and alters the cell cycle via the competitive release of FGF10. This study reports that FGF10 and its interaction with ncRNAs significantly affect SHF-DPCs, providing a reference for research on the biology of HFs in cashmere goats and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Fei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Lei Duo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhe
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Chunyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Dongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
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12
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Ma S, Long L, Huang X, Tian K, Tian Y, Wu C, Zhao Z. Transcriptome analysis reveals genes associated with wool fineness in merinos. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15327. [PMID: 37250719 PMCID: PMC10215774 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair/wool usually plays an important role in maintaining animal physiological activities, and the economic value of wool cannot be ignored. At present, people set higher demands on wool fineness. Hence, improving wool fineness is the concern of fine wool sheep breeding. Using RNA-Seq to screen the potential candidate genes that associate with wool fineness can provide theoretical references for fine-wool sheep breeding, and also provide us new ideas for further understand the molecular regulation mechanism of hair growth. In this study, we compared the expression pattern difference of genome-wide genes between the skin transcriptomes of Subo and Chinese Merinos. The results showed that, 16 candidate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (Included: CACNA1S, GP5, LOC101102392, HSF5, SLITRK2, LOC101104661, CREB3L4, COL1A1, PTPRR, SFRP4, LOC443220, COL6A6, COL6A5, LAMA1, LOC114115342 and LOC101116863 genes) that may associate with wool fineness were screened, and these genes were located in signaling pathways that regulate hair follicle development, cycle or hair growth. It is worth noting that, among the 16 DEGs, COL1A1 gene has the highest expression level in Merino skins, and the fold change of LOC101116863 gene is the highest, and the structures of these two genes are both highly conserved in different species. In conclusion, we speculate that these two genes may play a key role in regulating wool fineness and respectively have similar and conserved functions in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Ma
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Li Long
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xixia Huang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Kechuan Tian
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yuezhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool Sheep and Cashmere-Goat, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Cuiling Wu
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool Sheep and Cashmere-Goat, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
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13
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Mai Q, Han Y, Cheng G, Ma R, Yan Z, Chen X, Yu G, Chen T, Zhang S. Innovative Strategies for Hair Regrowth and Skin Visualization. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041201. [PMID: 37111686 PMCID: PMC10141228 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, about 50% of men and 15-30% of women are estimated to face hair-related problems, which create a significant psychological burden. Conventional treatments, including drug therapy and transplantation, remain the main strategies for the clinical management of these problems. However, these treatments are hindered by challenges such as drug-induced adverse effects and poor drug penetration due to the skin's barrier. Therefore, various efforts have been undertaken to enhance drug permeation based on the mechanisms of hair regrowth. Notably, understanding the delivery and diffusion of topically administered drugs is essential in hair loss research. This review focuses on the advancement of transdermal strategies for hair regrowth, particularly those involving external stimulation and regeneration (topical administration) as well as microneedles (transdermal delivery). Furthermore, it also describes the natural products that have become alternative agents to prevent hair loss. In addition, given that skin visualization is necessary for hair regrowth as it provides information on drug localization within the skin's structure, this review also discusses skin visualization strategies. Finally, it details the relevant patents and clinical trials in these areas. Together, this review highlights the innovative strategies for skin visualization and hair regrowth, aiming to provide novel ideas to researchers studying hair regrowth in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanhua Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guopan Cheng
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhao Yan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Guangtao Yu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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14
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Ma K, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhang W, Sha Y, Zhan Y, Xiang M. Mechanism of Akt regulation of the expression of collagens and MMPs in conjunctivochalasis. Exp Eye Res 2023; 226:109313. [PMID: 36403850 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Akt is a central node of many signaling pathways, which plays important roles in cell survival, proliferation, migration, metabolism and collagen synthesis. Conjunctivochalasis (CCH) is one of the most common age-related ocular superficial diseases related to abnormalities in conjunctival extracellular matrix. Here, we studied the role of Akt regulating collagens and MMPs in the pathogenesis of CCH. Primary conjunctival fibroblasts were obtained from CCH patients (n = 13) and age-matched normal controls (n = 10). The levels of Akt, collagen type I, collagen type III, MMP1, and MMP3 were determined by Western blot, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining. Normal control conjunctival fibroblasts were treated with Akt inhibitor A6730, and