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Porcar Plana CA, Campos Mollo E, Boronat Seguí F, Lledó Riquelme MD, Marfil Regero D, Silvestre Beneito C, Peris Martínez C. Study of stereopsis using a depth sensation detection platform equipped with computer vision technology (DALE3D). JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2024; 17:100491. [PMID: 38218113 PMCID: PMC10797542 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2023.100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The invention described herein is a prototype based on computer vision technology that measures depth perception and is intended for the early examination of stereopsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prototype (software and hardware) is a depth perception measurement system that consists on: (a) a screen showing stereoscopic models with a guide point that the subject must point to; (b) a camera capturing the distance between the screen and the subject's finger; and (c) a unit for recording, processing and storing the captured measurements. For test validation, the reproducibility and reliability of the platform were calculated by comparing results with standard stereoscopic tests. A demographic study of depth perception by subgroup analysis is shown. Subjective comparison of the different tests was carried out by means of a satisfaction survey. RESULTS We included 94 subjects, 25 children and 69 adults, with a mean age of 34.2 ± 18.9 years; 36.2 % were men and 63.8 % were women. The DALE3D platform obtained good repeatability with an interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between 0.94 and 0.87, and coefficient of variation (CV) between 0.1 and 0.26. Threshold determining optimal and suboptimal results was calculated for Randot and DALE3D test. Spearman's correlation coefficient, between thresholds was not statistically significant (p value > 0.05). The test was considered more visually appealing and easier to use by the participants (90 % maximum score). CONCLUSIONS The DALE3D platform is a potentially useful tool for measuring depth perception with optimal reproducibility rates. Its innovative design makes it a more intuitive tool for children than current stereoscopic tests. Nevertheless, further studies will be needed to assess whether the depth perception measured by the DALE3D platform is a sufficiently reliable parameter to assess stereopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ezequiel Campos Mollo
- Hospital Virgen de los Lirios, Ophthalmology Department, Polígono Carmanxell S/N 03804, Alcoy Alicante, Spain
| | - Fernando Boronat Seguí
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Gandía, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, C/ Paraninfo 1, Edificio F, 46730 Gandia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Marfil Regero
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Gandía, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, C/ Paraninfo 1, Edificio F, 46730 Gandia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Silvestre Beneito
- Hospital Virgen de los Lirios, Optometry, Polígono Carmanxell S/N 03804, Alcoy Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristina Peris Martínez
- FISABIO - Medical Ophthalmology (FOM), Avenida Pío Baroja, 12, 46015 Valencia Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Cirugía (Oftalmología), Facultad de Medicina, Av Blasco Ibáñez15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Neupane S, Skerswetat J, Bex PJ. Comparison of Foraging Interactive D-prime and Angular Indication Measurement Stereo with different methods to assess stereopsis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305036. [PMID: 38848392 PMCID: PMC11161055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Stereopsis is a critical visual function, however clinical stereotests are time-consuming, coarse in resolution, suffer memorization artifacts, poor repeatability, and low agreement with other tests. Foraging Interactive D-prime (FInD) Stereo and Angular Indication Measurement (AIM) Stereo were designed to address these problems. Here, their performance was compared with 2-Alternative-Forced-Choice (2-AFC) paradigms (FInD Stereo only) and clinical tests (Titmus and Randot) in 40 normally-sighted and 5 binocularly impaired participants (FInD Stereo only). METHODS During FInD tasks, participants indicated which cells in three 4*4 charts of bandpass-filtered targets (1,2,4,8c/° conditions) contained depth, compared with 2-AFC and clinical tests. During the AIM task, participants reported the orientation of depth-defined bars in three 4*4 charts. Stereoscopic disparity was adaptively changed after each chart. Inter-test agreement, repeatability and duration were compared. RESULTS Test duration was significantly longer for 2-AFC (mean = 317s;79s per condition) than FInD (216s,18s per chart), AIM (179s, 60s per chart), Titmus (66s) or RanDot (97s). Estimates of stereoacuity differed across tests and were higher by a factor of 1.1 for AIM and 1.3 for FInD. No effect of stimulus spatial frequency was found. Agreement among tests was generally low (R2 = 0.001 to 0.24) and was highest between FInD and 2-AFC (R2 = 0.24;p<0.01). Stereoacuity deficits were detected by all tests in binocularly impaired participants. CONCLUSIONS Agreement among all tests was low. FInD and AIM inter-test agreement was comparable with other methods. FInD Stereo detected stereo deficits and may only require one condition to identify these deficits. AIM and FInD are response-adaptive, self-administrable methods that can estimate stereoacuity reliably within one minute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonisha Neupane
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan Skerswetat
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Bex
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Al-Amad SH, Alhammouri QM, Jaser S, Inshasi FK. Association between stereoacuity and simulated clinical performance among dental students: an exploratory investigation. J Dent Educ 2024; 88:418-424. [PMID: 38031318 DOI: 10.1002/jdd.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dentistry is a profession that requires a high level of the hand-eye coordination. Although considerable attention has been put on dental students' manual dexterity, little emphasis was made on students' visual competency as a variable influencing their competency. In this study, we aimed to assess the association between dental students' stereopsis and their pre-clinical performance. METHODS Dental students (n = 49) were required to perform the porcelain-fused-to-crown preparation for a lower first molar and an upper central incisor plastic teeth mounted on phantom heads. Performance was assessed by two faculty members based on two rubrics, which collectively included 11 assessment criteria. Afterward, students undertook a stereoacuity test using Randot stereotest. Stereopsis values greater than 40 arc/s were considered abnormal. RESULTS A significant negative correlation was seen between stereopsis scores and students' grades for the upper incisor (p < 0.01), but not for the lower molar. An association was also seen between abnormal stereopsis and students' poor performance in preparing the finish line of the incisor tooth (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION Abnormal stereopsis can impact dental students' performance, particularly when preparing teeth indirectly using a dental mirror. Dental educators should give attention to students' stereoacuity, in a manner similar to that given to students' manual dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Jaser
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Chen X, Liu J, Xu Z, Zhuang Y, Zhou Y, He Y, Yao Y, Yuan J, Feng L, Ye Q, Wen Y, Jia Y, Lu ZL, Lin X, Li J. Binocular Summation With Quantitative Contrast Sensitivity Function: A Novel Parameter to Evaluate Binocular Function in Intermittent Exotropia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:3. [PMID: 38165705 PMCID: PMC10768712 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is the most common form of strabismus. Surgery can potentially improve binocular function in patients with IXT. We aimed to evaluate binocular function using a novel parameter-binocular summation ratio (BSR), measured using quantitative contrast sensitivity function (CSF) in patients with IXT before and after surgery. Methods Prospective study of 63 patients with IXT and 41 healthy controls were consecutively enrolled and underwent quantitative CSF testing binocularly and monocularly. BSR was calculated by dividing the CSF of the binocular value by the better monocular value. Forty-eight patients with IXT underwent strabismus surgery. BSR, stereoacuity, fusion ability, and strabismus questionnaires were assessed pre-operatively and 2 months postoperatively. Results Sixty-three patients with IXT (median age = 9 years) compared with 41 healthy controls showed a worse mean BSR based on all CSF metrics at baseline (the area under the log CSF [AULCSF], spatial frequency [SF] cutoff, and contrast sensitivity at 1.0-18.0 cpd SF). All 48 patients with IXT showed successful alignment after surgery, and there were significant improvements in BSR based on the AULCSF, SF cutoff, and contrast sensitivity at 6.0, 12.0, and 18.0 cpd SF, respectively. The distance stereoacuity and fusion ability also improved after surgery, and a better BSR was associated with better stereoacuity and fusion. For strabismus questionnaires, the psychosocial subscale scores improved postoperatively, whereas the functional subscale scores did not change. Conclusions BSR based on quantitative CSF can characterize binocular function across a range of spatial frequencies and can be used as a supplemental measurement for monitoring binocularity in patients with IXT in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yusong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunsi He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junpeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Zwierko T, Redondo B, Jedziniak W, Molina R, Jiménez R, Vera J. Gaze behaviour during multiple object tracking is dependent on binocular vision integrity. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024; 44:23-31. [PMID: 37641939 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the critical importance of binocular vision integrity in daily activities, there exists limited understanding of how alterations in binocular vision integrity impact gaze behaviour during dynamic, complex psychomotor skills. This study aimed to measure how alterations in binocular vision integrity, created by Bangerter filters (BF), affect gaze behaviour during multiple object tracking (MOT). METHODS During the experiment, 22 volunteers completed the MOT task under three different visual conditions. The first condition involved natural binocular viewing, while the second and third conditions used 0.4 and 0.2 neutral density BF, respectively, resulting in monocular blur in the sensorially dominant eye. During the MOT task, participants were instructed to track three of eight balls for 10 s, and the speed was adjusted using a staircase procedure. Throughout the task, the following gaze parameters were recorded: fixation duration, saccade duration, amplitude and frequency as well as blink rate. RESULTS During MOT execution, participants employed three gaze strategies regardless of viewing conditions: saccadic movements were predominant, followed by maintaining fixation on a central location throughout the trial and to a lesser extent, smooth pursuit eye movements. There was a significant effect of manipulating viewing conditions on the MOT scores (p = 0.046, η2 = 0.09). As the viewing conditions became more difficult, we observed a decrease in fixation duration (p = 0.004, η2 = 0.16) and blink rate (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.20) and an increase in saccadic amplitude (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS The results support the notion that perceptual-cognitive skills depend on the integrity of binocular vision, underscoring the sensitivity of gaze behaviours to any impairment of binocular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zwierko
