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Petrossian GA, Elwin A, Sosnowski M, Nunphong T, Chiang HT, Riungu JK, D'Cruze N. A synthesis of wild animal-related trade laws in some of the world's most biodiverse countries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120141. [PMID: 38354606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
We examined the laws and legal provisions governing the commercial trade of terrestrial wild fauna across the trade chain in some of the world's megadiverse countries and how these relate to key animal welfare and conservation concerns. Over the past century, an increase in the quantity and complexity of laws related to commercial wildlife trade has been observed in the 11 focal countries examined. Our review identified 95 laws with 560 provisions adopted since 1910 across these countries. Surprisingly, the level of biological diversity in a country does not correlate with the extent of legislation addressing wildlife trade. Moreover, legislation is unevenly distributed across different stages of the wildlife trade chain, with more provisions on extraction and transportation compared to captive management. Notably, animal welfare considerations are relatively underrepresented in legislation related to wildlife trade, despite their broad implications for public health and economies. Urgent legislative action is needed to meet global biodiversity targets and respond to the challenges posed by the growing scale and complexity of the wildlife trade. Recommendations are made to streamline legislation, consider the legal status of wild animals, and address gaps in enforcement mechanisms. We conclude that alignment of national and international regulations is crucial for the effective protection of both wild animal populations and individual animals' welfare in the context of commercial trade. Further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of existing laws, bridge legal gaps, and address diverse concerns related to wildlife trade, including public health and the rights of local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohar A Petrossian
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Department of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th Street, New York, NY, 10019, USA.
| | - Angie Elwin
- World Animal Protection, 222, Gray's Inn Rd, London, UK.
| | - Monique Sosnowski
- Farmingdale State College, Department of Criminal Justice, 2350 Broadhollow Road, Farmingdale, NY, 11735, USA.
| | - Thanaphon Nunphong
- Department of Probation, 4 & 6 Fl Chaengwattana Government Complex Building A, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
| | - Ho-Tu Chiang
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Department of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th Street, New York, NY, 10019, USA.
| | - Jim Karani Riungu
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Department of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th Street, New York, NY, 10019, USA.
| | - Neil D'Cruze
- World Animal Protection, 222, Gray's Inn Rd, London, UK; Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, UK.
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Gippet JMW, Sherpa Z, Bertelsmeier C. Reliability of social media data in monitoring the global pet trade in ants. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2023; 37:e13994. [PMID: 36424881 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The global pet trade is a major risk to biodiversity and humans and has become increasingly globalized, diversified, digitalized, and extremely difficult to control. With billions of internet users posting online daily, social media could be a powerful surveillance tool. But it is unknown how reliably social media can track the global pet trade. We tested whether Instagram data predicted the geographic distribution of pet stores and the taxonomic composition of traded species in the emerging pet trade in ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). We visited 138 online stores selling ants as pets worldwide and recorded the species traded. We scraped ∼38,000 Instagram posts from ∼6300 users referencing ants as pets and analyzed comments on post and geolocation (available for ∼1800 users). We tested whether the number of Instagram users predicted the number of ant sellers per country and whether the species referenced as pets on Instagram matched the species offered in online stores, with a particular focus on invasive species. The location of Instagram users referencing ants as pets predicted the location of ant sellers across the globe (R2 = 0.87). Instagram data detected 439 of the 631 ant species traded in online stores (70%), including 59 of the 68 invasive species traded (87%). The number of Instagram users referencing a species was a good predictor of the number of sellers offering the species (R2 = 0.77). Overall, Instagram data provided affordable and reliable data for monitoring the emerging pet trade in ants. Easier access to these data would facilitate monitoring of the global pet trade and help implement relevant regulations in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme M W Gippet
- Department of Ecology and evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoé Sherpa
- Department of Ecology and evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cleo Bertelsmeier
- Department of Ecology and evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Hughes A, Auliya M, Altherr S, Scheffers B, Janssen J, Nijman V, Shepherd CR, D'Cruze N, Sy E, Edwards DP. Determining the sustainability of legal wildlife trade. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 341:117987. [PMID: 37178541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploitation of wildlife represents one of the greatest threats to species survival according to the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Whilst detrimental impacts of illegal trade are well recognised, legal trade is often equated to being sustainable despite the lack of evidence or data in the majority of cases. We review the sustainability of wildlife trade, the adequacy of tools, safeguards, and frameworks to understand and regulate trade, and identify gaps in data that undermine our ability to truly understand the sustainability of trade. We provide 183 examples showing unsustainable trade in a broad range of taxonomic groups. In most cases, neither illegal nor legal trade are supported by rigorous evidence of sustainability, with the lack of data on export levels and population monitoring data precluding true assessments of species or population-level impacts. We propose a more precautionary approach to wildlife trade and monitoring that requires those who profit from trade to provide proof of sustainability. We then identify four core areas that must be strengthened to achieve this goal: (1) rigorous data collection and analyses of populations; (2) linking trade quotas to IUCN and international accords; (3) improved databases and compliance of trade; and (4) enhanced understanding of trade bans, market forces, and species substitutions. Enacting these core areas in regulatory frameworks, including CITES, is essential to the continued survival of many threatened species. There are no winners from unsustainable collection and trade: without sustainable management not only will species or populations become extinct, but communities dependent upon these species will lose livelihoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Mark Auliya
- Department of Herpetology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Brett Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jordi Janssen