CCH fibroblasts were transfected with Akt overexpression vector. The expression of Akt in CCH was significantly lower than that in normal control of conjunctival tissues and cultured fibroblasts. Blocking Akt signaling with Akt inhibitor could inhibit the expression of collagen type I and collagen type III and upregulate the expression of MMP1 and MMP3. Meanwhile, compared with CCH fibroblasts transfected with control mimics, the protein and mRNA expression of collagen type I and collagen type III were increased significantly in Akt overexpression group, while the results of MMP1 and MMP3 in transfected fibroblasts were opposite. Taken together, Akt upregulated the expression of collagen type I and collagen type III and downregulated the expression of MMP1 and MMP3. Akt signaling pathway could provide a direct negative contribution to CCH and might be an attractive target for CCH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Department of Oncology Traditional Chinese Medicine, Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongyi Sha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueping Zhan
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Center, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Minhong Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Putuo Central School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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15
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Zhou X, Bao P, Zhang X, Guo X, Liang C, Chu M, Wu X, Yan P. Genome-wide detection of RNA editing events during the hair follicles cycle of Tianzhu white yak. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:737. [PMID: 36316632 PMCID: PMC9624038 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08951-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hair coat is available for the yak to live in the harsh environment of the plateau. Besides, improving the hair production of yak is necessary for its textile industry development. Hair grows from hair follicles (HFs). The HFs undergo periodic growth after birth and are regulated by the complex gene regulatory network. However, the molecular mechanism of HFs regeneration in the Tianzhu white yak remains unclear. RNA editing is a post-transcriptional mechanism that regulates gene expression and produces new transcripts. Hence, we investigated the influence of the A-to-I RNA editing events on the HFs cycle of the Tianzhu white yak. RESULTS We finally identified 54,707 adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing sites (RESs) from RNA sequencing data of the HFs cycle in the Tianzhu white yak. Annotation results showed RESs caused missense amino acid changes in 7 known genes. And 202 A-to-I editing sites altered 23 target genes of 140 microRNAs. A total of 1,722 differential RESs were identified during the HFs cycle of Tianzhu white yak. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed several signaling pathways and GO terms involved skin development, hair growth, and HFs cycle. Such as genes with differential RNA editing levels were significantly enriched in the peroxisome, metabolic pathways, Notch signaling pathway, and PPAR signaling pathway. Besides, the editing sites in HFs development-related genes FAS, APCDD1, WWOX, MPZL3, RUNX1, KANK2, DCN, DSC2, LEPR, HEPHL1, and PTK2B were suggested as the potential RESs involving HFs development. CONCLUSION This study investigated the global A-to-I RNA editing events during the HFs cycle of yak skin tissue and expanded the knowledge of A-to-I RNA editing on the HFs cycle. Furthermore, this study revealed that RNA editing-influenced genes may regulate the HFs cycle by participating in the HFs development-related pathways. The findings might provide new insight into the regulation of RNA editing in hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730050, Lanzhou, P.R. China.
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16
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Ding Y, Chen Y, Yang X, Xu P, Jing J, Miao Y, Mao M, Xu J, Wu X, Lu Z. An integrative analysis of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA competitive endogenous RNA network reveals potential mechanisms in the murine hair follicle cycle. Front Genet 2022; 13:931797. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.931797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is a common progressive disorder associated with abnormalities of the hair follicle cycle. Hair follicles undergo cyclic phases of hair growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and rest (telogen), which are precisely regulated by various mechanisms. However, the specific mechanism associated with hair follicle cycling, which includes noncoding RNAs and regulation of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, is still unclear. We obtained data from publicly available databases and performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction validations. These analyses revealed an increase in the expression of miRNAs and a decrease in the expression of target mRNAs and lncRNAs from the anagen to telogen phase of the murine hair follicle cycle. Subsequently, we constructed the ceRNA networks and investigated their functions using enrichment analysis. Furthermore, the androgenetic alopecia (AGA) microarray data analysis revealed that several novel alopecia-related genes were identified in the ceRNA networks. Lastly, GSPT1 expression was detected using immunohistochemistry. Our analysis revealed 11 miRNAs (miR-148a-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-200a-3p, miR-30e-5p, miR-30a-5p, miR-27a-3p, miR-143-3p, miR-27b-3p, miR-126a-3p, miR-378a-3p, and miR-22-3p), 9 target mRNAs (Atp6v1a, Cdkn1a, Gadd45a, Gspt1, Mafb, Mitf, Notch1, Plk2, and Slc7a5), and 2 target lncRNAs (Neat1 and Tug1) were differentially expressed in hair follicle cycling. The ceRNA networks were made of 12 interactive miRNA-mRNA pairs and 13 miRNA-lncRNA pairs. The functional enrichment analysis revealed the enrichment of hair growth–related signaling pathways. Additionally, GSPT1 was downregulated in androgenetic alopecia patients, possibly associated with alopecia progression. The ceRNA network identified by our analysis could be involved in regulating the hair follicle cycle.