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Laboratory of Kinesiology, Functional and Structural Human Research Centre, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatríz Redondo
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wojciech Jedziniak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Laboratory of Kinesiology, Functional and Structural Human Research Centre, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ruben Molina
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Vera
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Molle F, Savastano MC, Giannuzzi F, Fossataro C, Brando D, Molle A, Rebecchi MT, Falsini B, Mattei R, Mirisola G, Poretti E, Cestrone V, D'Agostino E, Bassi P, Scambia G, Rizzo S. 3D Da Vinci robotic surgery: is it a risk to the surgeon's eye health? J Robot Surg 2023; 17:1995-2000. [PMID: 37103772 PMCID: PMC10492867 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-023-01604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Da Vinci three-dimensional (3D) system has been increasingly used in customary surgical settings, gaining fundamental relevance for abdominal, urological, and gynecological laparoscopic surgery. The aim of this research is to evaluate the degree of discomfort and potential changes in the binocular vision and ocular motility of surgical operators, who employ 3D vision systems during Da Vinci robotic surgery. Twenty-four surgeons were enrolled in the study, including twelve who typically use the 3D Da Vinci system and twelve who routinely employ 2D system. Routine general ophthalmological and orthoptic examinations were conducted at baseline (T0), the day before surgery, and 30 min after the 3D or 2D surgery (T1). In addition, surgeons were interviewed using a questionnaire of 18 symptoms, with each item containing three questions regarding the frequency, severity, and bothersomeness of the symptoms, in order to evaluate the degree of discomfort. Mean age at evaluation was 45.28 ± 8.71 years (range 33-63 years). Cover test, uncover test, and fusional amplitude showed no statistically significant difference. After surgery, no statistical difference was observed in the Da Vinci group on the TNO stereotest (p > 0.9999). However, the difference in the 2D group resulted statistically significant (p = 0.0156). Comparing participants (p 0.0001) and time (T0-T1; p = 0.0137), the difference between the two groups was statistically significant. Surgeons using 2D systems reported more discomfort than those using 3D systems. The absence of short-term consequences following surgery with the Da Vinci 3D system is a promising conclusion, considering the numerous advantages of this technology. Nonetheless, multicenter investigations and more studies are required to verify and interpret our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Molle
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Savastano
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Giannuzzi
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Fossataro
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Brando
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Molle
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Rebecchi
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Falsini
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Mattei
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mirisola
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Poretti
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Cestrone
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena D'Agostino
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Bassi
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
- Urology Department, Sacro Cuore Catholic University, A. Gemelli University Hospital, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman, Child, and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Stanislao Rizzo
- Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS", Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", 00168, Rome, Italy
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Wong SW, Crowe P. Visualisation ergonomics and robotic surgery. J Robot Surg 2023; 17:1873-1878. [PMID: 37204648 PMCID: PMC10492791 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-023-01618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stereopsis may be an advantage of robotic surgery. Perceived robotic ergonomic advantages in visualisation include better exposure, three-dimensional vision, surgeon camera control, and line of sight screen location. Other ergonomic factors relating to visualisation include stereo-acuity, vergence-accommodation mismatch, visual-perception mismatch, visual-vestibular mismatch, visuospatial ability, visual fatigue, and visual feedback to compensate for lack of haptic feedback. Visual fatigue symptoms may be related to dry eye or accommodative/binocular vision stress. Digital eye strain can be measured by questionnaires and objective tests. Management options include treatment of dry eye, correction of refractive error, and management of accommodation and vergence anomalies. Experienced robotic surgeons can use visual cues like tissue deformation and surgical tool information as surrogates for haptic feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Wai Wong
- Department of General Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Randwick Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Philip Crowe
- Department of General Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Randwick Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Alarcon Carrillo S, Hess RF, Mao Y, Zhou J, Baldwin AS. Amblyopic stereo vision is efficient but noisy. Vision Res 2023; 210:108267. [PMID: 37285783 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
People with amblyopia demonstrate a reduced ability to judge depth using stereopsis. Our understanding of this deficit is limited, as standard clinical stereo tests may not be suited to give a quantitative account of the residual stereo ability in amblyopia. In this study we used a stereo test designed specifically for that purpose. Participants identified the location of a disparity-defined odd-one-out target within a random-dot display. We tested 29 amblyopic (3 strabismic, 17 anisometropic, 9 mixed) participants and 17 control participants. We obtained stereoacuity thresholds from 59% of our amblyopic participants. There was a factor of two difference between the median stereoacuity of our amblyopic (103 arcsec) and control (56 arcsec) groups. We used the equivalent noise method to evaluate the role of equivalent internal noise and processing efficiency in amblyopic stereopsis. Using the linear amplifier model (LAM), we determined the threshold difference was due to a greater equivalent internal noise in the amblyopic group (238 vs 135 arcsec), with no significant difference in processing efficiency. A multiple linear regression determined 56% of the stereoacuity variance within the amblyopic group was predicted by the two LAM parameters, with equivalent internal noise predicting 46% alone. Analysis of control group data aligned with our previous work, finding that trade-offs between equivalent internal noise and efficiency play a greater role. Our results allow a better understanding of what is limiting amblyopic performance in our task. We find this to be a reduced quality of disparity signals in the input to the task-specific processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alarcon Carrillo
- McGill University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montreal, Canada
| | - Robert F Hess
- McGill University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yu Mao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Alex S Baldwin
- McGill University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montreal, Canada.
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Mehta J, O'Connor A. Test retest variability in stereoacuity measurements. Strabismus 2023; 31:188-196. [PMID: 37705215 DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2023.2252853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: A clinician's choice of stereotest is influenced by the robustness of the measurement, in terms of sensitivity, specificity and test-retest variability. In relation to the latter aspect, there are limited data on the test-retest variability of these new tests and how they compare to the more commonly used stereotests. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the test-retest variability of four different measures of stereoacuity (TNO, Frisby, Lang Stereopad and Asteroid (Accurate STEReotest On a mobIle Device)) and to compare the stereoacuity measurements between the tests in an adult population. Methods: Stereoacuity was measured twice using TNO, Frisby, Lang Stereopad and Asteroid. Inclusion criteria included adult participants (18 years and older), no known ophthalmic condition and VA (Visual Acuity) equal to or better than 0.3 logMAR (Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution) with interocular difference of less than 0.2 logMAR. Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess agreement within and between stereotests. Differences in stereo thresholds were compared using signed Wilcoxon tests. Results: Fifty-four adults (male: 23 and female: 31) with VA equal to or better than 0.3 logMAR in either eye and interocular difference less than 0.2 logMAR were assessed (mean age: 38 years, SD: 12.7, range: 18-72). The test-retest variability of all the clinical stereotests, with the exception of the Lang Stereopad (p = .03, Wilcoxon signed-rank test), was clinically insignificant as the mean bias was equal or less than 0.06 log seconds of arc (equivalent to 1.15 seconds of arc). While the Asteroid test had the smallest variation between repeated measures (mean bias: -0.01 log seconds of arc), the Frisby and Lang Stereopad tests had the narrowest and widest limits of agreement respectively. When comparing results between tests, the biggest mean bias was between Frisby and Lang Stereopad (-0.62 log seconds of arc), and 64.8% and 31.5% of differences were in the medium (21-100" of arc) and larger (>100" of arc) ranges respectively. Conclusion: The TNO and Frisby tests have good reliability but measure stereoacuity over a narrower range compared to the Asteroid which shows less variation on repeated testing but has a larger testing range. The data reported here show varying degrees of agreement in a cohort of visually normal participants, and further investigation is required to determine if there is further variability when stereoacuity is reduced.