- Monitor Conservation Research Society, PO BOX 200, Big Lake Ranch, BC, V0L 1G0, Canada
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Chris R Shepherd
- Monitor Conservation Research Society, PO BOX 200, Big Lake Ranch, BC, V0L 1G0, Canada
| | - Neil D'Cruze
- The Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney, UK; World Animal Protection, 222 Greys Inn Road, London, WC1X 8HB, UK
| | - Emerson Sy
- Philippine Center for Terrestrial & Aquatic Research, Manila, Philippines
| | - David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Oludairo OO, Kwaga JKP, Kabir J, Abdu PA, Gitanjali A, Perrets A, Cibin V, Lettini AA, Aiyedun JO. Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. isolated from the environment and the roles played by wild animals in their maintenance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2023.1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a ubiquitous organism of public health importance that causes diarrhea and other systemic disease syndromes. The ecology and epidemiology of the organism in addition to the roles played by wild animals are important in understanding its disease. Relevant published peer-reviewed literature was obtained after imputing the study's keywords into the Google search engine. The publications were thereafter saved for the study. The study revealed the ecology of Salmonella is directly related to its epidemiology. These were found to be either positively or negatively influenced by the living and non-living parts of the environment. Free-ranging and captive wild animals can serve as asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, therefore, help to maintain the cycle of the disease since wildlife serves as reservoir hosts to over 70% of emerging zoonotic diseases. Cockroaches transmit Salmonella through their feces, and body parts and when ingested by birds and animals. The statistically significant over 83% of Salmonella isolation in lizards suggests the reptile could be a source of Salmonella distribution. Snakes, foxes, badgers, rodents, and raccoons have been reported to have Salmonella as a natural component of their gut with the ability to shed the organism often. The high occurrence (>45%) of diverse Salmonella serovars coupled with the fact that some of these animals were handled, kept as pets and consumed by man portends these animals as potential sources of transmission of the organism and the disease. The etiology and epidemiology of Salmonella are overtly affected by several environmental factors which also determine their survival and maintenance. The roles played by wild animals in the relationship, transmission, growth or interaction within and between Salmonella spp., the occurrence, prevalence, and distribution of the organism help maintain the organism in the environment. An understanding of the roles played by the different parts of the environment and wild animals in the ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella can help make informed decisions on the prevention and control of the diseases it causes. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between ecology, epidemiology, and environment, including the roles played by wild animals in the maintenance of the organism and its disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo Oyedeji Oludairo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Jacob K. P. Kwaga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Junaid Kabir
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Paul A. Abdu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Arya Gitanjali
- OIE Salmonella Reference Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann Perrets
- OIE Salmonella Reference Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veronica Cibin
- Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Viale dell'Università, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Antonia Anna Lettini
- Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Viale dell'Università, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Julius O. Aiyedun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Mazza G, Mori E. Solitary, in the night, it goes: summary of records and range expansion of the common genet in Italy. MAMMALIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2022-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The common genet Genetta genetta is a small carnivoran mammal with a wide distribution range covering most of Africa. This species has been introduced to the Iberian Peninsula over 1000 years ago, and then it has spread throughout most of France, reaching Switzerland and North-Western Italy. In this note, we summarised the distribution of the common genet, in Italy, by reviewing grey/scientific literature and records available on online citizen-science platforms. We collected a total of 39 confirmed records, mainly from latrines and killed individuals, which showed that the species, present almost during all the year, has increased its range since the previous summary of 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mazza
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA – DC) , Via Lanciola 12/a, 50125 , Cascine del Riccio (Firenze) , Italy
| | - Emiliano Mori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri – Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 , Sesto Fiorentino (FI) , Italy
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Beck D. Advising clients on management and husbandry techniques for reptiles and exotics. IN PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Atoussi S, Razkallah I, Ameziane IN, Boudebbouz A, Bara M, Bouslama Z, Houhamdi M. Illegal wildlife trade in Algeria, insight via online selling platforms. Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadek Atoussi
- Département d'Écologie Laboratoire de Recherche Biologie eau et Environnement « LBEE » Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma Guelma Algeria
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group Oxford Brookes University Oxford UK
| | - Imane Razkallah
- EcoSTAq Laboratoire d'Écologie des Systèmes Terrestres et Aquatiques Université Badji‐Mokhtar Annaba Algeria
- Centre de Recherche en Environnement Université Badji Mokhtar Annaba Annaba Algeria
| | - Idir Nazim Ameziane
- Département d'Écologie Laboratoire de Recherche Biologie eau et Environnement « LBEE » Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma Guelma Algeria
| | - Ali Boudebbouz
- Département de Biologie Laboratoire de Recherché Biologie eau et Environnement « LBEE » Uninersité 8 Mai 1945 Guelma Guelma Algeria
| | - Mouslim Bara
- Département d'Écologie Laboratoire de Recherche Biologie eau et Environnement « LBEE » Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma Guelma Algeria
| | - Zihad Bouslama
- Centre de Recherche en Environnement Université Badji Mokhtar Annaba Annaba Algeria
- Departement de Biologie Faculte´ des Sciences EcoSTAq Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Systemes Terrestres et Aquatiques Universite Badji‐Mokhtar Annaba Algeria
| | - Moussa Houhamdi
- Departement SNV Laboratoire de Recherché Biologie eau et Environnement « LBEE » Uninersité 8 Mai 1945 Guelma Guelma Algeria
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Inferring patterns of wildlife trade through monitoring social media: Shifting dynamics of trade in wild-sourced African Grey parrots following major regulatory changes. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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