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Liu Z, Liu Z, Mu Q, Zhao M, Cai T, Xie Y, Zhao C, Qin Q, Zhang C, Xu X, Lan M, Zhang Y, Su R, Wang Z, Wang R, Wang Z, Li J, Zhao Y. Identification of key pathways and genes that regulate cashmere development in cashmere goats mediated by exogenous melatonin. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:993773. [PMID: 36246326 PMCID: PMC9558121 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.993773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of secondary hair follicles in cashmere goats follows a seasonal cycle. Melatonin can regulate the cycle of cashmere growth. In this study, melatonin was implanted into live cashmere goats. After skin samples were collected, transcriptome sequencing and histological section observation were performed, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify key genes and establish an interaction network. A total of 14 co-expression modules were defined by WGCNA, and combined with previous analysis results, it was found that the blue module was related to the cycle of cashmere growth after melatonin implantation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that the first initiation of exogenous melatonin-mediated cashmere development was related mainly to the signaling pathway regulating stem cell pluripotency and to the Hippo, TGF-beta and MAPK signaling pathways. Via combined differential gene expression analyses, 6 hub genes were identified: PDGFRA, WNT5A, PPP2R1A, BMPR2, BMPR1A, and SMAD1. This study provides a foundation for further research on the mechanism by which melatonin regulates cashmere growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Liu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Goat Genetics and Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhichen Liu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qing Mu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center, Hohhot, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuchun Xie
- Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Cun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qing Qin
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chongyan Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Mingxi Lan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Rui Su
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ruijun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Goat Genetics and Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Goat Genetics and Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- *Correspondence: Yanhong Zhao
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Sun Y, Xu L, Li Y, Lin J, Li H, Gao Y, Huang X, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Wei K, Yang Y, Wu B, Zhang L, Li Q, Liu C. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Uncover Key Regulators of Skin Regeneration in Human Long-Term Mechanical Stretch-Mediated Expansion Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:865983. [PMID: 35712657 PMCID: PMC9195629 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.865983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue expansion is a commonly performed therapy to grow extra skin invivo for reconstruction. While mechanical stretch-induced epidermal changes have been extensively studied in rodents and cell culture, little is known about the mechanobiology of the human epidermis in vivo. Here, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing to interrogate the changes in the human epidermis during long-term tissue expansion therapy in clinical settings. We also verified the main findings at the protein level by immunofluorescence analysis of independent clinical samples. Our data show that the expanding human skin epidermis maintained a cellular composition and lineage trajectory that are similar to its non-expanding neighbor, suggesting the cellular heterogeneity of long-term expanded samples differs from the early response to the expansion. Also, a decrease in proliferative cells due to the decayed regenerative competency was detected. On the other hand, profound transcriptional changes are detected for epidermal stem cells in the expanding skin versus their non-expanding peers. These include significantly enriched signatures of C-FOS, EMT, and mTOR pathways and upregulation of AREG and SERPINB2 genes. CellChat associated ligand-receptor pairs and signaling pathways were revealed. Together, our data present a single-cell atlas of human epidermal changes in long-term tissue expansion therapy, suggesting that transcriptional change in epidermal stem cells is the major mechanism underlying long-term human skin expansion therapy. We also identified novel therapeutic targets to promote human skin expansion efficiency in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luwen Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhou Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yashan Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolu Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hainan Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingfan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunchen Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laser Cosmetology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baojin Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Huashan Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiyue Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Bao Q, Ma X, Jia C, Wu X, Wu