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Souchet AD, Lourdeaux D, Burkhardt JM, Hancock PA. Design guidelines for limiting and eliminating virtual reality-induced symptoms and effects at work: a comprehensive, factor-oriented review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1161932. [PMID: 37359863 PMCID: PMC10288216 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1161932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) can induce side effects known as virtual reality-induced symptoms and effects (VRISE). To address this concern, we identify a literature-based listing of these factors thought to influence VRISE with a focus on office work use. Using those, we recommend guidelines for VRISE amelioration intended for virtual environment creators and users. We identify five VRISE risks, focusing on short-term symptoms with their short-term effects. Three overall factor categories are considered: individual, hardware, and software. Over 90 factors may influence VRISE frequency and severity. We identify guidelines for each factor to help reduce VR side effects. To better reflect our confidence in those guidelines, we graded each with a level of evidence rating. Common factors occasionally influence different forms of VRISE. This can lead to confusion in the literature. General guidelines for using VR at work involve worker adaptation, such as limiting immersion times to between 20 and 30 min. These regimens involve taking regular breaks. Extra care is required for workers with special needs, neurodiversity, and gerontechnological concerns. In addition to following our guidelines, stakeholders should be aware that current head-mounted displays and virtual environments can continue to induce VRISE. While no single existing method fully alleviates VRISE, workers' health and safety must be monitored and safeguarded when VR is used at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis D. Souchet
- Heudiasyc UMR 7253, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Compiègne, France
- Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Domitile Lourdeaux
- Heudiasyc UMR 7253, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Compiègne, France
| | | | - Peter A. Hancock
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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11
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Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Colpa L, Wong A. The role of binocular vision in the control and development of visually guided upper limb movements. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210461. [PMID: 36511416 PMCID: PMC9745875 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision provides a key sensory input for the performance of fine motor skills, which are fundamentally important to daily life activities, as well as skilled occupational and recreational performance. Binocular visual function is a crucial aspect of vision that requires the ability to combine inputs from both eyes into a unified percept. Summation and fusion are two aspects of binocular processing associated with performance advantages, including more efficient visuomotor control of upper limb movements. This paper uses the multiple processes model of limb control to explore how binocular viewing could facilitate the planning and execution of prehension movements in adults and typically developing children. Insight into the contribution of binocularity to visuomotor control also comes from examining motor performance in individuals with amblyopia, a condition characterized by reduced visual acuity and poor binocular function. Overall, research in this field has advanced our understanding of the role of binocular vision in the development and performance of visuomotor skills, the first step towards developing assessment tools and targeted rehabilitation for children with neurodevelopment disorders at risk of poor visuomotor outcomes. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'New approaches to 3D vision'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo
- Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Linda Colpa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Agnes Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
- University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A4
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Bui Quoc E, Kulp MT, Burns JG, Thompson B. Amblyopia: A review of unmet needs, current treatment options, and emerging therapies. Surv Ophthalmol 2023; 68:507-525. [PMID: 36681277 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Amblyopia is a global public health issue with extensive, multifaceted impacts on vision and quality of life (QoL) for both patients and families. Geographical variation exists in the management of amblyopia, with traditional mainstay treatments, optical correction, and fellow eye occlusion most successful when implemented at an early age. In recent years, however, studies demonstrating meaningful improvements in older children and adults have challenged the concept of a complete loss of visual processing plasticity beyond the critical period of visual development, with growing evidence supporting the potential efficacy of emerging, more engaging, binocular therapies in both adults and children. Binocular approaches aim to restore deficits in amblyopia that extend beyond monocular visual acuity impairment, including binocular fusion and visuomotor skills. In view of this, incorporating outcome measures that evaluate the visual performance and functional ability of individuals with amblyopia will provide a clearer understanding of the effect of amblyopia on QoL and a more comprehensive evaluation of amblyopia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bui Quoc
- Ophthalmology Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Benjamin Thompson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Canada; Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong
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Lohia K, Soans RS, Agarwal D, Tandon R, Saxena R, Gandhi TK. Stereopsis following surgery in children with congenital and developmental cataracts: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surv Ophthalmol 2023; 68:126-141. [PMID: 35988744 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We estimated the proportion of children with stereopsis following surgery in congenital and developmental cataracts by systematic review and meta-analysis and also considered the factors influencing stereopsis, such as intervention age and presence of strabismus. Stereopsis is directly related to quality of life, and investigating its levels following cataract surgery in children may help decide the right time to intervene, particularly in the context of brain plasticity. We conducted a systematic literature search using Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science and found 25 case series, 3 cohorts, and 3 clinical trial studies from 1/1/1995 to 31/12/2020. Study-specific proportions of stereopsis from 923 children were pooled using a random-effects model, and stratified analyses were conducted based on intervention age and pre-existing strabismus as a confounder. We appraised the risk of bias using tools published by National Institutes of Health and evaluated publication bias with funnel plots and the Egger test. The pooled proportions of stereopsis based on 8 unilateral and 6 bilateral congenital cataract studies were 0.37 (95% CIs: [0.24, 0.53]) and 0.45 (95% CIs: [0.24,0.68]) when patients with preexisting strabismus were excluded as a confounder. When the intervention age was ≤6 months, proportions in unilateral congenital cataract group significantly increased to 0.52 (95% CIs: [0.37, 0.66]; P = 0.49) compared to 0.26 (95% CIs: [0.14, 0.44]; P = 0.16) otherwise. A similar increase in proportions was found when intervention age ≤4 months. In both unilateral and bilateral congenital cataract groups, proportions increased significantly when the confounder was excluded. Overall, proportions in bilateral congenital cataracts were significantly greater than unilateral cases (irrespective of confounder). Eight unilateral and 5 bilateral developmental cataract studies resulted in pooled proportions of 0.62 (95% CIs: [0.27, 0.88] and 0.82 (95% CIs: [0.4, 0.97]), respectively. Although proportions for bilateral developmental cataracts were greater than unilateral cataracts (irrespective of confounder), results were not statistically significant. Finally, proportions in unilateral developmental cataracts were significantly greater than unilateral congenital cataracts (Z = 7.413, P = 6.173694e-14). We conclude that surgical intervention within first 4-6 months can significantly affect postoperative outcomes in unilateral congenital cataracts. Analysis of existing data does not show a significant effect of intervention age on stereopsis outcomes for developmental cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Lohia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rijul Saurabh Soans
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi, New Delhi, India; Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Divya Agarwal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Radhika Tandon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Gandhi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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Clayton R, Siderov J. Differences in stereoacuity between crossed and uncrossed disparities reduce with practice. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2022; 42:1353-1362. [PMID: 35997266 PMCID: PMC9804356 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stereoacuity, like many forms of hyperacuity, improves with practice. We investigated the effects of repeated measurements over multiple visits on stereoacuity using two commonly utilised clinical stereotests, for both crossed and uncrossed disparity stimuli. METHODS Participants were adults with normal binocular vision (n = 17) aged between 18 and 50 years. Stereoacuity was measured using the Randot and TNO stereotests on five separate occasions over a six week period. We utilised both crossed and uncrossed stimuli to separately evaluate stereoacuity in both disparity directions. A subset of the subject group also completed a further five visits over an additional six week period. Threshold stereoacuity was determined by the lowest disparity level at which the subjects could correctly identify both the position and disparity direction (crossed or uncrossed) of the stimulus. Data were analysed by repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Stereoacuity for crossed and uncrossed stimuli improved significantly across the first five visits (F1,21 = 4.24, p = 0.05). The main effect of disparity direction on stereoacuity was not significant (F1 = 0.02, p = 0.91). However, a significant interaction between disparity direction and stereotest was identified (F1 = 7.92, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Stereoacuity measured with both the TNO and Randot stereotests improved significantly over the course of five repetitions. Although differences between crossed and uncrossed stereoacuity were evident, they depended on the stereotest used and reduced or disappeared after repeated measurements. A single measure of stereoacuity is inadequate for properly evaluating adult stereopsis clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Clayton