Y, Meng G, Bao P, Chu M, Guo X, Liang C, Yan P. Resequencing and Signatures of Selective Scans Point to Candidate Genetic Variants for Hair Length Traits in Long-Haired and Normal-Haired Tianzhu White Yak. Front Genet 2022; 13:798076. [PMID: 35360871 PMCID: PMC8962741 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.798076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tianzhu white yak is a rare local yak breed with a pure white coat in China. In recent years, breeders have discovered long-haired individuals characterized by long hair on the forehead in the Tianzhu white yak, and the length and density of the hair on these two parts of the body are higher than that of the normal Tianzhu white yak. To elucidate the genetic mechanism of hair length in Tianzhu white yak, we re-sequence the whole genome of long-haired Tianzhu White yak (LTWY) (n = 10) and normal Tianzhu White yak (NTWY) (n = 10). Then, fixation index (F ST), θπ ratio, cross-population composite likelihood ratio (XP-CLR), integrated haplotype score (iHS), cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH), and one composite method, the de-correlated composite of multiple signals (DCMS) were performed to discover the loci and genes related to long-haired traits. Based on five single methods, we found two hotspots of 0.2 and 1.1 MB in length on chromosome 6, annotating two (FGF5, CFAP299) and four genes (ATP8A1, SLC30A9, SHISA3, TMEM33), respectively. Function enrichment analysis of genes in two hotspots revealed Ras signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and Rap1 signaling pathway were involved in the process of hair length differences. Besides, the DCMS method further found that four genes (ACOXL, PDPK1, MAGEL2, CDH1) were associated with hair follicle development. Henceforth, our work provides novel genetic insights into the mechanisms of hair growth in the LTWY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Bao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Congjun Jia
- Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangyao Meng
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Chu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou, China
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20
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Zhao B, Wu C, Sammad A, Ma Z, Suo L, Wu Y, Fu X. The fiber diameter traits of Tibetan cashmere goats are governed by the inherent differences in stress, hypoxic, and metabolic adaptations: an integrative study of proteome and transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:191. [PMID: 35255833 PMCID: PMC8903710 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tibetan cashmere goats are served as a valuable model for high altitude adaptation and hypoxia complications related studies, while the cashmere produced by these goats is an important source of income for the herders. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in protein abundance underlying the fine (average 12.20 ± 0.03 μm of mean fiber diameter) and coarse cashmere (average 14.67 ± 0.05 μm of mean fiber diameter) producing by Tibetan cashmere goats. We systematically investigated the genetic determinants of fiber diameter by integrated analysis with proteomic and transcriptomic datasets from skin tissues of Tibetan cashmere goats. Results We identified 1980 proteins using a label-free proteomics approach. They were annotated to three different databases, while 1730 proteins were mapped to the original protein coding genes (PCGs) of the transcriptomic study. Comparative analyses of cashmere with extremely fine vs. coarse phenotypes yielded 29 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), for instance, APOH, GANAB, AEBP1, CP, CPB2, GPR142, VTN, IMPA1, CTSZ, GLB1, and HMCN1. Functional enrichment analysis of these DEPs revealed their involvement in oxidation-reduction process, cell redox homeostasis, metabolic, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and Wnt signaling pathways. Transcription factors enrichment analysis revealed the proteins mainly belong to NF-YB family, HMG family, CSD family. We further validated the protein abundance of four DEPs (GC, VTN, AEBP1, and GPR142) through western blot, and considered they were the most potential candidate genes for cashmere traits in Tibetan cashmere goats. Conclusions These analyses indicated that the major biological variations underlying the difference of cashmere fiber diameter in Tibetan cashmere goats were attributed to the inherent adaptations related to metabolic, hypoxic, and stress response differences. This study provided novel insights into the breeding strategies for cashmere traits and enhance the understanding of the biological and genetic mechanisms of cashmere traits in Tibetan cashmere goats. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08422-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingru Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiling Wu
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Abdul Sammad
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of the Wool Sheep & Cashmere Goat in Xinjiang, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Langda Suo
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Yujiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China.
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of the Wool Sheep & Cashmere Goat in Xinjiang, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China.
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