- Centre for Vision across the Life Span, Department of Optometry and Vision SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldUK
| | - John Siderov
- Centre for Vision across the Life Span, Department of Optometry and Vision SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldUK
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15
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Vera J, Redondo B, Ocaso E, Martinez‐Guillorme S, Molina R, Jiménez R. Manipulating expectancies in optometry practice: Ocular accommodation and stereoacuity are sensitive to placebo and nocebo effects. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2022; 42:1390-1398. [PMID: 35959593 PMCID: PMC9804873 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is scientific evidence that an individual's beliefs and/or expectations play a role in the behavioural and physiological response to a given treatment. This study aimed to assess whether the dynamics of the accommodative response and stereoacuity are sensitive to experimentally induced placebo and nocebo effects. METHODS Nineteen healthy university students performed three experimental sessions (placebo, nocebo and control) in randomised order, with the dynamics of the accommodative response (magnitude and variability), stereoacuity and subjective measures being assessed in all sessions. For the experimental manipulation, participants ingested an inert capsule that was alleged to have positive (white capsule, placebo condition) or negative (yellow capsule, nocebo conditions) effects on the human physiology. In the control condition, participants did not ingest a capsule. RESULTS The data revealed that the variability of accommodation was sensitive to experimentally induced placebo and nocebo effects, showing a more stable accommodative response for the placebo compared with the nocebo condition (corrected p-value = 0.04, Cohen's d = 0.60). In addition, better stereoacuity was found with the placebo, compared with the nocebo (corrected p-value = 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.69) and control (corrected p-value = 0.03, Cohen's d = 0.59) conditions. Successful experimental manipulation was confirmed by the analysis of subjective perceptions. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that manipulating expectations about the efficacy of an inert treatment affect the dynamics of the accommodative response (variability of accommodation) and stereoacuity. The results have important applications in both clinical and research outcomes, where individuals´ beliefs/expectations could modulate the visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vera
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Beatriz Redondo
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Elena Ocaso
- Óptica del Penedes Optometry CenterZaragozaSpain
| | | | - Rubén Molina
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
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Marfil Reguero D, Porcar CA, Boronat F, Campos E. Computer vision-based system for early diagnosis of stereoscopic vision alterations. Inform Health Soc Care 2022; 48:165-180. [PMID: 35822283 DOI: 10.1080/17538157.2022.2086464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Stereopsis is the three-dimensional perception capability, which is possible when binocular vision is present. Development of binocular vision system ends around 7-year-old, and after this time brain connections are already set, therefore, it will be difficult to recover stereopsis. Early diagnosis of Stereoscopic Visual Alterations (SVA) in the childhood is paramount to receive an appropriate treatment as soon as possible. Currently, to detect SVA, ophthalmologists commonly carry out tests based on cards. All these tests are based on the random-dot-stereogram principle, with different seconds of arc images, which allows doctors to graduate stereopsis. Some limits of this tests have been identified, such as monocular clues (e.g., the contours of the objects), or the non-standardized range levels depending on the test. This paper presents a novel concept of measuring stereopsis based on computer vision techniques. The system detects SVA in patients and calculates the degree of the perceived depth. As early diagnosis of SVA may suppose a therapeutic possibility, this platform is aimed at children by using stereoscopic models with varied and attractive designs. To validate the proposal, an early-stage prototype has been implemented and an objective evaluation of the measurement accuracy and reliability has been carried out with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Marfil Reguero
- Department of Communications, Universitat Politècnica de València, Campus de Gandia, Gandia, Spain
| | - C A Porcar
- Department of Ophtalmology, Hospital Virgen de los Lirios, Alcoy, Spain
| | - F Boronat
- Department of Communications, Universitat Politècnica de València, Campus de Gandia, Gandia, Spain
| | - E Campos
- Department of Ophtalmology, Hospital Virgen de los Lirios, Alcoy, Spain
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Wang Y, Zhong J, Cheng M, Li J, Ma K, Hu X, Li N, Liang H, Zhu Z, Zhou J, Yuan J. A novel clinical dynamic stereopsis assessment based on autostereoscopic display system. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:656. [PMID: 35845544 PMCID: PMC9279808 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-6700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Although it is recognized that dynamic stereopsis is vital in daily life, there is still room for improvement in assessment methods. A novel clinical dynamic stereopsis assessment method was created based on an autostereoscopic display system that did not require additional auxiliary glasses. This study evaluated the optical parameters and clinical performance of the autostereoscopic display system for clinical dynamic stereopsis assessment. Methods The autostereoscopic dynamic stereopsis assessment device was based on a directional backlight technology. Experiment 1 was performed under the same environmental conditions to compare luminance, crosstalk, and spectrum between the autostereoscopic dynamic stereopsis assessment device and the conventional dynamic random-dot stereopsis measuring instrument. Experiment 2 was an observational, analytic, cross-sectional study involving 135 healthy participants, each of whom was asked to complete measurements on both the autostereoscopic and conventional devices in random order. Stereo acuity, operating time, acceptance, and visual fatigue scores were recorded for clinical evaluation. Results The autostereoscopic device had brighter luminance (139 and 140 cd/m2 for 2 eyes, respectively), lower crosstalk (4.50% for both eyes), and higher color restoration degree than those of the conventional instrument. Clinically, the novel dynamic stereopsis assessment was as accurate as the traditional method [170" (0.00") and 170" (0.00") respectively; P=0.317], and with more efficiency (166±58.9 and 298±116 s, respectively; P<0.001), higher acceptance (3.36±0.93 and 2.02±0.59 points, respectively; P<0.001), lesser fatigue (0.27±0.46 and 0.73±0.66 points, respectively; P<0.001). The autostereoscopic dynamic stereopsis assessment device with brighter luminance, lower crosstalk, and higher color restoration degree was more effective than the traditional instrument at displaying dynamic clues for clinical dynamic stereopsis assessment. Furthermore, its high-quality image and user-friendly interface provided accurate assessment results in all 3 dynamic stereopsis assessment task conditions, with a higher level of acceptance and lesser visual fatigue, than the traditional assessment method. Conclusions The autostereoscopic device has excellent functions in both optical parameters and clinical performance, and therefore has the potential to be applied and popularized in future assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Naiyang Li
- Eye Center, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Haowen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhu
- Shenzhen CESI Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
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Mehringer W, Wirth M, Roth D, Michelson G, Eskofier BM. Stereopsis Only: Validation of a Monocular Depth Cues Reduced Gamified Virtual Reality with Reaction Time Measurement. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2022; 28:2114-2124. [PMID: 35167462 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2022.3150486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The visual depth perception is composed of monocular and binocular depth cues. Studies show that in absence of binocular depth cues the performance of visuomotor tasks like pointing to or grasping objects is limited. Thus, binocular depth cues are of great importance for motor control required in everyday life. However, binocular depth cues like retinal disparity (basis for stereopsis) might be influenced due to developmental disorders of the visual system. For example, amblyopia in which one eye's visual input is not processed leads to loss of stereopsis. The primary amblyopia treatment is occlusion of the healthy eye to force the amblyopic eye to train. However, improvements in stereopsis are poor. Therefore, binocular treatments arose that equilibrate both eyes' visual input to enable binocular vision. However, most approaches rely on divided stimuli which do not account for loss of stereopsis. We created a Virtual Reality (VR) with reduced monocular depth cues in which a stereoscopic task is shown to both eyes simultaneously, consisting of two balls jumping towards the user. One ball appears closer to the user which must be identified. To evaluate the task performance the reaction time is measured. We validated our approach with 18 participants with stereopsis under three contrast settings including one leading to monocular vision. The number of correct responses reduces from 90% under binocular vision to 52% under monocular vision corresponding to random guessing. Our results indicate that it is possible to disable monocular depth cues and create a dynamic stereoscopic task inside a VR.
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Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Nabovati P, Emamian MH, Fotouhi A. A longitudinal study of local stereoacuity and associated factors in schoolchildren: The Shahroud Schoolchildren Eye Cohort Study. Clin Exp Optom 2022; 106:415-421. [PMID: 35263552 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2022.2048998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Impaired stereoacuity is seen in some children without amblyopia, strabismus, and clinically significant refractive errors. Therefore, there are probably other factors affecting stereoacuity. BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to investigate the longitudinal changes of local stereoacuity and associated factors in schoolchildren. METHODS The present report is a part of the Shahroud Schoolchildren Eye Cohort Study. The target population was children aged 6 to 12 years in Shahroud, Iran. The second phase of the study was conducted in 2018 by re-inviting all participants in the first phase (2015). After an initial interview, study participants underwent optometric examination and ocular biometry. Stereoacuity was evaluated using Stereo Fly Test. Exclusion criteria were functional amblyopia, strabismus, significant refractive errors, probable ocular pathology/organic amblyopia in either of the two study phases, a history of intraocular surgery or ocular trauma, and incomplete data. RESULTS The data of 4666 children were analysed for this report, of which 53.7% were male. The mean age of the studied participants in the second phase was 12.37 ± 1.71 years. The mean stereoacuity was 42.31 (95% CI: 42.05 - 42.57) seconds of arc in the first phase, which reduced to 51.72 (95% CI: 50.79-52.65) seconds of arc in the second phase (P < 0.001). The prevalence of poor stereoacuity was 0.17% (95% CI: 0.06-0.29) in the first phase, which increased to 3.94% (95% CI: 3.34-4.54) in the second phase (P < 0.001). According to the multiple linear regression, older age in the first study phase (β = 0.011, P < 0.001), urban residence (β = -0.019, P = 0.006), increased spherical anisometropia (0.038, P = 0.013), and increased axial length (β = 0.062, P = 0.003) were significantly associated with reduction of stereoacuity (in log scale) after three years. CONCLUSION In addition to the known risk factors of amblyopia, strabismus, and significant refractive errors, other factors are also associated with stereoacuity changes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Nabovati
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Akbar Fotouhi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Ale Magar JB, Shah SP, Sleep MG, Willett FA, Dai SH. Validity and repeatability of contour-based visotec distance stereoacuity test. Clin Exp Optom 2022; 106:283-289. [PMID: 35125046 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2022.2033599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE The clinical assessment of distance stereoacuity is important in some ocular conditions. Given the different neurophysiological mechanism for crossed and uncrossed stereoacuities, evaluation of both may provide additional insight into binocular vision disorders. BACKGROUND Clinical devices measuring distance crossed and uncrossed stereopsis are not readily available. Visotec Distance Stereo Test (VDST) is a contour-based device designed to measure both forms of distance stereoacuity. This study assesses the validity and test-retest reliability of the device in comparison to the random dot-based Randot Distance Stereo Test (RDST). METHOD VDST and RDST were administered to a total of 107 children, that included 51 'normal' and 56 'abnormal' (37 intermittent exotropia and 19 amblyopia) between the ages of 5 and 15 years. Two examiners retested stereoacuities in a sub-set of 62 randomly selected subjects. Stereoacuity was transformed to log scale. 95% limits of agreement were calculated for test-retest reliability. The Bland-Altman plot was used to demonstrate the agreement between the tests and the examiners. RESULTS The mean ± SD crossed distance stereoacuities using VDST in normal, intermittent exotropia and amblyopic children were 93.1 ± 43.8, 161.9 ± 89.8 and 236.3 ± 122.4 arcseconds, respectively. For uncrossed stereoacuity, these were 104.7 ± 54.0, 187.6 ± 89.6 and 265.5 ± 144.0 arcseconds, respectively. Crossed stereoacuity was significantly better than uncrossed stereoacuity. 95% limits of test-retest agreement for crossed and uncrossed stereoacuities using the VDST were 0.27 and 0.30, respectively. An exact test-retest match using VDST was 84% in normals and 77% in abnormals for crossed and 83% in normal and 74% in abnormal for uncrossed stereoacuities. CONCLUSION VDST is a reliable, valid and easy-to-administer distance crossed and uncrossed stereoacuity measuring device. Further studies are required to establish the clinical importance of assessing these two forms stereoacuities in relation to various binocular vision disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jit B Ale Magar
- Ophthalmology Department, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shaheen P Shah
- Ophthalmology Department, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael G Sleep
- Ophthalmology Department, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Faren A Willett
- Ophthalmology Department, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shuan H Dai
- Ophthalmology Department, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Peyman A, Pourazizi M, Akhlaghi M, Feizi A, Rahimi A, Soltani E. Stereopsis after corneal refractive surgeries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42:2273-2288. [PMID: 35041131 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-02201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically review the published manuscripts on stereopsis after corneal refractive surgery. METHODS The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Clinical Key, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant articles published until August 2020. The fixed- or random-effects models were used to estimate the Weighted mean difference (WMD) or Relative risk (RR) and 95% Confidence interval (CI) for postoperative stereopsis changes and incidence when applicable. Meta-regression was conducted for adjusting the effects of potential confounders. RESULTS Seven studies (1266 eyes) in adults and ten studies in pediatrics (259 eyes) were included. In adults, stereopsis improved significantly compared to the preoperative state (WMD = - 27.4, 95% CI = - 40.0, - 14.7; I2 = 97.8%; P < 0.001). In pediatrics, proportion of patients with stereoacuity postoperatively was 2.18 times compared to preoperative evaluation. (RR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.2, 3.9; I2 = 68.6%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Stereopsis improves after corneal refractive surgery in adults and pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Peyman
- Isfahan Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Pourazizi
- Isfahan Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Akhlaghi
- Isfahan Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Rahimi
- Health Information Research Center, Medical Informatics Department, Faculty of Medical Management and Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Soltani
- Isfahan Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Liu F, Zhao J, Han T, Shen Y, Li M, Liu J, Yang D, Fang Y, Yan L, Zhou X. Screening for Stereopsis Using an Eye-Tracking Glasses-Free Display in Adults: A Pilot Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:814908. [PMID: 35118100 PMCID: PMC8804875 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.814908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To explore the feasibility and repeatability of a novel glasses-free display combined with random-dot stimulus and eye-tracking technology for screening stereopsis in adults. Methods: A total of 74 patients aged 18–44 years were recruited in this study (male: female, 32:42), including 33 patients with high myopia [≤ -6.0 diopters (D)] and 41 patients with moderate-to-low myopia (>-6.0 D). Stereopsis was measured using glasses-free, polarized, and Titmus stereotests. All patients completed a visual fatigue questionnaire after the polarized stereotest and glasses-free test. Kendall's W and Cohen's Kappa tests were used to evaluate repeatability and consistency of the glasses-free stereotest. Results: The stereotest results using the glasses-free monitor showed strong repeatability in the three consecutive tests (W = 0.968, P < 0.01) and good consistency with the polarized stereotest and Titmus test results (vs. polarization: Kappa = 0.910, P < 0.001; vs. Titmus: Kappa = 0.493, P < 0.001). Stereopsis levels of the high myopia group were significantly poorer than those of the moderate-to-low myopia group in three stereotest monitors (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in visual fatigue level between the polarized and the glasses-free display test (P = 0.72). Compared with the polarized test, 56.76% of patients preferred the glasses-free display and found it more comfortable, 20.27% reported both tests to be acceptable. Conclusions: In our adult patients, the new eye-tracking glasses-free display system feasibly screened stereopsis with good repeatability, consistency, and patient acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingrong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Fang
- Shanghai EVIS Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xingtao Zhou
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Potluri RK, Akella SV, Mallidi R, Uppala NR, Jujjavarapu RP. Study on stereoacuity and associated factors in school children aged 7 to 14 years. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 70:233-237. [PMID: 34937244 PMCID: PMC8917554 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1572_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of subnormal stereoacuity in school children and to assess the factors associated with it. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, a total of 2,376 school children without amblyopia and manifest squint were screened by the titmus fly test, Snellen chart, tests for heterophoria, anterior segment examination, and fundoscopy. Children with a manifest squint, amblyopia (best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA] <6/18), and history of ocular trauma or surgery, and one-eyed children were excluded. Cycloplegic refraction was done in children with uncorrected or undercorrected refractive errors, and stereoacuity was assessed again with spectacle correction. Results: The prevalence of normal stereoacuity by titmus fly test was 93.18% with correction of refractive errors. Girls had slightly better stereopsis compared with boys. The subnormal stereoacuity was significantly associated with refractive error (P < 0.00001, significant at P < 0.05), unilateral refractive error (P < 0.00001, significant at P < 0.05), bilateral refractive error (P < 0.00001, significant at P < 0.05), anisometropia (P < 0.00001, significant at P < 0.05), ametropia (P < 0.00001, significant at P < 0.05), lower BCVA (P < 0.00001, significant at P < 0.05), hyperopia (P < 0.05, significant at P < 0.05), and heterophoria (P = 0.014, significant at P < 0.05). The subnormal stereoacuity was positively correlated with the magnitude of refractive error of the eyes. Conclusion: This study underlines the significant impact of identification and correction of refractive errors and squints in school children. The measurement of stereoacuity will be of immense importance and must be included in the screening programs for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Potluri
- Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Gannavaram, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Subbarao V Akella
- Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Gannavaram, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rachana Mallidi
- Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Gannavaram, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nageswara R Uppala
- Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Gannavaram, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra P Jujjavarapu
- Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Gannavaram, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Stereopsis in Sports: Visual Skills and Visuomotor Integration Models in Professional and Non-Professional Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111281. [PMID: 34769799 PMCID: PMC8583573 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Visual skills in sport are considered relevant variables of athletic performance. However, data on the specific contribution of stereopsis-as the ability to perceive depth-in sport performance are still scarce and scattered in the literature. The aim of this review is therefore to take stock of the effects of stereopsis on the athletic performance, also looking at the training tools to improve visual abilities and potential differences in the visuomotor integration processes of professional and non-professional athletes. Dynamic stereopsis is mainly involved in catching or interceptive actions of ball sports, whereas strategic sports use different visual skills (peripheral and spatial vision) due to the sport-specific requirements. As expected, professional athletes show better visual skills as compared to non-professionals. However, both non-professional and professional athletes should train their visual skills by using sensory stations and light boards systems. Non-professional athletes use the visual inputs as the main method for programming motor gestures. In contrast, professional athletes integrate visual information with sport expertise, thus, they encode the match (or the athletic performance) through a more complex visuomotor integration system. Although studies on visual skills and stereopsis in sports still appear to be in their early stages, they show a large potential for both scientific knowledge and technical development.
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Portela-Camino JA. Advances in Research in Binocular Vision. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2021; 14:227-228. [PMID: 34176573 PMCID: PMC8258125 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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Lee JS, Chang ST, Shieh LC, Lim AY, Peng WS, Chen WM, Liu YH, See LC. Stereopsis and Response Times between Collegiate Table Tennis Athletes and Non-Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126287. [PMID: 34200687 PMCID: PMC8296052 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Table tennis athletes and non-athletes potentially differ in stereopsis and eye–hand response times (RT), but whether stereopsis correlates with response time has scarcely been discussed. We aimed to compare stereopsis and RT between collegiate table tennis athletes and non-athletes and to examine the correlation between stereopsis and RT. From December 2016 to October 2019, table tennis athletes (n = 80) and non-athletes (n = 56) were recruited. Stereopsis was measured in four modes (A25, A50, R25, R50: approaching and receding directions at 25 mm/s or 50 mm/s). RT was measured with simple and choice tasks at zero, shoulder, and random distance. For stereopsis, the judged deviations were smaller during the approaching phases. Men had smaller A25 than women (p =0.012), whereas table tennis athletes showed smaller R25 and A50 than non-athletes (p = 0.03, 0.01, respectively). RT increased from simple to choice conditions and from zero to random, followed by shoulder distance. Men were significantly faster than women in choice tasks (p < 0.01). Table tennis athletes performed better in RT than the non-athletes (p < 0.05). No correlation was observed between stereopsis and RT (r = −0.01 to 0.12). In conclusion, athletes from table tennis sports showed better stereopsis and RT than non-athletes. Men had better stereopsis and RT than women. There was no correlation between stereopsis and RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahn-Shing Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tsung Chang
- Office of Physical Education, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Chuan Shieh
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, University of Taipei, Silin District, Taipei City 11153, Taiwan;
| | - Ai-Yin Lim
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan; (A.-Y.L.); (W.-S.P.); (W.-M.C.)
| | - Wei-Sheng Peng
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan; (A.-Y.L.); (W.-S.P.); (W.-M.C.)
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan; (A.-Y.L.); (W.-S.P.); (W.-M.C.)
| | - Yen-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Education, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: Correspondence: (Y.-H.L.); (L.-C.S.); Tel.: +886-3-2118800 (ext. 2103) (Y.-H.L.); +886-3-2118800 (ext. 5119) (L.-C.S.)
| | - Lai-Chu See
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan; (A.-Y.L.); (W.-S.P.); (W.-M.C.)
- Biostatistics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, at Linkou, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: Correspondence: (Y.-H.L.); (L.-C.S.); Tel.: +886-3-2118800 (ext. 2103) (Y.-H.L.); +886-3-2118800 (ext. 5119) (L.-C.S.)
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Tong J, Huang J, Khou V, Martin J, Kalloniatis M, Ly A. Topical Review: Assessment of Binocular Sensory Processes in Low Vision. Optom Vis Sci 2021; 98:310-325. [PMID: 33828038 PMCID: PMC8051935 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE This article summarizes the evidence for a higher prevalence of binocular vision dysfunctions in individuals with vision impairment. Assessment for and identification of binocular vision dysfunctions can detect individuals experiencing difficulties in activities including reading, object placement tasks, and mobility.Comprehensive vision assessment in low vision populations is necessary to identify the extent of remaining vision and to enable directed rehabilitation efforts. In patients with vision impairment, little attention is typically paid to assessments of binocular vision, including ocular vergence, stereopsis, and binocular summation characteristics. In addition, binocular measurements of threshold automated visual fields are not routinely performed in clinical practice, leading to an incomplete understanding of individuals' binocular visual field and may affect rehabilitation outcomes.First, this review summarizes the prevalence of dysfunctions in ocular vergence, stereopsis, and binocular summation characteristics across a variety of ocular pathologies causing vision impairment. Second, this review examines the links between clinical measurements of binocular visual functions and outcome measures including quality of life and performance in functional tasks. There is an increased prevalence of dysfunctions in ocular alignment, stereopsis, and binocular summation across low vision cohorts compared with those with normal vision. The identification of binocular vision dysfunctions during routine low vision assessments is especially important in patients experiencing difficulties in activities of daily living, including but not limited to reading, object placement tasks, and mobility. However, further research is required to determine whether addressing the identified deficits in binocular vision in low vision rehabilitative efforts directly impacts patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Tong
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessie Huang
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vincent Khou
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jodi Martin
- Guide Dogs New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angelica Ly
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Brown S, Rue C, Smith K, Arnold R. Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:575-581. [PMID: 33623358 PMCID: PMC7896781 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s298234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional near and stereo tests have a "floor effect;" inability to discriminate normal from super-normal. Shotgun champions require unique performance in binocularity and rapid color discrimination. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-nine champion clay-target shooters, 14 normal Army and 12 color-normal subjects were tested with conventional near vision tests and on PDI-Check, a series of dynamic, near vision tests on the autostereoscopic Nintendo console. RESULTS Conventional tested shotgunners had all perfect Ishihara and 75% best 40 sec Stereo fly while Army had 92%perfect Ishihara and 69% best stereo fly. On PDI-Check, experienced shotgunners with median stereo of 17 (IQR 12-41) arc sec were better than Army volunteers 59 (IQR 30 to 487) arc seconds (Mann-Whitney U=62, p=0.04). Median PDI-Check for shotgun compared to Army was 88% compared to 84% for blue cone, 90% compared to 84% for green and 77% compared to 72% (red, Mann-Whitney p=0.05). Adding dark cherry filter shooting glasses improved the red and green color detection (p<0.01). This study lacked power to detect eye dominance using PDI Check color or stereo. CONCLUSION Many champion shotgun shooters had outstanding dynamic near stereo and better-than-average color vision which could be optimized with dark filter spectacles for red and green hues. PDI Check not only helps identify abnormal binocularity and color vision, but it can clarify supranormal vision as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clayton Rue
- NSCA Level III Instructor, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | - Robert Arnold
- Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, Anchorage, AK, USA
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Ortiz-Peregrina S, Ortiz C, Casares-López M, Jiménez JR, Anera RG. Effects of cannabis on visual function and self-perceived visual quality. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1655. [PMID: 33462319 PMCID: PMC7814053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the most used drugs of abuse in the world. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of smoking cannabis on vision and to relate these to those perceived by the user. Thirty-one cannabis users participated in this study. Visual function assessment was carried out in a baseline session as well as after smoking cannabis. We evaluated static visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity, accommodative response, straylight, night-vision disturbances (halos) and pupil size. The participants were also divided into two groups depending on whether they perceived their vision to have worsened after smoking cannabis. A logistic regression analysis was employed to identify which visual test could best predict self-perceived visual effects. The study found that smoking cannabis has significant adverse effects on all the visual parameters analyzed (p < 0.05). Self-perceived visual quality results revealed that about two thirds of the sample think that smoking cannabis impairs their vision. Contrast sensitivity, specifically for the spatial frequency 18 cpd, was identified as the only visual parameter significantly associated with self-perceived visual quality (Odds Ratio: 1.135; p = 0.040). Smoking cannabis is associated with negative effects on visual function. Self-perceived visual quality after smoking cannabis could be related to impaired contrast sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ortiz-Peregrina
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Optics, Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, University of Granada, Edificio Mecenas, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carolina Ortiz
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Optics, Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, University of Granada, Edificio Mecenas, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miriam Casares-López
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Optics, Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, University of Granada, Edificio Mecenas, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José R. Jiménez
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Optics, Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, University of Granada, Edificio Mecenas, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario G. Anera
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Optics, Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, University of Granada, Edificio Mecenas, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Webber AL, Schmid KL, Baldwin AS, Hess RF. Suppression Rather Than Visual Acuity Loss Limits Stereoacuity in Amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:50. [PMID: 32579677 PMCID: PMC7419721 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the influence of interocular suppression and visual acuity loss on stereoacuity in observers with and without abnormal vision development from strabismus or amblyopia. To determine whether stereoacuity improves in amblyopic observers when suppression is neutralized. Methods Experiment 1: Visual acuity (VA), depth of suppression (contrast ratio [CR]), and stereoacuity (digital random-dot) were tested in adult amblyopic observers (n = 21; age 27 ± 11 years). Experiment 2: VA, stereoacuity, and CR were measured at baseline and through a series of monocular contrast attenuation and Bangerter filter conditions that degrade visual input in participants with normal binocular vision (n = 19; age 31 ± 13 years). Multiple regression models were used to determine relative contribution of VA and CR to stereoacuity in both groups. Experiment 3: stereoacuity was retested in a subsample of amblyopic observers (n = 7) after contrast reduction of the stimulus presented to dominant eye to neutralize suppression. Results In amblyopic observers, stereoacuity significantly correlated with CR (P < 0.001), but not with interocular VA difference (P = 0.863). In participants with normal vision development, stereoacuity, VA, and CR declined with introduction of monocular Bangerter filter (P < 0.001), and stereoacuity reduced with monocular attenuation of stimulus contrast (P < 0.001). Reduction in stereoacuity correlated with both VA decrement and degraded CR. Stereoacuity significantly improved in amblyopic observers when the contrast to the dominant eye was adjusted based on the contrast ratio. Conclusions Suppression rather than visual acuity loss limits stereoacuity in observers with abnormal vision development. Stereopsis can be improved when interocular sensory dominance is neutralized.
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Zlatkute G, de la Bastida VCS, Vishwanath D. Unimpaired perception of relative depth from perspective cues in strabismus. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200955. [PMID: 33489262 PMCID: PMC7813253 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strabismus is a relatively common ophthalmological condition where the coordination of eye muscles to binocularly fixate a single point in space is impaired. This leads to deficits in vision and particularly in three-dimensional (3D) space perception. The exact nature of the deficits in 3D perception is poorly understood as much of understanding has relied on anecdotal reports or conjecture. Here, we investigated, for the first time, the perception of relative depth comparing strabismic and typically developed binocular observers. Specifically, we assessed the susceptibility to the depth cue of perspective convergence as well as the capacity to use this cue to make accurate judgements of relative depth. Susceptibility was measured by examining a 3D bias in making two-dimensional (2D) interval equidistance judgements and accuracy was measured by examining 3D interval equidistance judgements. We tested both monocular and binocular viewing of images of perspective scenes under two different psychophysical methods: two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) and the method of adjustment. The biasing effect of perspective information on the 2D judgements (3D cue susceptibility) was highly significant and comparable for both subject groups in both the psychophysical tasks (all ps < 0.001) with no statistically significant difference found between the two groups. Both groups showed an underestimation in the 3D task with no significant difference between the group's judgements in the 2AFC task, but a small statistically significant difference (ratio difference of approx. 10%, p = 0.016) in the method of adjustment task. A small but significant effect of viewing condition (monocular versus binocular) was revealed only in the non-strabismic group (ratio difference of approx. 6%, p = 0.002). Our results show that both the automatic susceptibility to, and accuracy in the use of, the perspective convergence cue in strabismus is largely comparable to that found in typically developed binocular vision, and have implications on the nature of the encoding of depth in the human visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedre Zlatkute
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, UK
| | | | - Dhanraj Vishwanath
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, UK
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Tuna MB, Kilavuzoglu AE, Mourmouris P, Argun OB, Doganca T, Obek C, Ozisik O, Kural AR. Impact of Refractive Errors on Da Vinci SI Robotic System. JSLS 2020; 24:JSLS.2020.00031. [PMID: 32831541 PMCID: PMC7434396 DOI: 10.4293/jsls.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the impact of refractive errors on binocular visual acuity while using the Da Vinci SI robotic system console. Methods Eighty volunteers were examined on the Da Vinci SI robotic system console by using a near vision chart. Refractive errors, anisometropia status, and Fly Stereo Acuity Test scores were recorded. Spherical equivalent (SE) were calculated for all volunteers' right and left eyes. Visual acuity was assessed by the logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (LogMAR) method. Binocular uncorrected and best corrected (with proper contact lens or glasses) LogMAR values of the subjects were recorded. The difference between these values (DiffLogMAR) are affected by different refractive errors. Results In the myopia and/or astigmatism group, uncorrected SE was found to have significant impact on the DiffLogMAR (p < 0.001) and myopia greater than 1.75 diopter had significantly higher DiffLogMAR values (p < 0.05). Subjects with presbyopia had significantly higher DiffLogMAR values (p < 0.01), and we observed positive correlation between presbyopia and DiffLogMAR values (p = 0.33, p < 0.01). The cut off value of presbyopia that correlated the most with DiffLogMAR differences was found to be 1.25 diopter (p < 0.001). In 13 hypermetropic volunteers, we found significant correlation between hypermetropia value and DiffLogMAR (p > 0.7, p < 0.01). The statistical analysis between Fly test and SE revealed a significant impact of presbyopia and hypermetropia to the stereotactic view of the subject (p = -0.734, p < 0.05). Conclusion Surgeons suffering from myopia greater than 1.75 diopter, presbyopia greater than 1.25 diopter (D), and hypermetropia regardless of grade must always perform robotic surgeries with the proper correction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayse Ebru Kilavuzoglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University Medical Faculty
| | - Panogiotis Mourmouris
- 2nd Department of Urology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sismanoglio Hospital
| | - Omer Burak Argun
- Department of Urology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Can Obek
- Department of Urology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Riza Kural
- Department of Urology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Thai G, Christian L. Contribution of stereopsis, vergence, and accommodative function to the performance of a precision grasping and placement task in typically developing children age 8–14 years. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 72:102652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Leshno A, Stolovitch C, Zloto O, Blum Meirovitch S, Mezad-Koursh D. Reduced stereoacuity as a predictor for clinically significant convergence insufficiency. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:37-41. [PMID: 32188680 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stereoacuity relies on accurate binocular alignment. Convergence insufficiency (CI) a binocular motor disorder, interferes with near work. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between convergence amplitude (CA) and stereoacuity in a large paediatric cohort. METHODS Retrospective chart review included patients aged 6-17 years; excluded patients with amblyopia, manifest strabismus or visual acuity <20/30 in either eye. Stereoacuity, measured by Randot test was defined as normal (≤40arcsec), subnormal (50-400arcsec) and poor (>400 arcsec). CA, measured using base out prism bar was defined by fusion break point (BP) and recovery point (RP), as none (BP=0), poor (BP <20 prism diopter (PD)), borderline (BP <30 PD or RP <20 PD), good (BP ≥30 PD and RP ≥20 PD) and excellent (does not break at 40PD). RESULTS In 2200 subjects included, we found an increased prevalence of normal stereoacuity as convergence ability improves (χ2 test, p<0.001) with a negative correlation between stereoacuity and BP (Pearson correlation -0.13, p<0.001).CI was significantly associated with below normal stereopsis OR 1.86 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.7, p<0.001). Conversely, prevalence of CI was similar, whether or not CI-symptoms were reported. Follow-up data of at least 2.5 years from presentation was available for a small subgroup of 21 patients treated for CI. Convergence improved in 14 (66%), rate of normal stereoacuity increased from 29% at baseline to 76% at last follow-up (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS CA affects stereoacuity function in children. Evaluation of CA is required in all cases with poor stereoacuity, especially when other etiologies are amiss. The role of convergence improvement exercise on stereoacuity warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Leshno
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chaim Stolovitch
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Ophtalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofira Zloto
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Blum Meirovitch
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daphna Mezad-Koursh
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Ophtalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Lagstein O, Hecht I, Anteby I. Comparison of a New, Filter-Free Stereopsis Test (BEST) With the Randot Stereotest in a Pediatric Cohort. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2020; 57:129-135. [PMID: 32203597 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20200217-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the Bernell Evaluation of Stereopsis Test (BEST) (Bernell Corporation, Mishawaka, IN), a new lenticular technology and filter-free test to measure stereopsis in children, and compare it to the Randot Stereotest (Randot) (Stereo Optical, Inc., Chicago, IL). METHODS This was a retrospective review of the medical records of children examined at the Center for Pediatric Ophthalmology at Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center from July to November 2018. All children were evaluated with the Randot and BEST in a random order. RESULTS The study included 100 children (53% female, 64% orthophoric) with a mean age of 8.52 ± 3.18 years (range: 3.3 to 17.8 years) and mean best corrected visual acuity of 0.178 ± 0.16 logMAR (range: 0 to 0.7 logMAR). The mean BEST stereoacuity was 1.772 ± 0.27 log seconds of arc (arcsec), whereas the mean Randot stereo-acuity was 1.778 ± 0.39 log arcsec (P = .835). The Bland- Altman analysis revealed an overall bias of 0.0073 log arcsec (95% confidence interval: 0.04219 to 0.05679 log arcsec), with limits of agreement of -0.4816 to 0.4962 log arcsec (0.3299 to 3.1347 arcsec). A significant proportional bias was noted because the difference between the tests was significantly larger in higher log arcsec values (t = 5.566, P < .001). Age, gender, strabismus, and visual acuity did not affect the differences between the stereoacuity tests (P > .05). Both tests were influenced by strabismus but not monocular amblyopia. CONCLUSIONS BEST stereoacuity measurements were comparable to those of the Randot, with no significant difference in crude values, minimal bias, and narrow limits of agreement. A larger, clinically insignificant variability between tests was noted with lower stereoacuity values, because children achieved better scores with the BEST. The BEST may be a valuable tool in the arsenal of the ophthalmologist. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(2):129-135.].
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Smith KA, Damarjian AG, Molina A, Arnold RW. Calibrated measurement of acuity, color and stereopsis on a Nintendo ® 3DS™ game console. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2019; 11:47-55. [PMID: 31118854 PMCID: PMC6503194 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s199992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Significance: A Nintendo® 3DS™ game can reliably test monocular near acuity, stereopsis and color without the need for occlusion patches or goggles. Purpose: We developed dynamic, forced-multiple choice games to measure monocular near acuity, color vision and stereopsis on the autostereoscopic barrier screen of the Nintendo 3DS gaming system. Methods: In an institutional review board-approved study, pediatric and adult patients and normal subjects performed routine patched near visual acuity, Ishahara's color test and Stereo Fly tests. Then each subject performed a two-phase orientation and testing game, "PDI Check", on a Nintendo 3DS. Results: Forty-five patients aged 5-60 years completed the routine and Nintendo near tests, resulting in positive, consistent, discriminatory correlation functions. From ROC curves, referral criteria were determined to separate poor from fair-to-normal monocular acuity with 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity, stereoacuity with 80% sensitivity and 97% specificity, and color with 83% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Conclusion: The Nintendo 3DS game PDI Check can provide consistent near vision testing via a dynamic, randomized method that does not require goggles for stereo, and does not require patching to assure monocular testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Smith
- Clinical Optometry Department, Accurate Vision Clinic, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Alex G Damarjian
- Technology and Humanities Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aaron Molina
- Programming Department, PDI Check, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Robert W Arnold
- The Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, Anchorage, AK, USA
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Chopin A, Bavelier D, Levi DM. The prevalence and diagnosis of 'stereoblindness' in adults less than 60 years of age: a best evidence synthesis. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2019; 39:66-85. [PMID: 30776852 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stereoscopic vision (or stereopsis) is the ability to perceive depth from binocular disparity - the difference of viewpoints between the two eyes. Interestingly, there are large individual differences as to how well one can appreciate depth from such a cue. The total absence of stereoscopic vision, called 'stereoblindness', has been associated with negative behavioural outcomes such as poor distance estimation. Surprisingly, the prevalence of stereoblindness remains unclear, as it appears highly dependent on the way in which stereopsis is measured. RECENT FINDINGS This review highlights the fact that stereopsis is not a unitary construct, but rather implies different systems. The optimal conditions for measuring these varieties of stereoscopic information processing are discussed given the goal of detecting stereoblindness, using either psychophysical or clinical stereotests. In that light, we then discuss the estimates of stereoblindness prevalence of past studies. SUMMARY We identify four different approaches that all converge toward a prevalence of stereoblindness of 7% (median approach: 7%; unambiguous-stereoblindness-criteria approach: 7%; visual-defect-included approach: 7%; multiple-criteria approach: 7%). We note that these estimates were derived considering adults of age <60 years old. Older adults may have a higher prevalence. Finally, we make recommendations for a new ecological definition of stereoblindness and for efficient clinical methods for determining stereoblindness by adapting existing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Chopin
- Faculte de Psychologie et Sciences de l'Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daphne Bavelier
- Faculte de Psychologie et Sciences de l'Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
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